Back to basics: quick and easy ways to clear the grammar hurdles; Part 1: attacking the apostrophe.Grammar errors can spoil good writing--but with a few quick and easy rules, you can master all these pesky problems. In the writing people send us for editing and feedback, certain grammar blunders occur again and again, marring otherwise acceptable pieces. To remedy this problem, we have collected some quick and easy rules to make grammar gaffes a thing of the past. Our topics reflect the mistakes we have seen most often, but we invite you to send us any others you'd like explained, and we'll put them in a column. Just drop us an e-mail at perccom@aol.com. A FOR ... APOSTROPHE apostrophe, figure of speech apostrophe, figure of speech in which an absent person, a personified inanimate being, or an abstraction is addressed as though present. The apostrophe (') serves three main purposes: to show that something belongs or pertains to someone (the boy's baseball, the man's red hair), to make a contraction (they're in a hurry), and, rarely, to form some plurals (mind your p's and q's). Next to the comma, the apostrophe is probably the most misused of punctuation punctuation [Lat.,=point], the use of special signs in writing to clarify how words are used; the term also refers to the signs themselves. In every language, besides the sounds of the words that are strung together there are other features, such as tone, accent, and marks. Consider that there is an Apostrophe Protection Society in England that exists purely to protect and correct the uses of this noble squiggle See tilde. . And with good reason! The little tadpole tadpole, larval, aquatic stage of any of the amphibian animals. After hatching from the egg, the tadpole, sometimes called a polliwog, is gill-breathing and legless and propels itself by means of a tail. with its head in the clouds can pack a powerful punch. It can change the entire meaning of a sentence, as here: Apostrophe after the final "s": My colleagues' annual reports are based on false premises A false premise is an incorrect proposition that forms the basis of a logical syllogism. Since the premise (proposition, or assumption) is not correct, the conclusion drawn may be in error. . Meaning: The annual reports prepared by some of my co-workers are totally misleading. Apostrophe before the final "s": My colleague's annual reports are based on false premises. Meaning: The annual reports prepared by one of my co-workers are totally misleading. No apostrophe, but a comma thrown in to give the sentence some sense: My colleagues, annual reports are based on false premises. Meaning: Listen, good friends and co-workers: I am here to tell you that all annual reports are totally misleading. To avoid saying what you didn't mean, take control of your apostrophes. They are pretty reasonable, provided you follow their rules. HOW TO SHOW POSSESSION Begin with the root word, the single or plural noun to which you will add the apostrophe. 1. If the root word ends in any letter but s, add an apostrophe +s. my son (root word)[right arrow]my son's books the children (root word)[right arrow]the children's ice cream cones An ice cream cone or cornet is a cone-shaped pastry, usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a waffle, in which ice cream is served, allowing it to be eaten without a bowl or spoon. Roger (root word)[right arrow]Roger's office gentlemen (root word)[right arrow]a gentlemen's agreement gentlemen's agreement, in U.S. history, an agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907 that Japan should stop the emigration of its laborers to the United States and that the United States should stop discrimination against Japanese living in the United 2. If the root word ends in s, just add an apostrophe. Moses (root word)[right arrow]Moses' laws the MacDonalds (root word)[right arrow]the MacDonalds' farm the puppies (root word)[right arrow]the puppies' toys Exception. (Well, you knew there would be an exception, didn't you? After all, this is English grammar English grammar is a body of rules specifying how meanings are created in English. There are many accounts of the grammar, which tend to fall into two groups: the descriptivist .) If the root word ending in s is singular, with just one syllable syllable Segment of speech usually consisting of a vowel with or without accompanying consonant sounds (e.g., a, I, out, too, cap, snap, check). A syllabic consonant, like the final n sound in button and widen, also constitutes a syllable. , add an apostrophe + s. James (root word)[right arrow]James's idea my boss (root word)[right arrow]my boss's desk The above rules govern all uses of the apostrophe to indicate possession, including the following two. * Compound words--add the apostrophe (+ s if necessary) to the last word my father-in-law's mustache * Two or more people or groups possessing the object--add the apostrophe (+ s if necessary) to the last person or group. Bill and Mary's invention the lawyers and accountants' offices Next time, more about the apostrophe and other grammar hurdles. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Cheryl and Peter Reimold have been teaching communication skills to engineers, scientists, and businesspeople for 20 years. Their latest book. The Short Road to Great Presentations (Wiley, 2003), is available in bookstores and from Amazon.com. Their consulting firm Noun 1. consulting firm - a firm of experts providing professional advice to an organization for a fee consulting company business firm, firm, house - the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments; "he worked for a , PERC PERC See: Preferred equity redemption stock Communications (telephone: 1 914 725 1024, e-mail perccom@aol.com), offers businesses consulting and writing services, as well as customized in-house courses on writing, presentation skills, and on-the-job communication skills. Visit their web site at www.allaboutcommunication.com. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] |
|
||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion