Beijing/W Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Italy.

To the Editor: Molecular typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in several countries in recent years has shown that a group of strains known as "Beijing" is widespread around the world (1). The Beijing group of M. tuberculosis has been associated with drug resistance; one multidrug-resistant strain, designated "W," was found in New York City in the early 1990s and caused large institutional outbreaks of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States (2). M. tuberculosis strains of Beijing/W genotype are mostly prevalent in Asia (1), but recent data suggest that they have been spreading in Indochina and are prevalent among younger persons in Vietnam (3). Beijing/W strains are also widespread in Eastern Europe (1); during the last decade, the Beijing/W genotype of M. tuberculosis, with more prevalent drug-resistant mutations than non-Beijing strains, has been identified in 40% to 50% of clinical isolates studied in Russia (4).

We studied a total of 245 M. tuberculosis strains collected during a 1-year period, from January to December 2002, from the same number of TB patients hospitalized in Tuscany, Italy. All the isolates were typed by the standardized IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and the spoligotyping (spacer oligonucleotide typing) techniques. A total of 216 distinct IS6110 RFLP patterns were found among the 245 isolates; 51 isolates (20.8%) occurred in 23 clusters, each constituting strains with an identical IS6110 RFLP and spoligotype pattern; 19 clusters contained two isolates each, 3 contained three isolates, and 1 contained four isolates. Spoligotype analysis showed seven isolates with the typical Beijing/W pattern of probe hybridization only to spacer sequences 35-43. The Beijing/W isolates yielded distinct IS6110 RFLP profiles with similarity coefficient >57.8%. Characteristics of the Beijing/W strains and respective patients, obtained from clinical records, are reported in the Table. Although the overall prevalence of Beijing/W strains was low (7/245, 2.9%), five of the seven strains were from recent immigrants to Italy from China who live in the same area; the other two strains were from Italian citizens also living in that area. Recent immigration from high-prevalence areas is therefore likely to be associated with the occurrence of the Beijing/W genotype in Italy. None of the Beijing/W strains was associated with TB outbreaks; nonetheless, infection of Italian residents with Beijing strains suggests that spread of this genotype is ongoing.

Beijing/W strains have been strongly associated with drug resistance in a number of countries (2,4-6), but elsewhere the association was weak or absent. In our survey, no substantial drug resistance was observed; all Beijing/W strains isolated in Tuscany were susceptible to rifampin, ethambutol, pirazinamide, and streptomycin (tested only in two strains), and all but one were susceptible to isoniazid.

Although we detected only a few cases, our data do not show a trend of Beijing/W strains' being associated with infection in young people, as has been observed in other settings (3). The age of immigrants with Beijing/W TB (mean 33.2 years, standard deviation [SD] 8.2 years) did not significantly differ from that of immigrants infected with non-Beijing/W strains (30.7 years, SD 7.4 years), a find that indicates that, at least in our setting, immigrant status, rather than A/L tuberculosis genotype, is associated with infection in young people. The few cases of Beijing/W infections in Italian-born patients do not allow us to draw conclusions regarding nonimmigrant patients.

In conclusion, M. tuberculosis strains of Beijing/W genotype are becoming widespread worldwide, including in countries with a low prevalence of TB. Their association with drug resistance and infection in young people, clearly shown in certain settings, remains to be defined. Further molecular epidemiologic surveillance is needed to monitor trends in prevalence and spread of these strains.

This work was supported by National Research Program on AIDS grant no. 50D.11 from the Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.

Table. Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains
of Beijing/W genotype isolated in 2002 in Tuscany, Italy (a)

             Patient's
Strain no.    country    Sex   Age     HIV     Years in
             of birth                 status     Italy

669            China      M     40      -          1
763            China      M     42      -         <1
804            China      F     23      -          4
836            China      M     34      -          1
884            Italy      F     39      +         NA
952            Italy      F     28      -         NA
974            China      F     27      -          1

                                     Drug resistance (b)

Strain no.     Site of TB     Str   Inh   Rif   Eth   Pza

669            Pulmonary       S     S     S     S     S
763            Pulmonary       S     S     S     S     S
804            Pulmonary      NT     S     S     S     S
836            Pulmonary      NT     S     S     S     S
884          Extrapulmonary   NT     S     S     S     S
952            Pulmonary      NT     R     S     S     S
974            Pulmonary      NT     S     S     S     S

(a) TB, tuberculosis; Str, stepomycin; Inh, isoniazid; Rif, rifampin;
Rif, rifampin; Eth, ethambutol, Pza, pirazinamide; S, susceptible; R,
resistant; M, male, F, female; NA, not applicable; NT, not tested.

(b) Drug resistance was assessed by the radiometric BACTEC system
(Becton Dickinson, Towson, MD) according to the proportion.

References

(1.) Glynn JR, Whiteley J, Bifani PJ, Kremer K, van Soolingen D. Worldwide occurrence of Beijing/W strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a systematic review. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:843-9.

(2.) Bifani PJ, Mathema B, Liu Z, Moghazeh SL, Shopsin B, Tempalski B, et al. Identification of a W variant outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis via population-based molecular epidemiology. JAMA 1999;282:2321-7.

(3.) Anh DD, Borgdorff MW, Van LN, Lan NT, van Gorkom T, Kremer K, et al.. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype emerging in Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis 2000;6:302-5.

(4.) Mokrousov I, Otten T, Vyazovaya A, Limeschenko E, Filipenko ML, Sola C, et al. PCR-based methodology for detecting multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing family circulating in Russia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;22:342-8.

(5.) Diaz R, Kremer K, de Haas PE, Gomez RI, Marrero A, Valdivia JA, et al. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Cuba outside of Havana, July 1994-June 1995: utility of spoligotyping versus IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;2:743-50.

(6.) Kruuner A, Hoffner SE, Sillastu H, Danilovits M, Levina K, Svenson SB, et al. Spread of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in Estonia. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:3339-45.

Address for correspondence: C. Garzelli, Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Biotecnologie Mediche, Infettivologia ed Epidemiologia, Universita di Pisa, Via San Zeno, 35/39, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; fax: [phone]; email: [e-mail]

Nicoletta Lari, * Laura Rindi, * Daniela Bonanni, * Enrico Tortoli, ([dagger]) and Carlo Garzelli *

* Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; and ([dagger]) Ospedale Careggi, Firenze, Italy