Baylisascaris procyonis in the metropolitan Atlanta area.

Baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm responsible for fatal larva migrans in humans, has long been thought to be absent from many regions in the southeastern United States. During spring 2002, 11 (22%) of 50 raccoons trapped in DeKalb County, Georgia, had B. procyonis infection. The increasing number of cases highlight this emerging zoonotic infection.

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Baylisascaris procyonis was first described from specimens recovered from raccoons in Europe (1), although the first report of raccoon infections with the worm came from New York in 1933 (2). The first recognized human case was reported in 1984 in a 10-month-old child in Pennsylvania (3). Since then, at least 11 additional cases of severe or fatal B. procyonis encephalitis have been identified in Illinois, California, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, and Oregon (4).

The distribution or B. procyonis in the United States has been well recorded in some areas and poorly documented in other areas. The infection appears to be common in the Midwest, Northeast, and Middle Atlantic regions (5). Recently, B. procyonis has been found to be common in parts of California (6-8). However, B. procyonis historically has not been reported in the southeastern United States, except in mountainous areas. There is one anecdotal account of the infection in raccoons in central Georgia (9), and the literature cites an unpublished report of 1 out of 110 animals in north Georgia being infected (10), but no substantiated reports of the infection in Georgia have been found.

As part of ongoing studies that use animal dracunculiasis (Dracunculus insignis) as a model for the study of human dracunculiasis, raccoons were examined for pre-emergent female D. insignis worms. This study provided an opportunity to examine the animals for B. procyonis. We describe the occurrence of B. procyonis in the metropolitan Atlanta area (DeKalb County, Georgia).

The Study

Raccoons (Procyon lotor) were trapped in residential areas by DeKalb County Animal Control personnel from March to June 2002, as part of the county's nuisance animal abatement program. After animals were trapped, they were returned to the animal control facility, euthanized, and necropsied. The small intestine was removed, split open, and visually examined for B. procyonis worms. A stool sample was collected, placed in 10% formalin, returned to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) laboratories (where it was processed by using a standard formalin ethyl-acetate concentration procedure), and examined microscopically for B. procyonis eggs.

Of 50 raccoons examined during the spring of 2002, a total of 24 were female and 26 were male; all were adults. Eleven (22%) animals (5 female, 6 male) were found to be infected with B. procyonis. All 11 animals had detectable eggs in the feces. Worms were recovered from the small intestine in 8 of these. The number of worms recovered from individual animals ranged from 1 to 24, with a mean of 6.25 worms per animal; all worms were preserved.

Conclusions

Populations of raccoons harboring B. procyonis in and around major urban areas hold particular potential for zoonotic spread to humans. One reason is that raccoons adapt readily to human habitation and therefore tend to defecate in close proximity to homes (11), potentially putting large numbers of infective eggs in the immediate environment of children and others playing or working in yards, parks, playgrounds, and other similar environments. Heavily infected raccoons may shed millions of eggs daily, which is important because much human exposure to Baylisascaris is through the fecal-oral route and depends on the number of eggs in the environment (4,11,12).

To date, 12 human cases of infection with B. procyonis have been documented, and undoubtedly many more have been unrecognized. Four (30%) of these patients died, and the other patients were left with severe mental impairment. Most recognized cases, 10 of 12, have occurred in children 9 months to 6 years of age (13).

Until zoonotic diseases such as toxocariasis were actively sought with good serologic assays, their true occurrence was underestimated. The prevalence of Baylisascaris is undoubtedly greater than the number of reported cases would suggest, and the fact that the full clinical spectrum of illness for Baylisascaris infection has not been clearly elucidated, further lead to underrecognition of cases. Earlier case reports of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis or eosinophilic meningoencephalitis are compatible with Baylisascaris infection (4).

We cannot explain why Baylisascaris infection has turned up in the metropolitan Atlanta area at this time. Historically, the infection has been absent from this region of the southeastern United States, and surveys, including a number of our own unpublished observations in northern and southern areas of Georgia over the past 10 years, have never encountered this infection (5). During the preparation of this report, however, we received a call from a licensed wildlife rehabilitator who had received several young raccoons from Athens (Clarke County), Georgia, one of which had passed Baylisascaris worms. This person was well trained and very cognizant of Baylisascaris hut had never seen the infection in any animals until this animal was received in June 2002. Geographic movement of other infectious diseases has been well documented; it is often linked to legal or illegal movement of natural host animals for a variety of purposes. We have no evidence of recent, large-scale movement of raccoons from enzootic areas into the metropolitan Atlanta area, but other explanations seem implausible. This may represent a natural migration of the parasite into new areas, but, again, no explanation of why this would be happening at this time is obvious.

This report highlights for clinicians and other public health officials, especially in the southeastern United States, the potential occurrence of Baylisascaris in an area previously thought to not be at risk and the need to be alert to the possibility of Baylisascaris-induced encephalitis, especially in young children. The outcome of this infection in humans is often fatal, hut if the infection is recognized and treatment initiated early, larvae may be killed before they enter the central nervous system, thus mitigating the clinical disease or preventing death (14).

Acknowledgments

We thank Frank Boldoe for permission to examine raccoons; Susanne Kinman for her generous assistance; and Bobble Binns for calling our attention to the Baylisascaris-infected raccoon collected in Athens, Georgia, and for allowing us to include the information in this report.

References

(1.) Stefanski W, Zarnowski E. Ascaris procyonis n.sp. z jelita szopa (Procyon lotor L.) Ascaris procvonis n.sp. provenant de l'intestin de Procyon lotor L. Ann Musei Zoologica Polonici 1951;14:199-202.

(2.) McClure GW. Nematode parasites of mammals. From specimens collected in the New York Zoological Park, 1931. Zoologica (New York) 1933;15:29-47.

(3.) Huff DS, Neafie RC, Binder MJ, DeLeon GA, Brown LW, Kazacos KR. The first fatal Baylisascaris infection in humans: an infant with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Pediatr Pathol 1984;2:345-52.

(4.) Sorvillo P, Ash LR, Berlin OGW, Tatabe J, Degiorgio C, Morse SA. Baylisascaris procyonis: an emerging helminthic zoonosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:355-9.

(5.) Kazacos KR. Baylisascaris procyonis and related species. In: Samuel WM, Pybus MJ, Kocan AA, editors. Parasitic diseases of wild mammals. 2nd cd. Ames (IA): Iowa State University Press; 2001. p. 301-41.

(6.) Park SY, Glaser C, Murray WJ, Kazacos KR, Rowley HA, Fredrick DR, Bass N. Raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procvonis) encephalitis: case report and field investigation. Pediatrics 2000;106:E556.

(7.) Evans RH. Baylisascaris procyonis (Nematoda: Ascarididac) Jarva migrans in free-ranging wildlife in Orange County, California. J Parasitol 2002;88:299-301.

(8.) Evans RH. Baylisascaris procyonis (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) eggs in raccoon (Procyon lotor) latrine scats in Orange County, California. J Parasitol 2002;88:189-90.

(9.) Barbero BB, Shepperson JR. Some helminths of raccoons in Georgia. J Parasitol 1958;44:519.

(10.) Kazacos KR, Boyce WM. Baylisascaris larva migrans. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;195:894-03.

(11.) Murray WJ. Human infections caused by the raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis. Clin Microbiol News 2002;24:1-7.

(12.) Jacobson JE, Kazacos KR, Montague FH. Prevalence of eggs of Baylisascaris procyonis (Nematoda: Ascaroidea) in raccoon scats from an urban and a rural community. J Wildl Dis 1982:18:461-4.

(13.) Raccoon roundworm encephalitis--Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California, 2000. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;50:1153-5.

(14.) Gavin PJ, Kazacos KR, Tan TQ, Brinkman WB, Byrd SR, Davis AT, et al. Neural larva migrans caused by the raccoon roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:971-5.

Mark L. Eberhard, * Eva K. Nace, * Kimberly Y. Won, * George A. Punkosdy, * Henry S. Bishop, * and Stephanie P. Johnston *

* Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Dr. Eberhard is director, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. He has broad interests in the biology of parasitic infections, and his research interests include the epidemiology and diagnosis of zoonotic infections.

Address for correspondence: Mark L. Eberhard, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30341-3724 USA; fax: [phone]; email: [e-mail]