Bartonella clarridgeiae and B. henselae in dogs, Gabon.

To the Editor: The genus Bartonella contains several recently described species, many of which are emerging human pathogens. Human infections are mostly due to Bartonella henselae and B. quintana. Like many vectorborne disease agents, Bartonella species have a natural cycle. This cycle contains a reservoir host, in which Bartonella species cause an intraerythrocytic bacteremia, and a vector, which transmits the bacteria from the reservoir host to a new susceptible host (usually the uninfected reservoir host) (1). In the case of B. quintana and B. bacilliformis, the natural host is human. In Bartonella diseases, humans act as accidental hosts. Among the nonhuman Bartonella species that infect humans, B. henselae is most commonly encountered and usually causes cat-scratch disease. However, several cases of infections in humans attributable to other Bartonella species, including B. elizabethae, B. grahamii, B. vinsonii arupensis, B. vinsonii berkhoffii, and possibly B. clarridgeiae, have been reported (1). Isolation of Bartonella species in animals that have contact with humans can help identify new human pathogens or new diseases. We report results of isolation of Bartonella spp. from the blood of 258 dogs in Gabon.

The study was performed in the Ogooue-Ivindo province of Gabon, a country of Central Africa with an equatorial climate. Blood samples were taken from dogs in the town of Mekambo and in all villages connecting Mekambo and Mazingo (nine villages) and Mekambo and Ekata (seven villages) during July and August 2003. Each dog brought by its owner for the study was weighed and sedated by injection with 50 [micro]g/kg of medetomidine (Pfizer Sante Animal, Orsay, France). After the dog was examined, a blood sample was drawn from the jugular vein by Vacutainer (Becton Dickinson, Meylan, France). Each dog was tattooed with an identification number and given both antihelminthic and external antiparasitic treatments. During the examination, the dogs were treated with care; upon completion of the examination, the dogs were given 250 [micro]g/kg of the reversal agent atipamezola (Pfizer Sante Animal) intramuscularly. A physical examination form and a questionnaire were completed for each test participant by its owner. A total of 258 dogs (155 males and 103 females) were examined and had blood samples drawn during the study. All animals were of mixed breeds and were 6 months to 14 years old (average 3 years 1 month). The Vacutainer tubes were kept on ice until blood samples were dispensed into cryotubes and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Samples were stored at -80[degrees]C until isolation attempts were made on Columbia agar (Biomerieux, Marcy l'etoile, France) as described previously (2). In this study, six Bartonella isolates were obtained and identified as B. clarridgeiae (five isolates) and B. henselae (one isolate), by internal transcribed spacer amplification and sequencing (3).

B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was the first Bartonella species found in dogs (1). Isolation of B. clarridgeiae (45) and B. washoensis (6) in dogs was recently reported. Infection of dogs by other Bartonella species was also detected in the DNA of B. henselae (7,8), B. clarridgeiae (7), and B. elizabethae (8). The presence of these Bartonella species is not surprising, since Ctenocephalides felis, the vector of B. henselae in cats, has a wide range of hosts, including the domestic dog. However, attempts to isolate this species in samples collected from 211 dogs in the United Kingdom failed (9). Bartonella species are supposedly difficult to isolate in dogs because of a low concentration of bacteria in the blood (1). This supposition was apparent in our study; we identified approximately 100 bacterial colonies per milliliter of blood from three of the six dogs in our study. From the other three dogs in our study, including the dog infected with B. henselae, we identified two to four bacterial colonies per milliliter of blood.

Most of the data pertaining to Bartonella have been obtained in the United States and Europe. Increasingly, Bartonella infections are being reported in Africa, especially in southern Africa (10). We report here the first isolation of B. henselae from a dog and the first isolation of B. clarridgeiae in Central Africa. That dogs also act as reservoirs of B. henselae likely has implications in Africa where HIV infections are prevalent.

Vijay A.K.B. Gundi, * Olivier Bourry, ([dagger]) Bernard Davoust, ([double dagger]) Didier Raoult, * and Bernard La Scola *

* Faculte de Medecine, Marseille, France; ([dagger]) Centre International de Recherches Medicales, Franceville, Gabon; and ([double dagger]) Direction Regionale du Service de Sante des Armees, Lyon, France

References

(1.) Breitschwerdt EB, Kordick DL. Bartonella infection in animals: carriership, reservoir potential, pathogenicity, and zoonotic potential for human infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13:428-38.

(2.) La Scola B, Davoust B, Boni M, Raoult D. Lack of correlation between Bartonella DNA detection within fleas, serological results, and results of blood culture in a Bartonella-infected stray cat population. Clin Microbiol Inflect. 2002:8:345-51.

(3.) Houpikian P, Raoult D. 16S/23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions for phylogenetic analysis identification and subtyping of Bartonella species. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2768-78.

(4.) Chomel BB, Mac Donald KA, Kasten RW, Chang CC, Wey AC. Foley JE, et al. Aortic valve endocarditis in a dog due to Bartonella clarridgeiae. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:3548-54.

(5.) Mac Donald KA, Chomel 1313, Kittleson MD, Kasten RW, Thomas WP, Pesavento P. A prospective study of canine infective endocarditis in northern California (1999-2001): emergence of Bartonella as a prevalent etiologic agent. J Vet Intern Med. 2002:18:56-64.

(6.) Chomel 1313, Wey AC, Kasten RW. Isolation of Bartonella washoensis from a dog with mitral valve endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003:41:5327-32.

(7.) Gillespie TN. Washabau RJ, Goldschmidt MH, Cullen JM, Rogala AR. Breitschwerdt EB. Detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae DNA in specimens from two dogs with hepatic disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;222:47-51.

(8.) Mexas AM, Hancock SI, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella henselae and Bartonella elizabethae as potential canine pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:4670-4.

(9.) Birtles RJ, Laycock G, Kenny MJ, Shaw SE, Day MJ. Prevalence of Bartonella species causing bacteremia in domesticated companion animals in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec. 2002:151:225-9.

(10.) Pretorius AM, Kelly PJ. An update on human bartonelloses. Cent Air J Med. 2000;46:194-200.

Address for correspondence: Bernard La Scola, Unite des Rickettsies, CNRS UMR 6020, IFR 48, Faculte de Medecine, 27 Blvd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; fax: [phone]; email: bernard.lascola@medecine. univ-mrs.fr