Bibliography.Aandahl, Guro, et al. 2004. "Mapping Vulnerability to Multiple Stressors: Climate Change and Globalization globalizationProcess by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. Factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation in India." Global Environmental Change 14: 303-13. Anderson, J.R. and Dillon, J.L., 1992. Risk analysis in dryland farming systems, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Aggarwal, P.K., and R.K. Mall. 2002. "Climate Change and Rice Yields in Diverse Agro-Environments of India. II. Effect of Uncertainties in Scenarios and Crop Models on Impact Assessment." Climatic Change 52 (3): 331-43. Alwang, J., S. Jorgensen, and P.B. Siegel. 2001. Vulnerability: A View from Different Disciplines. Washington, DC: World Bank. Binswanger, H.P., 1980. "Attitude Toward Risk: Experimental Measurement in Rural India." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, August, (62): 395-407. Briscoe, John, and R.P.S. Malik, eds. 2007. Oxford Handbook of Water Resources in India. World Bank. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DFID DFID Department For International Development (UK) (Department for International Development). 2005a. Managing Groundwater Resources in Rural India: the Community and Beyond. Commissioned Report CR/05/35N, British Geological Survey The British Geological Survey (BGS) is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its continental shelf by means of systematic surveying, monitoring and research. . DFID (Department for International Development). 2005b. Sustainable Groundwater Development of Hard Rock Aquifers: The Conflict Between Irrigation irrigation, in agriculture, artificial watering of the land. Although used chiefly in regions with annual rainfall of less than 20 in. (51 cm), it is also used in wetter areas to grow certain crops, e.g., rice. and Drinking Water drinking water supply of water available to animals for drinking supplied via nipples, in troughs, dams, ponds and larger natural water sources; an insufficient supply leads to dehydration; it can be the source of infection, e.g. leptospirosis, salmonellosis, or of poisoning, e.g. Supplies from the Deccan Basalts of India. Technical Report WC/95/52, British Geological Survey. Diamond, J. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Viking. Dinar, A., R. Mendelsohn, R. Evenson, J. Parikh, A. Sanghi, K. Kumar, J. McKinsey, and S. Lonergan, eds. 1998. "Measuring the Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture." Technical Paper 402, World Bank, Washington, DC. Dreze, J., and A. Sen. 1989. Hunger and Public Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Government of India The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार [3]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government . 2001. Household Consumer Expenditure in India, 1999-2000: Key Results. Report 454. New Delhi: NSSO NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation (India) NSSO National Security Space Office NSSO Non-Sexual Significant Other . Government of India. 2004. Economic Survey of India The Finance Ministry presents the Economic Survey in the parliament every year, just before the Union Budget. It is the ministry's view on the annual economic develepment of the country. External links
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"Growth and Yield Responses of Soybean soybean, soya bean, or soy pea, leguminous plant (Glycine max, G. soja, or Soja max) of the family Leguminosae (pulse family), native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Asia, where it has been in Madhya Pradesh, India, to Climate Variability and Change." Agric. For. Meteor. 93: 53-70. Lim, Bo, Erika Spanger-Siegfried, Ian Burton, Elizabeth Malone, and Saleemul Huq, eds. 2005. Adaptation Policy Frameworks for Climate Change: Developing Strategies, Policies and Measures. United Nations Development Programme. Mendelsohn, R., and A. Dinar. 1999. "Climate Change, Agriculture, and Developing Countries: Does Adaptation Matter?" In Measuring the Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture, eds. A. Dinar et al., 277-93. Technical Paper 402, World Bank, Washington, DC. Mendelsohn, R., A. Dinar, and L. Williams. 2005. "The Distributional Impact of Climate Change on Rich and Poor Countries." Environment and Development Economics 11 (2): 159-78. Ministry of Environment and Forests. 2004. India's Initial National Communication to the UNFCC UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Irrigation and CAD Department, Government of India, Mahabubnagar. Mishra, S., S. Shroff n. 1. A banker, or changer of money. , D. Shah, V. Deshpande, A.P. Kulkarni, V.S. Deshpande, and P.R. Bhatkule. 2006. Suicide of Farmers in Maharashtra: Background Papers. Mumbai: Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research is a research institution dedicated to promoting scientific research on the developmental issues facing India. It was founded by an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. . Planning Commission 2001, State Development Report: Orissa, Government of India, New Delhi. Planning Commission 2002, Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-2007, Government of India, New Delhi. Planning Commission, 2006, Report on Fact Finding Team of Vidharbha: Regional Disparities and Rural Distress in Maharashtra with a focus on Vidharba, Government of India, New Delhi Planning Commission. 2007. Report of the Working Group on Risk Management in Agriculture for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012). Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi. RMSI. 2006a. Draft Final Report on the Economic Component of the Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Change in India: Assessment of Adaptation Issues and Options. RMSI. 2006b. Draft Final Report on the Integrated Modeling System. Rupa Kumar, K., K. Krishna Kumar, R.G. Ashrit, S.K. Patwardhan, and G.B. Pant. 2002. "Climate Change in India: Observations and Model Projections." In Climate Change and India: Issues, Concerns and Opportunities, eds. P.R. Shukla, K. Subodh, S. Sharma, and P.V. Ramana. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Sanghi, A., R. Mendelsohn, and A. Dinar. 1998. "The Climate Sensitivity of Indian Agriculture." In Measuring the Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture, eds. A. Dinar, R. Mendelsohn, R. Evenson, J. Parikh, A. Sanghi, K. Kumar, J. McKinsey, and S. Lonergan. Technical Paper 402, World Bank, Washington, DC. Saseendran, S.A., K.K. Singh, L.S. Rathore, S.V. Singh, and S.K. Sinha. 2000. "Effects of Climate Change on Rice Production in the Tropical Humid Climate of Kerala, India." Climate Change 44: 495-514. Sekhar, A. 2007. "Development and Management Policies, Perspective of the Planning Commission." In The Oxford Handbook of Water Resources in India, eds. John Briscoe et al. Shukla, S. P. 1997, Transforming the Northeast, High Level Commission Report to the Prime Minister, New Delhi. Skees, J., P. Hazell, and M. Miranda. 1999. New Approaches to Public/Private Crop Yield Insurance in Developing Countries, EPTD EPTD Engine Protection Torque Derate Discussion Paper No. 55, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) was founded in 1975 to develop policy solutions for meeting the food needs of the developing world in a sustainable way. . Stern, Nicholas. 2006. Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change. Cabinet Office, HM Treasury. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Survey of India The Survey of India is India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying. Set up in 1767 to help consolidate the territories of the British East India Company, it is the Government of India's oldest department. . 2002. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning
Land use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy which encompasses various disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient and ethical way. (ICAR). Dehradun and Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Nagpur, in cooperation with Department of Agriculture, Government of Maharashtra. TERI TERI The Education Resources Institute (education financing) TERI Tata Energy Research Institute (India) TERI The Energy and Resources Institute (India) (The Energy Research Institute). 2006. Full Report on Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Change in India: Assessment of Adaptation Issues and Options. Unpublished report. TERI (The Energy Research Institute). 2007. Synthesis Report on Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Change in India: Assessment of Adaptation Issues and Options. Unpublished report. Tuinhof, Albert, and J.P. Heederik, eds. 2003. Management of Aquifer Recharge and Subsurface Storage. Netherlands National Committee for the International Association of Hydrogeologists The International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) is a scientific and educational organisation whose aims are to promote research into and understanding of the proper management and protection of groundwater for the common good throughout the world. . The Hague. UNDP UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDP Unión Nacional para la Democracia y el Progreso (National Union for Democracy and Progress) (United Nations Development Programme). 2004a. Orissa Human Development Report. New Delhi: UNDP. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2004b. User's Guidebook for the Adaptation Policy Framework. Verve Consulting. 2007. Living Intelligently with Floods. Draft Report. Winrock International India. 2005. A Review of Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation strategies in India. Final Report (unpublished). World Bank. 1999. Come Hell or High Water Adv. 1. come hell or high water - in spite of all obstacles; "we'll go to Tibet come hell or high water" no matter what happens, whatever may come : Integrating Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation into Bank Work, Volume 1. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2002. Sustainable Development and the Global Environment: The Experience of the World Bank Group Global Environment Facility Program. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank 2002a. Maharashtra: Reorienting Government to Facilitate Growth and Reduce Poverty, New Delhi. World Bank. 2003. Climate Change and Agriculture: A Review of Impacts and Adaptations. Environment Department Papers 91, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2003. Poverty and Climate Change: Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2004a. An Adaptation Mosaic: A Sample of the Emerging World Bank Work in Climate Change Adaptation. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2004b. Look before You Leap Before You Leap is the autobiography and self-help guide written by Muppet Kermit the Frog. It was released in September 2006. External links
World Bank. 2005a. "Disaster Risk Management in a Changing Climate." World Bank Discussion Paper, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2005b. Managing Agricultural Production Risk: Innovations in Developing Countries. Report 32727-GLB. Washington, DC: Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank. World Bank. 2006a. Core Implementation Completion Report of Poland Flood Emergency Project (1997-2005). Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2006b. "Mainstreaming Hazard Risk Management in Rural Projects." Hazard Risk Management Team Working Paper Series 13, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2006c. Managing Climate Risk: Integrating Adaptation into World Bank Operations. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2006d. "Natural Disaster Hot Spots hot spots acute moist dermatitis. : A Global Risk Analysis." Disaster Risk management Series 5, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2006e. "Natural Disaster Hot Spots: Case Studies." Disaster Risk Management Series 6, World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. 2006f. Overcoming Drought: Adaptation Strategies for Andhra Pradesh, India. Directions in Development: Environment and Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2007a. Development and Growth in Northeast India: The Natural Resources, Water, and Environment Nexus. Strategy Report 36397-IN. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2007b. "The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis." Policy Research Working Paper 4136, World Bank, Washington, DC. (1) Marginal farmers are defined as those who own less than 1 acre of land. (2) These concerns have been echoed in the Planning Commission's working documents for the Eleventh Five Year Plan. (3) The study builds upon and takes forward many of the recommendations of an earlier World Bank assessment of the impacts of droughts in the state of Andhra Pradesh (World Bank 2006f). (4) The first (termed A2) depicts a gloomy and pessimistic world where high greenhouse gas emissions result in severe climate change. The other (termed B2) emphasizes sustainability, global cooperation, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. (5) Damages due to changes in climate would call for different remedies from impacts due to variations in economic conditions. Hence the study presents results for key climate change scenarios, holding economic and technical factors constant. It then tests the limits and sensitivity of the projections by allowing for wide changes in economic and technical variables. The report focuses on results that appear robust to substantial variations in parameters. (6) Variants of both approaches are suggested in World Bank 2006f. (7) The National Development Council Resolution of May 2007 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister of India The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the Government of India. The Prime Minister is technically outranked by the head of state, the President of India. gives high priority to incentivising states to develop comprehensive district agricultural plans that will include livestock, fishing, minor irrigation, rural development works and other schemes for water harvesting and conservation. (8) As an example the Hirakud Dam, which is the main control structure on the Mahanadi, was originally designed for a flood of 42,500 cumecs, whereas more recent calculations indicate that the maximum probable flood is 69,500 cumecs. Floods need to be partially regulated by advance reservoir depletion, which may have impacts on water availability for irrigation, and this in turn calls for a basinwide flood forecasting and management system. (9) These include a World Bank report on the Northeast (World Bank 2007a) and numerous government documents including: Planning Commission 2002; Planning Commission 2001; and Shukla 1997. (10) A number of recent projects supported by the World Bank have incorporated some elements of these recommendations in operations. Examples include: the Hydrology hydrology, study of water and its properties, including its distribution and movement in and through the land areas of the earth. The hydrologic cycle consists of the passage of water from the oceans into the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration (or I (1995-2003), which focused on nine states including Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Orissa), Hydrology I1 (2004-2010), which currently covers five new states. These include enhanced information systems as project components. The National Agriculture Innovation Project (2006-2012) and the National Agriculture Competitiveness Project (under preparation at the time of writing) recognize and build in elements of climate risk. (11) GoI's National Development Council Resolution of May 2007 gives high priority to building comprehensive district agricultural plans. (12) See Diamond 2005. (13) This is the Second National Communication on Climate Change to the UNFCC. (14) EM-DAT: The International Disaster Data Base, http://www.em-dat.net/. (15) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by the World Meteorological Organization World Meteorological Organization (WMO), specialized agency of the United Nations; established in 1951 with headquarters at Geneva. It replaced the International Meteorological Organization, which was established in 1878. and the United Nations Environment Programme in 1988 to assess scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts, and options for adaptation and mitigation. It comprises three Working Groups and a Task Force, which meet regularly to review the globally published scientific/technical literature on climate change and to issue official assessments on the situation. (16) The climate projections are summarized in India's official Initial National Communication on Climate Change to the UNFCCC UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . (17) EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, http://www.em-dat.net. see also Winrock 2005. (18) Note that the dates do not correspond to particular calendar years, but represent probable climate events that are predicted to emerge within that period. (19) The study design has intended to take into account two contrasting districts per state and selected villages accordingly from these districts. (20) Being the first of its kind study for India for which a methodology had to be developed, it was decided to focus on the two future scenarios prescribed by IPCC. (21) The crop growth model uses radiation-use efficiency in calculating photosynthetic production of biomass. The potential is adjusted daily for stress from water, temperature, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous phos·pho·rous adj. Of, relating to, or containing phosphorus, especially with a valence of 3 or a valence lower than that of a comparable phosphoric compound. ), aeration aeration /aer·a·tion/ (ar-a´shun) 1. the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen by the blood in the lungs. 2. the charging of a liquid with air or gas. aer·a·tion n. , and radiation. Crop yields are estimated using the harvest index concept. Harvest index increases as a nonlinear function of heat units from zero at the planting stage to the maximum value at maturity. The harvest index may be reduced by high temperature, low solar radiation, or water stress during critical crop stages. (22) At a global and national scale climate change will affect production levels and prices. Determining these impacts is beyond the scope of this report and this is left to future work. (23) An overview of programs is presented later in this chapter. (24) The difference is statistically significant using the Welch t-statistic at the 99% level of confidence. (25) World Bank 2006f reports a similar finding. (26) The poverty line in rural Andhra Pradesh is Rs. 263 (Government of India 2001). Source: World Bank calculations on the TERI survey data, drought year (2002-03) and normal year (2003-04) (27) The survey was for the recent drought year in 2002. (28) Appendix A presents a summary of the numerous definitions and approaches that have been used to assess vulnerability. (29) In a normal year (controlling for other factors), households with access to groundwater earn nearly 50% more than those without any irrigation access and those with access to canal irrigation earn 15% more than those without any irrigation. (30) Other controls include landholding land·hold·er n. One that owns land. land  hold ing n. size, village variables,
etc. as detailed in the tables in Appendix G.
(31) A2 and B2 are the IPCC scenarios. Projections are from 2071 to 2100. A2 defines a world of high and rising greenhouse gas levels with correspondingly more severe climate change. The B2 world is one with a greater emphasis on sustainability and involves lower emissions (see box 2.2, chapter 2). (32) In A2, some parts of the basin towards the northwest and the southeastern boundary, as well as some segments in the central part and the western outer boundary, will see an increase in rainfall. Only one small segment in the north will experience a decline. (33) This is imposed as a constraint in the model, details are in Appendix G. (34) Average yields mask changes in the distribution of crop responses. These are reported in appendix G. Specifically, under climate change the peaks of the distributions are lower, while the tails are thicker. This implies that adverse climate events that (a) generate low yields (bad outcome) become more frequent; (b) the intermediate outcomes are less common; and (c) there is a small increase in the frequency of beneficial outcomes. (35) Profits from each crop reflect: (a) the yield, (b) the price of the crop and (c) the production costs. Consequently there is no simple one-to-one mapping between yields and per hectare profits. A crop with higher yields may be less profitable if it either sells for less, or costs more to produce. (36) Variants of both approaches are suggested in World Bank 2006f. (37) The figure is therefore illustrative. A more extensive statistical search failed to unravel significant and robust relationships between any of the climate parameters (including second and third moments of the distribution) and crop yields. Some of these results are reported in RMSI 2006b. (38) These periods refer to the fiscal years 1970/1, 1971/2, 1972/3, and 1973/4, and 2000/1, 2001/2, 2002/3, and 2003/4, respectively. (39) Income volatility is measured through the coefficient of variation Coefficient of Variation A measure of investment risk that defines risk as the standard deviation per unit of expected return. . Regression analysis In statistics, a mathematical method of modeling the relationships among three or more variables. It is used to predict the value of one variable given the values of the others. For example, a model might estimate sales based on age and gender. is conducted using the ordinary least squares technique with standard errors corrected for heteroskedasticity. The regression includes 409 households and only statistically significant determinants are reported here. All factors reported are stable across specifications and are highly significant. Full technical details are relegated to appendix G. Here, a broad overview is presented that emphasizes the main policy implications. (40) Projections are for a 30-year period from 2071 to 2100. As noted before, projections for earlier periods at the required level of spatial disaggregation dis·ag·gre·ga·tion n. 1. A breaking up into component parts. 2. An inability to coordinate various sensations and a failure to observe their mutual relations. are unavailable. (41) The EPIC model predicts that bajra bajra pennisetumglaucum. yield in these regions increases with both temperature and rainfall. In B2 there is an almost imperceptible change of about 1.% in average yields. (42) For a summary of studies in other countries see IPCC 2001, Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, section 17.2.8, food security. Available online at http://grida.n0/climate/ipcc_tar//wg2/633.htm. (43) The higher average profitability of bajra depends on there being sufficient water for survival irrigation in hot and dry spells to counter the impacts of heat stress. As the availability of water declines there is a steady shift towards jowar, which is found to be more resilient in the simulations. (44) Note that the price of sugarcane, when the study was undertaken, was Rs 387 per tonne, while that of bajra was Rs 2,958 per tonne. Sugarcane's productivity was at 50 tonnes per hectare, while that of bajra was 0.8 tonnes per hectare. (45) According to the National Flood Commission (Rashtriya Barh Ayog) this estimate reflects the maximum flood-affected area. (46) The focus on floods and not on other natural disasters such as cyclonic storms, which are also frequent in this state, emanated from the consultative process, as noted in chapter 1. After all, cyclones tend to lead to flooding and are, therefore, regarded as being part of the flood dimension rather than separate from it. (47) Data compiled from the International Disaster Database (http://www.em-dat.net/) and TERI 2006. (48) Of these flood-prone areas, 75% spread across eight coastal districts; Cuttack, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri, Balasore, Bhadrak, Jeypore, and Ganjanx (49) This is because it requires modeling hypothetical scenarios that would have eventuated in the absence of floods. (50) The villages are Naugaon, Tarasahi, and Sunadiakandha in Jagatsinghpur; and Raibidhar, Gadasampat, and Deipur in Puri. In these villages surveys using stratified sampling were conducted to inventory the existing coping strategies and to assess adapting capacities and vulnerability of communities across villages and landholding categories. (51) As an example the Hirakud Dam, which is the main control structure on the Mahanadi, was originally designed for a flood of 42,500 cumecs, whereas more recent calculations indicate that the maximum probable flood is 69,500 cumecs. Therefore, floods need to be partially regulated by advance reservoir depletion, which in turn calls for a basinwide flood forecasting system. (52) Many of the arguments presented here echo and extend those in World Bank 2007a. (53) The National Development Council Resolution of May 2007 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister of India gives high priority to incentivizing states to develop comprehensive district agricultural plans that will include livestock, fishing, minor irrigation, rural development works and other schemes for water harvesting and conservation. (54) A number of recent projects supported by the World Bank have incorporated some elements of these recommendations in operations. Examples include: the Hydrology I (1995-2003), which focused on nine states including Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Orissa), Hydrology II (2004-2010), which currently covers five new states. These include enhanced information systems as project components. The National Agriculture Innovation Project (2006-2012) and the National Agriculture Competitiveness Project (under preparation at the time of writing) recognize and build in elements of climate risk. (55) Gol's National Development Council Resolution of May 2007 gives high priority to building comprehensive district agricultural plans. (56) Alwang, Jorgensen and Siegel. 2001. Vulnerability: A View from Different Disciplines. Washington, DC: World Bank. (57) Variants of this approach are the "poverty dynamics" and the "asset-based" approaches to vulnerability (see source for details). (58) Aandahl, Guro and Karen O'Brien, Vulnerability to Climate Change and Economic Changes in Indian Agriculture. (59) The statistical basis provided by this methodology provides better results than the conventional practices that "create" weight on an ad hoc basis. (60) The area of different vulnerable zones in the states selected for the study was estimated using the spatial analyst function of Arc GIS and drawn on GIS-produced maps. (61) Person in charge of maintaining land records of villages in a panchayat Noun 1. panchayat - a village council in India or southern Pakistan panchayet, punchayet council - a body serving in an administrative capacity; "student council" (62) 1 ha = 2.5 acres (63) It is imperative to mention here that income is considered a proxy for well-being, but is not tantamount to well-being. The latter is a holistic concept, encompassing livelihood security, food security, ownership characteristics, and respect in society. Of these, the focus of this study is on livelihood and income security, and hence the nature of employment emerges as an indicator in the status of well-being. (64) [mu] = (Normal income + Impact income)/2, and [[sigma].sup.2] =[(Normal income - Mean income)^2 + (Impact income - mean income)^2]/2. (65) 2% of the farmers in the state have access to 70% of the irrigation; 80% of the state's rural population does not benefit from any irrigation schemes. (66) There are significant variations in the state's hydrogeology hy·dro·ge·ol·o·gy n. The branch of geology that deals with the occurrence, distribution, and effect of ground water. hy that will have to be considered in order to determine the feasibility of, and potential for, groundwater recharge activities. (67) See, e.g. FIPM FIPM Federazione Italiana Pentathlon Moderno (Italian: Italian Federation of Modern Pentathlon; Italy) 2005. (68) Binswanger (1980) conducted an experimental study with 330 individuals from arid areas in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra and found that more than 80% were "moderately" risk-averse. Only 2% of individuals were found to be "extremely" risk-averse. (69) A substantial majority of individuals in these areas are moderately risk-averse, and this is recognized in the literature (e.g. Anderson and Dillon, 1992) as equivalent to the risk-aversion factor of 1. The exercise allows risk-aversion coefficient up to the factor of 2, the level beyond which is very unlikely to be found among households in these areas. (70) Block-level rainfall observations were available for kharif season only. Hence, no annual projections were possible. |
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