Beyond `just say no': over the years, churches have had a lot to say about alcohol and drug policy. Some of it has been helpful.

Religious concern about the use of drugs and alcohol has been strong in America since the Second Great Awakening. In the 19th century, a strong prohibition movement intensified after the Civil War. This crusade was a part of the progressive movement for the abolition of slavery, for public education, for women suffrage, and for other industrial and social reforms. There were, however, anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, and anti-urban elements to this crusade as Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Italy and Jews from eastern Europe were regular consumers of spirits or wine.

Many U.S. and British Christians were revolted--as were many Chinese--by Britain's hugely profitable opium business in China in the 19th century. Chinese addiction rates were estimated at 27 percent of the adult population by 1900. The Philippine islands, acquired by the United States after the Spanish American War, also had a sizable opium-consuming population. A Boston minister, Charles Henry Brent, was appointed the first Episcopal bishop of the Philippines and became a leader of the global anti-drug movement.

During the battle over liquor prohibition, almost all religious bodies supported anti-narcotics legislation with equal fervor, as was noted in 1973 in the final report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse (the Shafer Commission). The repeal of alcohol prohibition in 1933 forced churches to confront again the morality of drinking and to develop new strategies regarding alcohol abuse and new ministries to alcoholics. Alcoholics Anonymous developed in the late 1930s with its strong reliance upon spiritual awakening and support. Yet there was little new thinking about narcotics.

The National Council of Churches in 1958 called for a ministry to the victims of alcoholism and their families, alcohol education in churches and society, and careful legal control of alcoholic beverages. The United Methodist Church, a traditional "dry" church, voted in 1968 to remove restrictions on use of alcohol. As drug use became widespread in the 1960s and 1970s, churches responded with anti-drug education and activities.

To determine whether and how to intervene to stop the risky behavior of drug use, observed the Shafer Commission, "requires coming to terms with fundamental questions of the purpose and meaning of life." The commission raised the "moral questions surrounding the exploration of consciousness," and concluded that "the national religious community has failed to address its most important task; the elaboration of values upon which individual choice could rest. The decline of moral certitude regarding consumption has left a void . the religious community has a major responsibility-to confront the profound philosophical, moral, and spiritual questions raised by the drug problem."

Eric Sterling, former counsel to the U.S. House Judiciary Committee, is president of the Criminal Justice Policy Foundation (www.cjpf.org).