Avifauna of the Pongos Basin, Amazonas Department, Peru.A distinctive feature of the Peruvian Andes is the frequent presence of 'pongos', or water gaps, which are transverse To cross from side to side. openings in mountain ridges caused by tectonic tectonic /tec·ton·ic/ (tek-ton´ik) pertaining to construction. activity. In some instances, rivers cut through sufficiently high uplifted up·lift tr.v. up·lift·ed, up·lift·ing, up·lifts 1. To raise; elevate. 2. To raise to a higher social, intellectual, or moral level or condition. 3. areas to create valleys of considerable amplitude amplitude (ăm`plĭt  d'), in physics, maximum displacement from a zero value or rest position. . The highest concentration of pongos
in Peru is in northern Amazonas Department For the former Department of Peru, see .Amazonas is a department of Colombia in the south of the country. Its capital is Leticia. Its name comes from the Amazon River that drains much in the department and the rainforest that covers a large part of the department. (Fig. 1), an area that geologists have aptly named the 'Pongos Basin' (Cobbing et al. 1981). The basin consists of a system of mesic mes·ic adj. Ecology Of, characterized by, or adapted to a moderately moist habitat. mesic Relating or adapted to a moderately moist habitat. valleys separated by relatively low ridgelines; the valleys are drained by north-south and south-north flowing rivers that enter the Maranon River as it flows toward the northeast. The basin is continuously bathed by humidity from the Amazon, and the dominant vegetation is humid hu·mid adj. Containing or characterized by a high amount of water or water vapor: humid air; a humid evening. See Synonyms at wet. lowland tropical forest. The valleys that form the adjacent upper Maranon drainage to the southwest, as well as the downstream middle Huallaga-Mayo Valley drainages to the east, are covered with dry forest. The Pongos Basin serves as a corridor for humid forest birds to cross the less restrictive narrows of the Maranon provided by the pongos. The area is occupied primarily by humid-forest species with affinities to Amazonian faunas rather than dry forest species. This region can be difficult to work in due to territoriality Territoriality Behavior patterns in which an animal actively defends a space or some other resource. One major advantage of territoriality is that it gives the territory holder exclusive access to the defended resource, which is generally associated with by indigenous Jivaro-speaking people, represented by the Aguaruna and Huambisa Amerindians. More recently, periodic armed conflicts between Peru and Ecuador have also contributed to dangerous working conditions (Palmer 1997, Landmine Monitor 2005). Some ornithological or·ni·thol·o·gy n. The branch of zoology that deals with the study of birds. or  ni·tho·log work has
occurred in the region despite the potential for adverse working
conditions. Some of the most successful avian avian /avi·an/ (a´ve-an) of or pertaining to birds. a·vi·an adj. Of, relating to, or characteristic of birds. studies were conducted in tandem Adv. 1. in tandem - one behind the other; "ride tandem on a bicycle built for two"; "riding horses down the path in tandem" tandem with anthropological studies (e.g., Berlin and O'Neill 1981, Berlin et al. 1981, Berlin and Berlin 1983, Boster et al. 1986). Ornithological work in this region has primarily focused on single-species studies, including descriptions of new species (e.g., Lowery low·er·y also lour·y adj. Overcast; threatening. and O'Neill 1964) and breeding biology (e.g., Dauphine dau·phine n. The wife of a dauphin. [French, feminine of dauphin; see dauphin.] et al. 2007). Some general surveys were accomplished for threatened taxa (Davies et al. 1997), but comprehensive community-level studies are entirely lacking. Our objectives are to: (1) provide a comprehensive inventory of the region's avifauna a·vi·fau·na n. The birds of a specific region or period. [Latin avis, bird; see awi- in Indo-European roots + fauna. , (2) compare highland versus lowland avifaunas, and (3) provide natural history accounts for distributional records, threatened taxa, and migrants, based on museum specimen data. METHODS Description of the Study Region.--The study area comprises the entire Pongos Basin. Sixteen pongos exist along the Rio Maranon between Pongo de Rentama (upstream from Pomara) and Pongo de Manseriche The Pongo de Manseriche is a gorge in northwest Peru. The Marañón River runs through this gorge before it reaches the Amazon Basin. Manseriche means "the one who frightens". (a short distance downstream from the Maranon/Santiago confluence confluence /con·flu·ence/ (kon´floo-ins) 1. a running together; a meeting of streams.con´fluent 2. in embryology, the flowing of cells, a component process of gastrulation. ). To the west the basin is circumscribed circumscribed /cir·cum·scribed/ (serk´um-skribd) bounded or limited; confined to a limited space. cir·cum·scribed adj. Bounded by a line; limited or confined. by distinct biogeographic bi·o·ge·og·ra·phy n. The study of the geographic distribution of organisms. bi o·ge·og boundaries:
Cordillera cor·dil·le·ra n. An extensive chain of mountains or mountain ranges, especially the principal mountain system of a continent. [Spanish, from cordilla, diminutive of cuerda, cord de Colan, a high (3,000+ m) mountain area to the southwest; Pongo de Rentama, which creates a rapid transition from the dry Tumbesian upper Maranon Valley to wet Amazonian forest; Cordillera del Condor, a high (2,200+ m) mountain area that forms a natural border with Ecuador for most of its extension; and Pongo Paute, which separates the Cordillera del Condor from the Ecuadorian Cordillera de Cutucu, divided by the Santiago River. The Cordillera Campanquiz, a relatively low (1,800 m) mountain chain, forms the eastern border of Amazonas Department and is bisected by the Maranon River at Pongo de Manseriche. The Campanquiz Range is less of a biogeographic barrier than the other ranges, but these mountains may act as a filter for certain lowland species (e.g., varzea specialists) entering the Pongos Basin. The principal area studied comprises habitats to an upper elevation limit of 900 m, known as the humid tropical zone (Parker et al. 1982) with lowland terra See tera. firme forest coveting most of the study region. We also report on a small collection of bird specimens from the western slope of the Campanquiz Range as a basis for comparing the avifaunal a·vi·fau·na n. The birds of a specific region or period. [Latin avis, bird; see awi- in Indo-European roots + fauna. communities of the upper and lower humid tropical zones in this region. History of Ornithological Fieldwork field·work n. 1. A temporary military fortification erected in the field. 2. Work done or firsthand observations made in the field as opposed to that done or observed in a controlled environment. 3. .--This region was the focus of one of the earliest attempts of exploration and colonization colonization, extension of political and economic control over an area by a state whose nationals have occupied the area and usually possess organizational or technological superiority over the native population. in Peru (Ulloa and Ulloa 1806), but our study area remained neglected by scientific explorers until ~80 years ago, mainly due to conflicts with native Amerindians. The first expedition into the area was led by Harry Watkins, who collected for the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH AMNH American Museum of Natural History (New York City, NY) ) at Pomara during 1923 to 1924. Another relatively small collection was amassed by Jose Schunke during 1928 to 1930 near the mouths of the Cenepa and Santiago rivers (now part of AMNH's Bassler Collection). A new impetus for collecting in the area was provided in the early 1960s by the discovery of the Orange-throated Tanager tanager (tăn`əjər), any of the small, migratory perching birds of the family Thraupidae, chiefly of the tropical New World. Only five species migrate to North America; of these the scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea (Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron) among a small collection of bird skins prepared by Aguaruna Amerindians and given to missionary Mildred Larsen (Lowery and O'Neill 1964). In 1964, missionaries Jeanne Grover and Martha Jakway invited JPO JPO Joint Program Office JPO Japanese Patent Office JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics JPO Journal of Physical Oceanography JPO Juvenile Probation Officer JPO Jump If Parity Odd JPO Joint Pipeline Office JPO Joint Planning Office and John Farrand Jr. on an expedition to accompany them to find Wetmorethraupis in nature. That effort led JPO to undertake additional expeditions there, along with Louisiana State University Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, generally known as Louisiana State University or LSU, is a public, coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and the main campus of the Louisiana State University System. Museum of Zoology zoology, branch of biology concerned with the study of animal life. From earliest times animals have been vitally important to man; cave art demonstrates the practical and mystical significance animals held for prehistoric man. (LSUMZ) staff and graduate students in 1968, 1973 to 1974; and 1977 to 1980. Peter Hocking Hocking may refer to:
FMNH Finnish Museum of Natural History (Helsinki, Finland) FMNH Florida Museum of Natural History (Gainesville, Florida) ), explored the Santiago Basin during 1965 to 1966, and again during 1972 to 1974. The Museum of Vertebrate vertebrate, any animal having a backbone or spinal column. Verbrates can be traced back to the Silurian period. In the adults of nearly all forms the backbone consists of a series of vertebrae. All vertebrates belong to the subphylum Vertebrata of the phylum Chordata. Zoology, University of California-Berkeley (MVZ MVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (University of California, Berkeley) MVZ Main Vertical Zone MVZ Medico Veterinario Zoothanista (Mexico veterinary medicine degree) ) led an expedition near Nazareth in 1970, and a joint LSUMZ and MVZ expedition in which MSF MSF Manufacturing, Science, and Finance (Union) participated visited the Huampami area in 1977. The first all-Peruvian expedition, Museo de Historia Natural, Lima (MUSM) collected at Falsa Paquisha in 1987, exploring the area around a newly established military base in the remote upper Cenepa Basin. Data Compilation.--Available data (locality 1. locality - In sequential architectures programs tend to access data that has been accessed recently (temporal locality) or that is at an address near recently referenced data (spatial locality). This is the basis for the speed-up obtained with a cache memory. 2. , dates, and gender in most cases) for all specimens from the localities in the Gazetteer gazetteer (găz'ĭtēr`), dictionary or encyclopedia listing alphabetically the names of places, political divisions, and physical features of the earth and giving some information about each. (Fig. 1) were obtained from the respective museums in which the specimens were housed; the data were tabularized and condensed con·dense v. con·densed, con·dens·ing, con·dens·es v.tr. 1. To reduce the volume or compass of. 2. To make more concise; abridge or shorten. 3. Physics a. to an applicable format. Questions that arose regarding identification or data were resolved through direct examination of specimens, generally by at least one of the authors. Specimens housed at LSUMZ were partly examined by JPO, TM, and DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) See mobile TV. . Specimens at MVZ were examined by MSE MSE Mouse (computer) MSE Materials Science & Engineering MSE Mean Squared Error MSE Mean Square Error MSE Master of Science in Engineering MSE Manufacturing Systems Engineering MSE Mechanically Stabilized Earth Specimens at MUSM were partly examined by IF, JPO, and TM. Specimens at AMNH and FMNH were partly examined by TM. Specimens at Houston Museum of Natural Science The Houston Museum of Natural Science is a science museum located on the northern border of Hermann Park in Houston, Texas, USA. The museum was established in 1909 by the Houston Museum and Scientific Society (HMNS HMNS Houston Museum of Natural Science ) were examined by DMB, ND, and TM. For consistency we follow taxonomy taxonomy: see classification. taxonomy In biology, the classification of organisms into a hierarchy of groupings, from the general to the particular, that reflect evolutionary and usually morphological relationships: kingdom, phylum, class, order, of Gill and Wright (2006) despite some accepted changes since that publication. Species Accounts.--We obtained known elevational ranges of the Pongos Basin species from Hilty and Brown (1986), Fjeldsa and Krabbe (1990), Stotz et al. (1996), and Schulenberg et al. (2007) and compared them to elevations at collecting sites. Basic biological information (e.g., mass, breeding condition, etc.) was available for some of the specimens. However, because of its magnitude, lack of uniformity among collectors, and absence from some of the museums' electronic data bases, we report biological information only for species of special interest. Accounts are provided for distributional records of selected taxa, as well as species of conservation concern (designated by Birdlife International BirdLife International (formerly known as the International Council for Bird Preservation) is the international conservation organization working to protect the world’s birds and their habitats. 2006) as information about vulnerable species may contribute to their protection. We also provide information on both Nearctic and Austral aus·tral adj. Of, relating to, or coming from the south. [Latin austr  lis, from auster, austr-, south. migrant mi·grant n. 1. One that moves from one region to another by chance, instinct, or plan. 2. An itinerant worker who travels from one area to another in search of work. adj. Migratory. species as designated by Chesser (1994), Stotz et al. (1996), and Ridgely and Greenfield Greenfield, town (1990 pop. 18,666), seat of Franklin co., NW Mass., at the confluence of the Deerfield and Green rivers, near their junction with the Connecticut; settled 1686, set off from Deerfield and inc. 1753. (2001). Many migrant species are well known in breeding areas but information on their winter distributions and biology is limited. Parametric biological data for species accounts were obtained from data bases or gleaned directly from specimen data tags by TM. We use the term "ossified os·si·fy v. os·si·fied, os·si·fy·ing, os·si·fies v.intr. 1. To change into bone; become bony. 2. " to refer to the condition of the skull as an indication of age because of its pervasiveness in the literature and on museum specimen labels. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Localities.--We considered specimens from 66 sampling sites with coordinates and seven additional generic localities for a total of 73 sites (Fig. 1). The sampling sites with coordinates were combined into 36 groups based upon close geographic proximity (Fig. 1). Generic localities, such as a river or basin, lacked any reference to the exact location. Species Richness  This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.Please help recruit one or [ improve this article] yourself. See the talk page for details. .--Four hundred and thirty-eight species in 52 families are presented (Appendix) from the ~4,000 specimens from the humid tropical zone region, most of which are housed at LSUMZ. Additionally, there were 36 specimens (25 species in 14 families) from the humid upper tropical zone region (Campanquiz; 1,148 m). An additional nine specimens could not be identified to species level, and were excluded from analyses. In contrast, Berlin et al. (1981) found ~160 species during an ethno-zoological coding study, although they suggested the region could harbor as many as 500 species. Ted Parker found 210 predominantly Amazonian bird species during only a few days of surveys (27 Jul to 1 Aug 1993) at nearby Miazi, Ecuador in the Cordillera del Condor at the upper limit of the humid tropical zone (Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997). The present review, in which we report two to three times as many species as other nearby studies, reflects field work covering more seasons and sites. The Campanquiz Highlands.--Thirty-six specimens representing 21 species were collected during 25-26 July 1964 and 17-20 November 1979 from the Campanquiz Range. All but one species were collected along the ridge; two female Nothocrax were collected at 350 m (Appendix). It is possible these two curassows were collected en-route to or from the higher site. Only three species present at the higher elevation were absent from the lower regions: Russet Antshrike The Russet Antshrike, Thamnistes anabatinus, is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is the only member of the genus Thamnistes. It is a resident breeder in the tropical New World from southern Mexico to northern Bolivia. (Thamnistes anabatinus), Grey-breasted Wood Wren wren, small, plump perching songbird of the family Troglodytidae. There are about 60 wren species, and all except one are restricted to the New World. The plumage is usually brown or reddish above and white, gray, or buff, often streaked, below. (Henicorhina leucophrys), and Golden Tanager (Tangara arthus) (Appendix). Swainson's Thrush Swainson's thrush n. See olive-backed thrush. [After William Swainson (1789-1855), British naturalist.] (Catharus ustulatus; LSUMZ 93066, 17 Nov 1979) is the only migrant species collected from the Campanquiz Range. Only a few days of collection at the Campanquiz highland site yielded 21 species, but only three species were unique to this higher elevation site. Tom Schulenberg and Walter Wust recorded 208 species during 3 weeks (14 Jul to 7 Aug 1994) of bird surveys at higher elevations (1,100-2,100 m) along the Peruvian side of the Cordillera del Condor (Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997). Forty-four of these 208 species were found exclusively at upper elevations, and were not recorded at lower elevations surveyed by Ted Parker in Ecuador (Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997). Their 44 species versus our much lower number of three species is likely the result of differences in elevation of the sites (and associated habitats) surveyed. Elevation Records.--We report 20 new low elevation records and eight new high elevation records (Table 1). Many changes in elevational range were significant. Species for which the lower elevation limit decreased by at least 600 m include White-throated Quail-Dove (Geotrygon frenata) and Slaty Antwren The Slaty Antwren, Myrmotherula schisticolor, is a small passerine bird in the antbird family. It is a resident breeder in tropical Central and South America from southern Mexico to western Ecuador and eastern Peru. (Myrmotherula schisticolor). The upper elevation limit of eight species increased and seven of these records (87.5%) were based on specimens collected at the Campanquiz (1,148 m) site. Of the 25 species collected at Campanquiz, 33% represented upper elevation records. This emphasizes the importance of including samples from this area to enhance understanding the role of elevation in affecting avifaunal community structure in this region. The Campanquiz Range is extremely isolated in a relatively homogeneous landscape of lowlands, and many individuals from lower elevations may regularly pass over the ridge (which is as low as 385-421 m in some areas), going east or west, or through the Pongo de Manseriche. The small amount of cloud forest cloud forest n. A tropical forest, often near peaks of coastal mountains, that usually has constant cloud cover throughout the year. cloud forest at the top of the ridge would not likely present a barrier to lowland species and would not likely attract many upper zone tropical species. Distribution Records.--We report important distributional records for four species at the levels of region (i.e., Amazonia), country or Department. Catalog catalog, descriptive list, on cards or in a book, of the contents of a library. Assurbanipal's library at Nineveh was cataloged on shelves of slate. The first known subject catalog was compiled by Callimachus at the Alexandrian Library in the 3d cent. B.C. numbers provided in each account represent specimens containing data. These records support the need for additional exploration of little known areas and suggest additional species are likely to be recorded from Peru. Pied-billed Grebe grebe (grēb), common name for swimming birds found on or near quiet waters in most parts of the world. Grebes resemble the loon and the duck; they have short wings, vestigial tails, and long, individually webbed toes on feet that are set far back (Podilymbus podiceps). This specimen is of the resident subspecies subspecies, also called race, a genetically distinct geographical subunit of a species. See also classification. P. p. antarcticus (S. Cardiff in litt.) and appears to be the only record for the central (Restall et al. 2007) or western (Hilty and Brown 1986, Ridgely and Greenfield 2001, Schulenberg et al. 2007) Amazon Basin “Amazonian” redirects here. For other uses, see Amazonian (disambiguation). The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. . This also represents the first record for Amazonas Department. This specimen (LSUMZ 98965), a male (testes testes or testicles Male reproductive organs (see reproductive system). Humans have two oval-shaped testes 1.5–2 in. (4–5 cm) long that produce sperm and androgens (mainly testosterone), contained in a sac (scrotum) behind the penis. = 7 X 4 mm), may be a vagrant VAGRANT. Generally by the word vagrant is understood a person who lives idly without any settled home; but this definition is much enlarged by some statutes, and it includes those who refuse to work, or go about begging. See 1 Wils. R. 331; 5 East, R. 339: 8 T. R. 26. from the adjacent Andes (T. S. Schulenberg in litt.), and was collected on 7 February 1980 at Caterpiza (200 m). Black-faced Hawk (Leucopternis melanops). The first specimen for Peru was a female (AMNH 255077) collected on 28 November 1925 at Boca Curaray, Loreto Department. Two specimens included in our study represent the second and third specimens for the country, and the first two specimens for Amazonas Department (T. S. Schulenberg in litt.). Two adult (skulls 100% ossified) females (ovary ovary, ductless gland of the female in which the ova (female reproductive cells) are produced. In vertebrate animals the ovary also secretes the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, which control the development of the sexual organs and the secondary sexual = 1 mm in one, smooth in the other; MVZ 165098, LSUMZ 84289) were collected on 3 and 6 August 1977. The stomach of one contained a snake; Orthopterans and other insects were found in the other stomach. These specimens had masses of 310 and 345 g with no fat, and both were collected at Huampami (210 m). Rufous Potoo The Rufous Potoo (Nyctibius bracteatus) is a species of bird in the Nyctibiidae family. It is found in Ecuador, (the northeast, about 25 % of the country), and Peru in the largest population, and the other large disjunct population 1600 km southwest at the Peru and (Nyctibius bracteatus). The first specimen for Peru (AMNH 231045) was collected in 1937 at Apayacu, Loreto Department (Alvarez-Alonso and Whitney 2003). A specimen included in our study represents the second specimen for the country and the first specimen for Amazonas Department (T. S. Schulenberg in litt.). The adult (skull ossified) male (testes = 5 X 2.5 mm; LSUMZ 87299) had a mass of 48 g with little fat, and had insect remains in its stomach including beetle beetle, common name for insects of the order Coleoptera, which, with more than 300,000 described species, is the largest of the insect orders. Beetles have chewing mouthparts and well-developed antennae. parts; it was collected on 5 August 1978 at Huampami (213 m). White-lored Antpitta (Hylopezus fulviventris). This specimen represents the first specimen for Peru and Amazonas Department (T. S. Schulenberg in litt.). The single adult (skull ossified) male (testes = ~6 x 2.5 mm; LSUMZ 88072) had a mass of 54 g with little fat, and was collected on 10 July 1978 at Huampami (230 m). Threatened Species.--Two Vulnerable (Birdlife International 2006) species were recorded. Spot-winged Parrotlet (Touit stictopterus). Status: Vulnerable. This species was represented by a single female (AMNH 185573) collected on 15 July 1924 near Pomara (400 m). The single specimen was collected more than 80 years ago, well before rampant pet bird trade diminished parrot parrot, common name for members of the order Psittaciformes, comprising 315 species of colorful birds, pantropical in distribution, including the parakeet. Parrots have large heads and short necks, strong feet with two toes in front and two in back (facilitating populations throughout the Neotropics (cf. Brooks et al. 2005). These small parakeets parakeets one of the bird groups known as typical parrots in the family Psittacidae. Small parrots with long tails and include the budgerigar. seem to prefer forest ridges (1,000-2,000 m) with poor soil and stunted stunt 1 tr.v. stunt·ed, stunt·ing, stunts To check the growth or development of. n. 1. One that stunts. 2. One that is stunted. 3. vegetation, a habitat that is more common to the west in Cajamarca Department. They can be fairly common in the proper habitat, although they are mainly seen in fast flying pairs or small groups, and are difficult to collect (JPO, unpubl, data). Orange-throated Tanager (Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron). Status: Vulnerable. The vast majority of the 54 specimens (LSUMZ 31457, 32891-32898, 34387-34422, 35352-35353, 42901, 48982-48983, 85547, 88971-88973; MVZ 165361) were prepared without data by Aguaruna Indians, as was the holotype (Lowery and O'Neill 1964). Of those identified to gender, five were males (Apr: testes = 12 x 7; Jul: 3 x 2; Aug: 2 X 1, 11 X 6 to 7; and Sep: 8 X 10 mm) and four were females (Apr: ovary = 11 ram, largest ovum 2.5 mm, brood brood n. See litter. brood offspring or pertaining to offspring. brood mare a mare dedicated to the production of foals. patch; Jul: 4 X 2; and Aug-Sep: 8 x 5 [n = 2]). Specimens with enlarged cloacal cloacal emanating from or pertaining to cloaca. cloacal kiss the contact which occurs during insemination in birds when the vent of the female is everted exposing the cloacal mucosa against which the phallus of the male is pressed. protuberances in April, August, and September suggest a prolonged breeding season Breeding season is the most suitable season usually with favorable conditions and abundant food and water when wild animals and birds (wildlife) have naturally evolved to breed to achieve the best reproductive success. . Specimens were collected during April (n = 3), May (n = 4), July (n = 32), August (n = 10), and September (n = 5). All were collected in 1964 except for one in 1963, two in 1977, and three in 1978. Two stomachs contained "fruit" in April; one also contained seeds, pulp, and a beetle. Two females had a mass of 54 and 55 g in September and July, respectively, and a single male had a mass of 56 g in July. Six specimens were collected at Tutinum (250 m); four at Kustl on Rio Maranon (300 m); three each were from Chicais (350 m) and Nazareth (300 m); two each from Bashuim (400 m), Chiangkus (250 m), Comainas, Huampami (210 m), Quebrada Achunts (250 m), and 3.2 km west of Urakusa (250 m); and single specimens were from Chavez Valdivia (250 m), Chipi (300 m), Pagat (250 m), and Suwa (250 m). This species is probably common where it occurs (O'Neill 1969; ND, unpubl. data), but has a small geographic range threatened by habitat destruction Habitat destruction is a process of land use change in which one habitat-type is removed and replaced with another habitat-type. In the process of land-use change, plants and animals which previously used the site are displaced or destroyed, reducing biodiversity. . This bright tanager is restricted in its distribution to hills and low mountains at ~600 m, but it is not uncommon where the habitat is minimally impacted. It is almost entirely restricted to areas inhabited by indigenous Aguaruna and, thus, not easily encountered by people who are not native to the area (JPO, unpubl, data). Migrants.--We report 14 species of Nearctic migrants and a single probable Nearctic migrant, one species with subspecies of both Nearctic and Austral migrants, and five species each for Austral migrants and probable Austral migrants. Catalog numbers of specimens in each account represent those containing data. Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors). Status: Nearctic migrant. Three female (ovary = 16 X 4, 17 X 7 [not enlarged], and 18 x 6 mm) specimens (LSUMZ 91602-91604) were collected on 14 November 1979 at La Poza (180 m). All three had little fat and were adults (skulls 100% ossified). Swallow-tailed Kite kite, in aviation and recreation kite, in aviation, aircraft restrained by a towline and deriving its lift from the aerodynamic action of the wind flowing across it. (Elanoides forficatus). Status: probable Austral migrant. This species could be a resident or a Nearctic or Austral migrant in Peru, although it is likely the latter given the date (T. S. Schulenberg in litt.). A single male specimen (AMNH 185548) was collected on 17 July 1924 near Pomara (400 m). Plumbeous Kite The Plumbeous Kite, Ictinia plumbea, is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes the eagles, hawks and Old World vultures. The Plumbeous Kite breeds in the tropical New World, from eastern Mexico through Central America to Peru, Bolivia and (Ictinia plumbea). Status: probable Austral migrant. Three specimens (LSUMZ 84284, 87141, 91606) were collected on 15 August 1977, an unknown date in 1978, and 7 August 1979, respectively. Collecting localities were Caterpiza (200 m) and two sites along the Rio Comainas. Purple Gallinule gallinule: see rail. gallinule Any of several species of marsh birds (family Rallidae) found in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions worldwide. Gallinules are about 12–18 in. (Porphyrio martinicus). Status: probable Nearctic migrant. This species is both resident and migratory migratory /mi·gra·to·ry/ (mi´grah-tor?e) 1. roving or wandering. 2. of, pertaining to, or characterized by migration; undergoing periodic migration. migratory emanating from or pertaining to migration. in Peru (T. S. Schulenberg in litt.), and it is possible these specimens represent migrants. Eleven specimens included at least one male (LSUMZ 98977) and six females (AMNH 406833; LSUMZ 87170, 98975, 98978; MUSM 55715572, 5575). Testes of the male measured 7 X 4 mm on 9 February; ovaries Ovaries The female sex organs that make eggs and female hormones. Mentioned in: Choriocarcinoma ovaries (ō´v of females measured 24 X 7 (4 Nov), 10 X 5 (29 Jan), 6 X 2 (4 Feb), 15 X 8 (9 Feb), and 6 x 3 mm (11 Feb). All specimens were collected during 4 November to 11 February; one each during 1930 and 1978, and six during the early 1980s. One female had a mass of 210 g in November. Single specimens were collected from 43 km northeast of Chiriaco (320 m) and Rio Cenepa, and six were collected from Caterpiza (200 m). American Golden Plover plover (plŭv`ər), common name for some members of the large family Charadriidae, shore birds, small to medium in size, found in ice-free lands all over the world. (Pluvialis dominica). Status: Nearctic migrant. A single female (ovary = 6 X 3 mm; LSUMZ 91633) was collected on 22 November 1979 at La Poza (180 m). Spotted Sandpiper sandpiper, common name for some members of the large family Scolopacidae, small shore birds, including the snipe and the curlew. Sandpipers are wading birds with relatively long legs and long, slender bills for probing in the sand or mud for their prey—all (Actitis macularius). Status: Nearctic migrant. Eleven specimens include at least three males (LSUMZ 87194, 91637; FMNH 424578) and six females (LSUMZ 84321, 87192-87193, 8719587196; MUSM 11929). Testes were 1 mm for a young male (skull 20% ossified) on 2 November and 2 mm for an adult male (skull 100% ossified) on 23 October. Ovaries ranged from 7 X 3 to 4 mm for three young females (skulls 10 to 30% ossified) to 10 X 2 mm for a young female (skull 30% ossified) between 22 October and 2 November. Two adult females (skulls 100% ossified) had ovaries ranging from 6 x 2.5 to 9 x 4 mm on 15 August and 2 November, respectively. All 11 specimens were collected during 15 August to 8 December, although eight were collected between 22 October and 2 November. Six specimens were collected in 1986, two in 1987, and one each in 1965, 1977, and 1979. A young male had a mass of 26 g on 2 November, four young females ranged from 28.5 to 34 g between 22 October and 2 November, and two adult females ranged from 29 to 32 g on 15 August and 2 November, respectively. Two young females had light fat on 2 November, an unknown gender adult had abundant fat on 24 October, and an adult and a young female had no fat on 15 August and 22 October, respectively. Six specimens were collected 43 km northeast of Chiriaco (320 m), two at Falsa Paquisha-PV 22 (810 m), and single specimens at Huampami (230 m), Caterpiza (200 m), and Puerto Galilea (245 m). Black-billed Cuckoo cuckoo, common name for members of the extensive avian family Cuculidae, including the ani and the roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. (Coccyzus erythropthalmus). Status: Nearctic migrant. A single specimen (LSUMZ 87266) was collected in 1978 in the Rio Cenepa-Rio Comaina drainage. Yellow-billed Cuckoo The Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus, is a cuckoo. Adults have a long tail, brown above and black-and-white below, and a black curved bill with yellow especially on the lower mandible. The head and upper parts are brown and the underparts are white. (Coccyzus americanus). Status: Nearctic migrant. A single female (AMNH 406982) was collected on 17 November 1929 along the Rio Cenepa. Dark-billed Cuckoo The Dark-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus melacoryphus) is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela. (Coccyzus melacoryphus). Status: Austral migrant. This species was represented by four specimens (HMNS 15481550; LSUMZ 87266), including a single female (ovary = 6 x 3 mm, ova minute) collected on 17 July 1978 at Huampami (213 m). Grey Elaenia The Grey Elaenia (Myiopagis caniceps) is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. (Myiopagis caniceps). Status: probable Austral migrant. A single male (testes = 2 X 4 mm; LSUMZ 64399) was collected on 17 July 1968, 4 km southwest of Chiriaco (500 m). White-crested Elaenia The White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps) is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, Paraguay, Peru, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and Uruguay. (Elaenia albiceps). Status: Austral migrant. A single specimen (LSUMZ 85202) was collected on 11 August 1977 at Shaim (400 m). Western Wood Pewee pewee: see flycatcher. (Contopus sordidulus). Status: Nearctic migrant. A single adult (skull 100% ossified; LSUMZ 88359) with a mass of 14.5 g and light fat was collected on 10 November 1978, 86 km northeast of Chiriaco (~320 m). Eastern Wood Pewee The Eastern Wood-Pewee, Contopus virens, is a small Tyrant flycatcher. This bird and the Western Wood-Pewee were formerly considered to be a single species. The two species are virtually identical in appearance, and can be distinguished most easily by their calls. (Contopus virens). Status: Nearctic migrant. This species was represented by at least three males (LSUMZ 93841; MUSM 5560, 11972) and two females (LSUMZ 93842, 99203). Testes were 1 x 0.5 mm for a young male (skull 95% ossified) on 26 October, and 3 X 1 mm for an adult male (skull 100% ossified) on 28 October. Two adult females (skulls 100% ossified) had ovaries measuring 2 x 4 and 3 x 6 mm on 7 November and 5 February, respectively. Two specimens were collected on 26 and 28 October, a third on 7 November, and two on 5 February. Two specimens each were collected during 1979 and 1980, and one was collected in 1987. A young male had a mass of 9 g on 26 October, and another (unknown gender, no date) was 14.5 g. A young male had no fat on 26 October, an adult male had moderate fat on 28 October, and an unknown gender (no date) had light fat. Three specimens were collected at Caterpiza (200 m), and one each at La Poza (180 m), Falsa Paquisha-PV 22 (810 m), and 86 km northeast of Chiriaco (300 m). Alder Flycatcher The Alder Flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum, is a small insect-eating bird of the tyrant flycatcher family. Adults have olive-brown upperparts, browner on the wings and tail, with whitish underparts; they have a white eye ring, white wing bars, a small bill and a short (Empidonax alnorum). Status: Nearctic migrant. Eleven specimens included four males (LSUMZ 78745-78746, 88361, 93844) and seven females (LSUMZ 88360, 93843, 99197, 99199; MUSM 55405541, 5559). A male had 2 X 3 mm testes on 7 November, and three additional (undated un·dat·ed adj. 1. Not marked with or showing a date: an undated letter; an undated portrait. 2. ) males had testes ranging from 1 x 1 to 3 X 1 mm (mean = 2 x 1 mm). Two adult females (skulls 100% ossified) had ovaries measuring 3 x 2 and 4 x 2 mm (not enlarged) on 2 and 7 November, respectively. Reproductive data for five unknown age females are: two females had ovaries measuring 1 x 1 and 6 X 3 mm on 5 and 27 December, respectively, and three females measured 7 x 2, 2 X 1, and 7 x 3 mm on 12 January, 6 February, and 27 February, respectively. Three specimens were collected during 2 to 7 November, two on 5 and 27 December, one on 12 January, and two on 6 and 27 February; extreme dates are apparently 2 November to 27 February. A single specimen was collected in 1978, two in 1979, and five in the early 1980s. An adult male had a mass of 12 g on 7 November, and three males (no date) ranged from 8.5 to 11 g (mean = 9.8 g); an adult female was 11 g on 2 November. Two adult females had moderate fat on 2 and 7 November. Five specimens were collected at Caterpiza (200 m), and two each 20 km southwest Chiriaco, 43 km northeast Chiriaco (320 m), and at La Poza (180 m). Swainson's Flycatcher The Swainson's Flycatcher (Myiarchus swainsoni) is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela. (Myiarchus swainsoni). Status: Austral migrant. A single female (ovary = 4 x 3 mm; LSUMZ 34317) was collected on 16 August 1964 at Tutinum (250 m). Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus). Status: Austral migrant. This species was represented by six specimens, including a male (AMNH 185874) and three females (LSUMZ 85064; MVZ 165310; MUSM 10288). All four specimens were of the migratory subspecies M. m. solitarius rather than the resident nominate nom·i·nate tr.v. nom·i·nat·ed, nom·i·nat·ing, nom·i·nates 1. To propose by name as a candidate, especially for election. 2. To designate or appoint to an office, responsibility, or honor. subspecies. An adult (skull ossified) female with no fat had a granular granular /gran·u·lar/ (gran´u-lar) made up of or marked by presence of granules or grains. gran·u·lar adj. 1. Composed or appearing to be composed of granules or grains. 2. ovary on 17 July, and another female had a 13 x 7 mm ovary on 18 August; these birds had a mass ,of 36.5 and 40 g, respectively. All four birds were collected during 17 July to 18 August; two during 1977, and one each in 1924 and 1980. Single specimens were collected at Pomara (400 m), Huampami (210 m), Shaim (400 m), and Quebrada Achunts (250 m). Crowned Slaty slat·y adj. slat·i·er, slat·i·est 1. Composed of or resembling slate. 2. Having the color of slate. Adj. 1. Flycatcher (Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus). Status: Austral migrant. A single adult (skull 100% ossified) female (ovary = 6.5 X 2 ram; LSUMZ 85081) was collected on 29 August 1977. This specimen had a mass of 23 g with moderate fat; its stomach contained Hymenoptera insects, and was collected at Huampami (213 m). Tropical Kingbird The Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) is a large tyrant flycatcher. This bird breeds from southern Arizona and the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the USA through Central America, South America as far as south as central Argentina and western Peru, and on (Tyrannus melancholicus). Status: probable Austral migrant. This species is both resident and migratory in Peru (T. S. Schulenberg in litt.), and it is possible these specimens represent migrants. This species was represented by four males (LSUMZ 34311, 48839, 64327, 78724) and three females (LSUMZ 85078, 88337; AMNH 185932). An adult male (skull 100% ossified) had testes measuring 1 X 2 mm on 18 December, and three additional unknown age males had testes measuring: 5.5 x 3 (n = 1) on 17 July, and 2 X 1 mm (n = 2) on 3 August. An adult female (skull 100% ossified) had a 6 x 1.5 mm ovary on 10 August, and an unknown age female had a 2 X 3 mm ovary on 18 August. Six birds were collected during 17 July to 18 August, and an additional specimen was collected on 18 December. Single birds were collected in 1924, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1978, and two birds were collected during 1964. A male had slight fat on 17 July, and an adult female had little fat and a mass of 39 g on 10 August; another female was 20 g on 18 August. Two specimens were collected at Urakusa (250 m), and single specimens were collected at Pomara (400 m), Huampami (213 m), Kusu (250 m), 20 km southwest Chiriaco (518 m), and 4 km southwest Chiriaco (500 m). Southern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis). Status: probable Austral migrant. This species is both resident and migratory in Peru (T. S. Schulenberg in litt.), and it is possible these specimens represent migrants. This species was represented by 17 individuals, of which at least one was a male (LSUMZ 85256) and three were females (LSUMZ 99215; MUSM 11889; MVZ 161095). A female had a 6 X 2 mm ovary on 4 February, and a juvenile female (ova minute) with a mass of 18 g and no fat was collected in early September; another female (skull 95% ossified) was 14.5 g with abundant fat and was collected on 22 October. A male was collected on 11 August, and females in early September, 22 October, and 4 February; five unknown gender specimens were also collected on 2 February. One specimen was collected each in 1974, 1977, 1980, and 1987, and five during 1984. Six specimens were collected at Caterpiza (200 m) with single specimens at Shaim (400 m), Falsa Paquisha-PV 22 (810 m), and 19 km south-southwest of Nazareth (367 m). Grey-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus). Status: Nearctic migrant. A young female (skull 75% ossified; LSUMZ 88638) with a 12 X 5 mm ovary and a mass of 31 g was collected on 3 November 1978, 43 km northeast Chiriaco (320 m). A second female (ovary = 5 X 3 mm) (LSUMZ 99235) was collected on 8 December 1979 at Caterpiza (200 m). Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus). Status: Nearctic migrant. Forty specimens were represented by at least 15 males (including LSUMZ 88641-88643, 93063, 93066-93068, 99242; MUSM 4770-4771, 4800, 11946, 11966, 11977, 12001) and nine females (including LSUMZ 88639, 99244; MUSM 5499-5500, 5505, 5536, 5543, 5597, 5617). Testes ranged from 1 x 1 to 8 X 4 mm (mean = 2.6 X 1.5 mm, n = 15) for males collected during 19 October to 10 December, but 80% of the specimens had smaller testes (1 x 1 to 2 x 1.5mm, n = 12) and were the only age-known specimens (at least 2 sub-adults [skulls 75 to 80% ossified] and 4 adults [100% ossified]). Ovaries ranged from 4 X 1 to 7 x 3 mm (mean = 5.8 X 2.2 mm, n = 8) for females collected during 2 December to 7 February. All but one of the males (a Dec specimen) were collected 44 days earlier than the first female, perhaps to facilitate males establishing winter territories. Thirteen specimens were collected in the early 1980s, seven during 1979, five during 1987, and three during 1978. Mass of male specimens ranged from 21 to 31 g (mean = 25.8, n = 6) during 22 October to 8 November. Fat was recorded for five males between 19 and 22 October as none (n = 1), little or light (n = 3), or moderate (n = 1); an unknown gender individual had abundant fat on 25 October. Data on mass and fat were not provided for females. Twenty-four specimens were collected at Caterpiza (200 m), five at Falsa Paquisha-PV 22 (810 m), three 43 km northeast of Chiriaco (320 m), two each at La Poza (180 m) and Cenepa/ Comainas Basin, and one at Campanquiz (1,148 m). Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus). Status: Nearctic and Austral migrant. This species is often present in Peru throughout the year, as it is represented by subspecies that are Nearctic (V. o. olivaceus) and Austral (V. o. chivi) migrants (Schulenberg et al. 2007); both subspecies were present in the Pongos Basin. The Nearctic migrant (V. o. olivaceus) was represented by a single unknown gender individual (LSUMZ 99306) collected during February 1980 at Caterpiza (200 m). The Austral migrant (V. o. chivi) was represented by two adult (skulls 100% ossified) males (LSUMZ 89320; MVZ 165378) and one unknown gender younger (skull 80% ossified) individual (LSUMZ 93808). One adult male collected on 13 July had a mass of 11 g with moderate fat; the other adult male collected on 29 August was 15.3 g with light fat and testes measuring 1.5 x 1 mm. The young specimen collected on 4 October had moderate fat. One bird was collected each year from 1977 to 1979. Two stomachs contained insects. The two adults were collected at Huampami (213 m) and the young specimen was obtained at La Poza (180 m). Yellow-green Vireo The Yellow-green Vireo, Vireo flavoviridis, is a small passerine bird. It breeds from the mountain ranges of western and eastern, north Mexico, (the Sierra Madre Occidentals and Sierra Madre Orientals), and southern Texas in the United States south to central Panama. (Vireo flavoviridis). Status: Nearctic migrant. Nineteen specimens were collected including at least four males (LSUMZ 93804, 94206; MUSM 5530, 6032), 11 females (MUSM 5524-5525, 5529, 60306032, 10050; LSUMZ 93805, 93809-93810, 99297), and four unknown gender individuals (MUSM 5526-5528, 5531). Testes were 3 X 1 mm for a male collected on 25 January. Ovaries ranged from 1 x 1 to 7 X 3 mm (mean = 4.4 X 1.8 mm, n = 11) for females collected during 26 October to 8 February. Specimens (n = 19) were collected between 24 October and 8 February with four individuals (all unknown gender) collected on 2 February. Thirteen specimens were collected during the early 1980s and six during 1979. Adults (skulls 100% ossified), including a male and two females with little fat were collected on 24 October, 27 October, and 14 November, respectively, and the adult male contained Melastome fruit in his stomach. Sixteen specimens were collected at Caterpiza (200 m), and two at La Poza (180 m). Canada Warbler warbler, name applied in the New World to members of the wood warbler family (Parulidae) and in the Old World to a large family (Sylviidae) of small, drab, active songsters, including the hedge sparrow, the kinglet, and the tailorbird of SE Asia, (Wilsonia canadensis). Status: Nearctic migrant. A single female (ovary = 7 X 3 mm, LSUMZ 79030) and male (testes = 2 x 1 mm, LSUMZ 79031) were collected on 16 and 19 July 1974 with mass of 9 and 10 g, respectively, 20 km southwest Chiriaco at elevations of 457 and 518 m, respectively. A third unknown gender specimen with no data (LSUMZ 89215) was collected in 1974 in the Rio Cenepa-Rio Comaina drainage. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea). Status: Nearctic migrant. This species was represented by at least three males (two with data = LSUMZ 93322, 99271) and two females (LSUMZ 99269-99270). Males had testes measuring 3 X 1 and 6 X 3 mm on 5 November 1979 and 26 February 1980, respectively. Females were collected on 15 January 1980 and 11 February 1980; the ovary of the latter specimen measured 1 x 1 mm. All specimens were collected at Caterpiza (200 m). Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra). Status: Nearctic migrant. A single adult (skull 100% ossified) female (ovary = 5 x 2 mm, not enlarged; LSUMZ 93321) was collected on 3 November 1979 with little fat at La Poza (180 m). CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS The Pongos Basin supports a rich avifauna and a high diversity of other taxa. Its fauna fauna All the species of animals found in a particular region, period, or special environment. Five faunal realms, based on terrestrial animal species, are generally recognized: Holarctic, including Nearactic (North America) and Paleartic (Eurasia and northern Africa); and flora include both threatened species and species with limited geographic distributions, all of which are vulnerable to uncontrolled development (Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997). The presence of indigenous Aguaruna inhabiting the region has restricted development by people from outside their community, which translates directly to habitat protection for this region. Logging and other forest uses that may threaten bird conservation appear to occur at relatively low levels (Dauphine et al. 2008). Cracids are some of the best bio-indicators to measure sustainable harvest levels (Brooks 2006), and are often the first species to disappear due to overhunting (Brooks 1999). Six species of cracids present in the region are preferred food (Berlin and Berlin 1983) and their presence suggests the fauna in the region is not overharvested. The native inhabitants
The game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. generally use their faunal fau·na n. pl. fau·nas or fau·nae 1. (used with a sing. or pl. verb) Animals, especially the animals of a particular region or period, considered as a group. 2. resources in a sustainable fashion Sustainable fashion is fashion that is designed to be environmentally friendly. It is part of the larger trend of "ethical fashion," and according to the May 2007 Vogue appears not to be a short-term trend but one could last multiple seasons. (Dauphine et al. 2008). Human-generated habitat disturbance in the region is not significant as roads, trails, and timber removal is minimal. The governments of Peru and Ecuador established a transboundary protected area
Protected areas in 1998 to promote political stability in the region and to protect its contained biodiversity biodiversity: see biological diversity. biodiversity Quantity of plant and animal species found in a given environment. Sometimes habitat diversity (the variety of places where organisms live) and genetic diversity (the variety of traits expressed (Ponce and Ghersi 2003). In addition, the Peruvian government established (1999), and then expanded (2000), the Santiago-Comaina Reserved Zone (IUCN IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2007). This region presently includes the Pongos Basin and the Comaina and Cenepa river The Cenepa River rises in the Condor mountain range in Peru, South America and has a length of 185 km. It borders to the North on Ecuador, to the East on the districts of Río Santiago and Nieva, on the South with the district of Imaza, and on the West with Ecuador. drainages. Habitat conservation To conserve habitat life for wild species and prevent their extinction or reduction in range is a priority of a great many groups that cannot be easily characterized in terms of any one ideology. through creation of reserves with appropriate infrastructure is an important step for preservation of minimally impacted areas such as the Pongos Basin. However, population densities of the indigenous people continue to increase, as does their participation in the market economy, both of which will likely lead to a significant increase in the pressure for development of the area. Despite the existence of reserves, commercial logging and mining, as well as clearing for subsistence agriculture Subsistence agriculture (also known as self sufficiency in terms of agriculture) is a method of farming in which farmers plan to grow only enough food to feed the family farming, pay taxes or feudal dues, and perhaps provide a small marketable surplus. are sure to increase with resulting habitat loss and degradation, and increased hunting eventually threatening populations of birds and other organisms. Parks and other protected areas with appropriate infrastructure and long-term support, as well as sustainable development Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfilment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. The linkage between environment and development was globally recognized in 1980, when the International Union projects that will provide direct economic benefit to the local people should help ensure the diverse communities of the region continue to thrive. Area conservation would benefit from further research and the assignment of reserve personnel, both of which appear to be currently lacking. Conservation education and outreach is urgently needed, primarily in colonist communities, where many people do not appear to be aware of the existence of protected areas or protected species in the region (ND, pers. obs.). Formal participation by Aguaruna and Huambisa residents in reserve protection and management should help ensure their success as protected areas.
APPENDIX. Avian inventory for the Pongos Basin lowlands and Cordillera
Campanquiz Highlands, Amazonas Department, Peru.
English name Family/Scientific name
Tinamous Tinamidae
Grey Tinamou Tinamus too
Great Tinamou T. major
White-throated Tinamou T. guttatus
Cinereous Tinamou Crypturellus cinereus
Little Tinamou C. soui
Variegated Tinamou C. variegatus
Bartlett's Tinamou C. bartletti
Grebes Podicipedidae
Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps
Herons Ardeidae
Striated Heron Butorides striata
Rufescent Tiger Heron Tigrisoma lineatum
Ducks/Geese/Swans Anatidae
Blue-winged Teal Anas discors
Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus
Kites/Hawks/Eagles Accipitridae
Grey-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis
Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus
Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus
Plumbeous Kite Ictinia plumbea
Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor
Black-faced Hawk Leucopternis melanops
White Hawk L. albicollis
Great Black Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga
Roadside Hawk Buteo magnirostris
Crested Eagle Morphnus guianensis
Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus
Black Hawk-Eagle S. tyrannus
Caracaras/Falcons Falconidae
Red-throated Caracara Ibycter americanus
Laughing Falcon Herpetotheres cachinnans
Barred Forest Falcon Micrastur ruficollis
Slaty-backed Forest Falcon M. mirandollei
Collared Forest Falcon M. semitorquatus
Buckley's Forest Falcon M. buckleyi
Bat Falcon Falco rufigularis
Orange-breasted Falcon F. deiroleucus
Chachalacas/Curassows/Guans Cracidae
Speckled Chachalaca Ortalis guttata
Spix's Guan Penelope jacquacu
Common Piping Guan Pipile pipile
Sickle-winged Guan Chamaepetes goudotii
Nocturnal Curassow Nothocrax urumutum
Salvin's Curassow Mitu salvini
New World Quail Odontophoridae
Starred Wood Quail Odontophorus stellatus
Hoatzin Opisthocomidae
Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin
Limpkin Aramidae
Limpkin Aramus guarauna
Rails/Crakes/Coots Rallidae
Chestnut-headed Crake Anurolimnas castaneiceps
Rufous-sided Crake Laterallus melanophaius
Grey-breasted Crake L. exilis
Grey-necked Wood Rail Aramides cajanea
Red-winged Wood Rail A. calopterus
Uniform Crake Amaurolimnas concolor
Purple Gallinule Porphyrio martinicus
Finfoots Heliornithidae
Sungrebe Heliornis fulica
Sunbittern Eurypygidae
Sunbittern Eurypyga helias
Plovers Charadriidae
American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica
Sandpipers/Snipes Scolopacidae
Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius
Pigeons/Doves Columbidae
Pale-vented Pigeon Patagioenas cayennensis
Plumbeous Pigeon P. plumbea
Ruddy Pigeon P. subvinacea
Blue Ground Dove Claravis pretiosa
White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi
Grey-fronted Dove L. rufaxilla
Sapphire Quail-Dove Geotrygon saphirina
White-throated Quail-Dove G. frenata
Ruddy Quail-Dove G. montana
Cockatoos/Parrots Psittacidae
Chestnut-fronted Macaw Ara severus
White-eyed Parakeet Aratinga leucophthalma
Dusky-headed Parakeet A. weddellii
Painted Parakeet Pyrrhura picta
Blue-winged Parrotlet Forpus xanthopterygius
Cobalt-winged Parakeet Brotogeris cyanoptera
Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet Touit huetii
Spot-winged Parrotlet T. stictopterus
Orange-cheeked Parrot Pionopsitta barrabandi
Blue-headed Parrot Pionus menstruus
Red-billed Parrot P. sordidus
Yellow-crowned Amazon Amazona ochrocephala
Orange-winged Amazon A. amazonica
Mealy Amazon A. farinosa
Cuckoos Cuculidae
Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Yellow-billed Cuckoo C. americanus
Dark-billed Cuckoo C. melacoryphus
Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana
Black-bellied Cuckoo P. melanogaster
Greater Ani Crotophaga major
Smooth-billed Ani C. ani
Owls Strigidae
Tropical Screech Owl Megascops choliba
Tawny-bellied Screech Owl M. watsonii
Mottled Owl Strix virgata
Black-banded Owl S. huhula
Crested Owl Lophostrix cristata
Spectacled Owl Pulsatrix perspicillata
Ferruginous Pygmy Owl Glaucidium brasilianum
Oilbird Steatornithidae
Oilbird Steatornis caripensis
Potoos Nyctibiidae
Great Potoo Nyctibius grandis
Long-tailed Potoo N. aethereus
Common Potoo N. griseus
Rufous Potoo N. bracteatus
Nightjars Caprimulgidae
Pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis
Blackish Nightjar Caprimulgus nigrescens
Swifts Apodidae
Grey-rumped Swift Chaetura cinereiventris
Hummingbirds Trochilidae
White-tipped Sicklebill Eutoxeres aquila
Buff-tailed Sicklebill E. condamini
Rufous-breasted Hermit Glaucis hirsutus
Pale-tailed Barbthroat Threnetes niger
Green Hermit Phaethornis guy
White-bearded Hermit P. hispidus
Long-tailed Hermit P. superciliosus
Koepcke's Hermit P. koepckeae
Straight-billed Hermit P. bourcieri
Black-throated Hermit P. atrimentalis
Blue-fronted Lancebill Doryfera johannae
Grey-breasted Sabrewing Campylopterus largipennis
White-necked Jacobin Florisuga mellivora
Fiery Topaz Topaza pyra
Violet-headed Hummingbird Klais guimeti
Black-bellied Thorntail Popelairia langsdorffi
Spangled Coquette Lophornis stictolophus
Fork-tailed Woodnymph Thalurania furcata
Golden-tailed Sapphire Chrysuronia oenone
Glittering-throated Emerald Amazilia fimbriata
Ecuadorian Piedtail Phlogophilus hemileucurus
Gould's Jewelfront Heliodoxa aurescens
Black-throated Brilliant H. schreibersii
Pink-throated Brilliant H. gularis
Black-eared Fairy Heliothryx auritus
Amethyst Woodstar Calliphlox amethystina
Trogons Trogonidae
Pavonine Quetzal Pharomachrus pavoninus
Amazonian White-tailed Trogon Trogon viridis
Black-throated Trogon T. rufus
Kingfishers Alcedinidae
Ringed Kingfisher Megaceryle torquata
Amazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona
Green Kingfisher C. americana
Motmots Momotidae
Blue-crowned Motmot Momotus momota
Rufous Motmot Baryphthengus martii
Broad-billed Motmot Electron platyrhynchum
Jacamars Galbulidae
White-eared Jacamar Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis
Brown Jacamar Brachygalba lugubris
Yellow-billed Jacamar Galbula albirostris
Bronzy Jacamar G. leucogastra
Great Jacamar Jacamerops aureus
Puffbirds Bucconidae
White-necked Puffbird Notharchus macrorhynchos
Pied Puffbird N. tectus
Chestnut-capped Puffbird Bucco macrodactylus
Collared Puffbird B. capensis
Striolated Puffbird Nystalus striolatus
White-crested Puffbird Malacoptila fusca
Brown Nunlet Nonnula brunnea
Black-fronted Nunbird Monasa nigrifrons
White-fronted Nunbird M. morphoeus
Yellow-billed Nunbird M. flavirostris
Swallow-winged Puffbird Chelidoptera tenebrosa
Toucans/Barbets Ramphastidae
Gilded Barbet Capito auratus
Lemon-throated Barbet Eubucco richardsoni
Red-headed Barbet E. bourcierii
Chestnut-tipped Toucanet Aulacorhynchus derbianus
Lettered Aracari Pteroglossus inscriptus
Ivory-billed Aracari P. azara
Chestnut-eared Aracari P. castanotis
Many-banded Aracari P. pluricinctus
Golden-collared Toucanet Selenidera reinwardtii
Channel-billed Toucan Ramphastos vitellinus
Black-mandibled Toucan R. ambiguus
White-throated Toucan R. tucanus
Woodpeckers Picidae
Bar-breasted Piculet Picumnus aurifrons
Lafresnaye's Piculet P. lafresnayi
Rufous-breasted Piculet P. rufiventris
Yellow-tufted Woodpecker Melanerpes cruentatus
Little Woodpecker Veniliornis passerinus
Red-stained Woodpecker V. affinis
White-throated Woodpecker Piculus leucolaemus
Spot-breasted Woodpecker Chrysoptilus punctigula
Scaly-breasted Woodpecker Celeus grammicus
Chestnut Woodpecker C. elegans
Rufous-headed Woodpecker C. spectabilis
Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus
Red-necked Woodpecker Campephilus rubricollis
Crimson-crested Woodpecker C. melanoleucus
Ovenbirds Furnariidae
Pale-legged Hornero Furnarius leucopus
Dark-breasted Spinetail Synallaxis albigularis
Dusky Spinetail S. moesta
Ruddy Spinetail S. rutilans
Ash-browed Spinetail Cranioleuca curtata
Speckled Spinetail C. gutturata
Slender-billed Xenops Xenops tenuirostris
Plain Xenops X. minutus
Eastern Woodhaunter Hyloctistes subulatus
Chestnut-winged Hookbill Ancistrops strigilatus
Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner Philydor erythrocercum
Bamboo Foliage-gleaner Anabazenops dorsalis
Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner Automolus ochrolaemus
Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner A. rufpileatus
Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner A. infuscatus
Brown-romped Foliage-gleaner A. melanopezus
Ruddy Foliage-gleaner A. rubiginosus
Short-billed Leaftosser Sclerurus rufigularis
Black-tailed Leaftosser S. caudacutus
Woodcreepers Dendrocolaptidae
Plain-brown Woodcreeper Dendrocincla fuliginosa
Long-tailed Woodcreeper Deconychura longicauda
Spot-throated Woodcreeper D. stictolaema
Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus
Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Glyphorynchus spirurus
Strong-billed Woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes promeropirhyn-
chus
Amazonian Barred Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes certhia
Ocellated Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus ocellatus
Striped Woodcreeper X. obsoletos
Elegant Woodcreeper X. elegans
Buff-throated Woodcreeper X. guttatus
Red-billed Scythebill Campyloramphus trochiliros-
tris
Antbirds Thamnophilidae
Fasciated Antshrike Cymbilaimus lineatus
Undulated Antshrike Frederickena unduligera
Great Antshrike Taraba major
Castelnau's Antshrike Thamnophilus cryptoleucus
White-shouldered Antshrike T. aethiops
Plain-winged Antshrike T. schistaceus
Mouse-colored Antshrike T. murinus
Spot-winged Antshrike Pygiptila stellaris
Black Bushbird Neoctantes niger
Russet Antshrike Thamnistes anabatinus
Plain Antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis
Dusky-throated Antshrike Thamnomanes ardesiacus
Cinereous Antshrike T. caesius
Pygmy Antwren Myrmotherula brachyura
Moustached Antwren M. ignota
Stripe-chested Antwren M. longicauda
Plain-throated Antwren M. hauxwelli
Stipple-throated Antwren M. haematonota
Ornate Antwren M. ornate
Rufous-tailed Antwren M. erythrura
White-flanked Antwren M. axillaris
Slaty Antwren M. schisticolor
Long-winged Antwren M. longipennis
Grey Antwren M. menetriesii
Banded Antbird Dichrozona cincta
Dugand's Antwren Herpsilochmus dugandi
Grey Antbird Cercomacra cinerascens
Blackish Antbird C. nigrescens
Black Antbird C. serva
White-browed Antbird Myrmoborus leucophrys
Black-faced Antbird M. myotherinus
Warbling Antbird Hypocnemis cantator
Yellow-browed Antbird H. hypoxantha
Silvered Antbird Sclateria naevia
Spot-winged Antbird Schistocichla leucostigma
Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird Myrmeciza castanea
White-shouldered Antbird M. melanoceps
Sooty Antbird M. fortis
White-plumed Antbird Pithys albifrons
Bicolored Antbird Gymnopithys leucaspis
Hairy-crested Antbird Rhegmatorhina melanosticta
Spot-backed Antbird Hylophylax naevius
Scale-backed Antbird H. poecilonotus
Reddish-winged Bare-eye Phlegopsis erythroptera
Antthrushes/Antpittas Formicariidae
Rufous-capped Antthrush Formicarius colma
Black-faced Antthrush F. analis
Striated Antthrush Chamaeza nobilis
Short-tailed Antthrush C. campanisona
Scaled Antpitta Grallaria guatimalensis
Ochre-striped Antpitta G. dignissima
White-lored Antpitta Hylopezus fulviventris
Thrush-like Antpitta Myrmothera campanisona
Gnateaters Conopophagidae
Ash-throated Gnateater Conopophaga peruviana
Tapaculos Rhinocryptidae
Rusty-belted Tapaculo Liosceles thoracicus
Cotingas Cotingidae
Black-necked Red Cotinga Phoenicircus nigricollis
Brazilian Laniisoma Laniisoma elegans
Masked Tityra Tityra semifasciata
Black-crowned Tityra T. inquisitor
Thrush-like Schiffornis Schiffornis turdina
Cinereous Mourner Laniocera hypopyrra
Fiery-throated Fruiteater Pipreola chlorolepidota
Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater P. frontalis
White-browed Purpletuft Iodopleura isabellae
Chestnut-crowned Becard Pachyramphus castaneus
White-winged Becard P. polychopterus
Black-capped Becard P. marginatus
Pink-throated Becard Platypsaris minor
Grey-tailed Piha Snowornis subalaris
Screaming Piha Lipaugus vociferans
Purple-throated Cotinga Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema
Plum-throated Cotinga Cotinga maynana
Spangled Cotinga C. cayana
Bare-necked Fruitcrow Gymnoderus foetidus
Purple-throated Fruitcrow Querula purpurata
Amazonian Umbrellabird Cephalopterus ornatus
Andean Cock-of-the-rock Rupicola peruvianus
Manakins Pipridae
Jet Manakin Chloropipo unicolor
Green Manakin C. holochlora
White-bearded Manakin Manacus manacus
Blue-backed Manakin Chiroxiphia pareola
Wire-tailed Manakin Pipra filicauda
White-crowned Manakin P. pipra
Golden-headed Manakin P. erythrocephala
Blue-crowned Manakin Lepidothrix coronata
Blue-rumped Manakin L. isidorei
Western Striped Manakin Machaeropterus striolatus
Wing-barred Piprites Piprites chloris
Flycatchers Tyrannidae
White-lored Tyrannulet Ornithion inerme
Forest Elaenia Myiopagis gaimardii
Grey Elaenia M. caniceps
White-crested Elaenia Elaenia albiceps
Streak-necked Flycatcher Mionectes striaticollis
Olive-striped Flycatcher M. olivaceus
Ochre-bellied Flycatcher M. oleagineus
Sepia-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon amaurocephalus
Spectacled Bristle Tyrant Pogonotriccus orbitales
Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant Myiornis ecaudatus
Double-banded Pygmy Tyrant Lophotriccus vitiosus
White-eyed Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus zosterops
Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus latirostris
Golden-winged Tody-Flycatcher P. calopterum
Common Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum cinereum
Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher T. chrysocrotaphum
Ringed Antpipit Corythopis torquatus
Olivaceous Flatbill Rhynchocyclus olivaceus
Yellow-olive Flycatcher Tolmomyias sulphurescens
Zimmer's Flatbill T. assimilis
Grey-crowned Flatbill T. poliocephalus
Orange-eyed Flatbill T. traylori
Ochre-lored Flatbill T. flaviventris
White-throated Spadebill Platyrinchus mystaceus
Golden-crowned Spadebill P. coronatus
Amazonian Royal Flycatcher Onycorhynchus coronatus
Ornate Flycatcher Myiotriccus ornatus
Bran-colored Flycatcher Myiophobus fasciatus
Olive-crested Flycatcher M. cryptoxanthus
Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher Terenotriccus erythrurus
Tawny-breasted Myiobius Myiobius villosus
Whiskered Myiobius M. barbatus
Black-tailed Myiobius M. atricaudus
Dwarf Tyranneutes Tyranneutes stolzmanni
Cinnamon Neopipo Neopipo cinnamomea
Fuscous Flycatcher Cnemotriccus fuscatus
Euler's Flycatcher Lathrotriccus euleri
Western Wood Pewee Contopus sordidulus
Eastern Wood Pewee C. virens
Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum
Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans
Drab Water Tyrant Ochthornis littoralis
Long-tailed Tyrant Colonia colonus
Bright-rumped Attila Attila spadiceus
Greyish Mourner Rhytipterna simplex
Dusky-capped Flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer
Swainson's Flycatcher M. swainsoni
Short-crested Flycatcher M. ferox
Lesser Kiskadee Philohydor lictor
Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus
Boat-billed Flycatcher Megarhynchus pitangua
Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis
Grey-capped Flycatcher M. granadensis
Dusky-crested Flycatcher M. luteiventris
Streaked Flycatcher Myiodynastes maculatus
Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius
Crowned Slaty Flycatcher Griseotyrannus
aurantioatrocristatus
Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus
Swallows/Martins Hirundinidae
White-banded Swallow Atticora fasciata
White-thighed Swallow Neochelidon tibialis
Southern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
Wrens Troglodytidae
Black-capped Donacobius Donacobius atricapilla
Thrush-like Wren Campylorhynchus turdinus
Coraya Wren Thryothorus coraya
Buff-breasted Wren T. leucotis
House Wren Troglodytes aedon
White-breasted Wood Wren Henicorhina leucosticta
Grey-breasted Wood Wren H. leucophrys
Southern Nightingale Wren Microcerculus marginatus
Musician Wren Cyphorhinus arada
Thrushes Turdidae
Andean Solitaire Myadestes ralloides
Grey-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus
Swainson's Thrush C. ustulatus
Pale-eyed Thrush Platycichla leucops
Black-billed Thrush Turdus ignobilis
White-necked Thrush T. albicollis
Gnatcatchers Polioptilidae
Tawny-faced Gnatwren Microbates cinereiventris
Long-billed Gnatwren Ramphocaenus melanurus
Crows/Jays Corvidae
Inca Jay Cyanocorax yncas
Violaceous Jay C. violaceus
Vireos/Greenlets Vireonidae
Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus
Yellow-green Vireo V. flavoviridis
Dusky-capped Greenlet Hylophilus hypoxanthus
Tawny-crowned Greenlet H. ochraceiceps
Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo Vireolanius leucotis
New World Warblers Parulidae
Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis
Buff-rumped Warbler Phaeothlypis fulvicauda
Tanagers and Allies Thraupidae
Black-and-white Tanager Conothraupis speculigera
Magpie Tanager Cissopis leverianus
Yellow-throated Bush Tanager Chlorospingus flavigularis
Yellow-backed Tanager Hemithraupis fiavicollis
Fulvous Shrike-Tanager Lanio fulvus
Flame-crested Tanager Tachyphonus cristatus
Fulvous-crested Tanager T. surinamus
White-shouldered Tanager T. luctuosus
Red-crowned Ant Tanager Habia rubica
Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea
Summer Tanager P. rubra
Masked Crimson Tanager Ramphocelus nigrogularis
Silver-beaked Tanager R. carbo
Blue-grey Tanager Thraupis episcopus
Palm Tanager T. palmarum
Orange-throated Tanager Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron
Turquoise Tanager Tangara mexicana
Paradise Tanager T. chilensis
Green-and-gold Tanager T. schrankii
Golden Tanager T. arthus
Yellow-bellied Tanager T. xanthogastra
Spotted Tanager T. punctata
Bay-headed Tanager T. gyrola
Masked Tanager T. nigrocincta
Opal-rumped Tanager T. velia
Opal-crowned Tanager T. callophrys
Black-faced Dacnis Dacnis lineata
Yellow-bellied Dacnis D. flaviventer
Blue Dacnis D. cayana
Green Honeycreeper Chlorophanes spiza
Short-billed Honeycreeper Cyanerpes nitidus
Purple Honeycreeper C. caeruleus
Black-and-white Seedeater Sporophila luctuosa
Yellow-bellied Seedeater S. nigricollis
Chestnut-bellied Seedeater S. castaneiventris
Lesser Seed Finch Oryzoborus angolensis
Buntings/New World Sparrows Emberizidae
and Allies
Red-capped Cardinal Paroaria gularis
Orange-billed Sparrow Arremon aurantiirostris
Yellow-browed Sparrow Myospiza aurifrons
Grosbeaks/Saltators and Allies Cardinalidae
Greyish Saltator Saltator coerulescens
Buff-throated Saltator S. maximus
Slate-colored Grosbeak S. grossus
Blue-black Grosbeak Cyanocompsa cyanoides
New World Blackbirds Icteridae
Giant Cowbird Molothrus oryzivorus
Moriche Oriole Icterus chrysocephalus
Venezuelan Troupial I. icterus
Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacicus cela
Ecuadorian Cacique C. sclateri
Solitary Cacique C. solitarius
Casqued Oropendola Clypicterus oseryi
Crested Oropendola Psarocolius decumanus
Russet-backed Oropendola P. angustifrons
Para Oropendola P. bifasciatus
Finches Fringillidae
Thick-billed Euphonia Euphonia laniirostris
Bronze-green Euphonia E. mesochrysa
White-lored Euphoria E. chrysopasta
White-vented Euphonia E. minuta
Orange-bellied Euphonia E. xanthogaster
Campanquiz
Lowlands Highlands
English name Status (a) (m asl) (m asl)
Tinamous
Grey Tinamou
Great Tinamou 400 1,148
White-throated Tinamou 656-810 1,148
Cinereous Tinamou 591
Little Tinamou 213-400
Variegated Tinamou
Bartlett's Tinamou 656
Grebes
Least Grebe 320
Pied-billed Grebe D 656
Herons
Striated Heron 591
Rufescent Tiger Heron 656
Ducks/Geese/Swans
Blue-winged Teal N 591
Masked Duck 656
Kites/Hawks/Eagles
Grey-headed Kite 210
Swallow-tailed Kite A? 400
Double-toothed Kite 400
Plumbeous Kite A? 656
Bicolored Hawk 213-591
Black-faced Hawk D 200-656
White Hawk
Great Black Hawk 656
Roadside Hawk 210-320
Crested Eagle
Ornate Hawk-Eagle 200
Black Hawk-Eagle 200-300
Caracaras/Falcons
Red-throated Caracara
Laughing Falcon 200-656
Barred Forest Falcon 200
Slaty-backed Forest Falcon
Collared Forest Falcon 200
Buckley's Forest Falcon 210-213
Bat Falcon 300
Orange-breasted Falcon 400
Chachalacas/Curassows/Guans
Speckled Chachalaca 200-656
Spix's Guan 210-591
Common Piping Guan
Sickle-winged Guan 793
Nocturnal Curassow 200-793 350
Salvin's Curassow 793
New World Quail
Starred Wood Quail 200-210
Hoatzin
Hoatzin 210-656
Limpkin
Limpkin 200
Rails/Crakes/Coots
Chestnut-headed Crake 200-656
Rufous-sided Crake 591
Grey-breasted Crake 210
Grey-necked Wood Rail 591
Red-winged Wood Rail 210
Uniform Crake 400
Purple Gallinule N? 200-656
Finfoots
Sungrebe 210-656
Sunbittern
Sunbittern 400
Plovers
American Golden Plover N 591
Sandpipers/Snipes
Spotted Sandpiper N 213-810
Pigeons/Doves
Pale-vented Pigeon 591
Plumbeous Pigeon 210
Ruddy Pigeon 213-656
Blue Ground Dove 400-591
White-tipped Dove 200-400
Grey-fronted Dove 213-656
Sapphire Quail-Dove 1,148
White-throated Quail-Dove
Ruddy Quail-Dove 400-810
Cockatoos/Parrots
Chestnut-fronted Macaw 210-656
White-eyed Parakeet 213-656
Dusky-headed Parakeet
Painted Parakeet 210-810
Blue-winged Parrotlet 656
Cobalt-winged Parakeet 320-656
Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet 210-213
Spot-winged Parrotlet VU 400
Orange-cheeked Parrot 656
Blue-headed Parrot 591-810
Red-billed Parrot 210
Yellow-crowned Amazon 656
Orange-winged Amazon
Mealy Amazon 656
Cuckoos
Black-billed Cuckoo N
Yellow-billed Cuckoo N
Dark-billed Cuckoo A
Squirrel Cuckoo 210-656
Black-bellied Cuckoo 213
Greater Ani 656
Smooth-billed Ani 305-656
Owls
Tropical Screech Owl 210-213
Tawny-bellied Screech Owl 210-591
Mottled Owl 200
Black-banded Owl 210-591
Crested Owl 656
Spectacled Owl 210-656
Ferruginous Pygmy Owl 210-591
Oilbird
Oilbird 732
Potoos
Great Potoo 210
Long-tailed Potoo 210-656
Common Potoo 213
Rufous Potoo D 213
Nightjars
Pauraque 210-656
Blackish Nightjar 210-320
Swifts
Grey-rumped Swift 457
Hummingbirds
White-tipped Sicklebill 300-810
Buff-tailed Sicklebill 200-810
Rufous-breasted Hermit 100-656
Pale-tailed Barbthroat 200-810
Green Hermit 793-850
White-bearded Hermit 210-656
Long-tailed Hermit 200-810
Koepcke's Hermit 300-518
Straight-billed Hermit 213-793
Black-throated Hermit
Blue-fronted Lancebill 210-320
Grey-breasted Sabrewing 200-810
White-necked Jacobin 210
Fiery Topaz
Violet-headed Hummingbird 400
Black-bellied Thorntail 210
Spangled Coquette 400
Fork-tailed Woodnymph 200-850
Golden-tailed Sapphire 210-400
Glittering-throated Emerald 210-656
Ecuadorian Piedtail 793
Gould's Jewelfront 200-793
Black-throated Brilliant 793-823
Pink-throated Brilliant 793
Black-eared Fairy 213-400
Amethyst Woodstar 213-400
Trogons
Pavonine Quetzal 305-656
Amazonian White-tailed Trogon 200-656
Black-throated Trogon 200
Kingfishers
Ringed Kingfisher 656-810
Amazon Kingfisher 367
Green Kingfisher 320-810
Motmots
Blue-crowned Motmot 591
Rufous Motmot 200-656
Broad-billed Motmot 200-591
Jacamars
White-eared Jacamar
Brown Jacamar 305
Yellow-billed Jacamar 200-810
Bronzy Jacamar 210-656
Great Jacamar 210-400
Puffbirds
White-necked Puffbird 591-656
Pied Puffbird
Chestnut-capped Puffbird 200-656
Collared Puffbird 213
Striolated Puffbird 213
White-crested Puffbird 200-656
Brown Nunlet 210
Black-fronted Nunbird 200-656
White-fronted Nunbird 200-793
Yellow-billed Nunbird 200-210
Swallow-winged Puffbird
Toucans/Barbets
Gilded Barbet 200-656
Lemon-throated Barbet 200-793
Red-headed Barbet 793
Chestnut-tipped Toucanet 793
Lettered Aracari 210-656
Ivory-billed Aracari 200-762
Chestnut-eared Aracari 216
Many-banded Aracari 185-656
Golden-collared Toucanet 210-656
Channel-billed Toucan 210-656
Black-mandibled Toucan
White-throated Toucan 210-656 1,148
Woodpeckers
Bar-breasted Piculet 810
Lafresnaye's Piculet 457-793
Rufous-breasted Piculet 367 1,148
Yellow-tufted Woodpecker 245-656
Little Woodpecker 200-656
Red-stained Woodpecker 210-656
White-throated Woodpecker
Spot-breasted Woodpecker 210
Scaly-breasted Woodpecker 210-656
Chestnut Woodpecker 210-656 1,148
Rufous-headed Woodpecker 210-367
Lineated Woodpecker 450-810
Red-necked Woodpecker 200-656
Crimson-crested Woodpecker 200-656
Ovenbirds
Pale-legged Hornero 200-656
Dark-breasted Spinetail 210-591
Dusky Spinetail 213-810
Ruddy Spinetail 229
Ash-browed Spinetail 810
Speckled Spinetail 400-591
Slender-billed Xenops 213
Plain Xenops 200-810
Eastern Woodhaunter 200-793
Chestnut-winged Hookbill 200-656
Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner 200-793
Bamboo Foliage-gleaner 213-656
Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner 213-300
Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner 200-656
Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner 200-656
Brown-romped Foliage-gleaner 591-810
Ruddy Foliage-gleaner 210-793
Short-billed Leaftosser 656
Black-tailed Leaftosser 213-793
Woodcreepers
Plain-brown Woodcreeper 320-810
Long-tailed Woodcreeper 400
Spot-throated Woodcreeper 400
Olivaceous Woodcreeper 656
Wedge-billed Woodcreeper 200-810
Strong-billed Woodcreeper 793
Amazonian Barred Woodcreeper 200-656
Ocellated Woodcreeper 200-810
Striped Woodcreeper 591
Elegant Woodcreeper 213-591
Buff-throated Woodcreeper 200-591
Red-billed Scythebill 200-793
Antbirds
Fasciated Antshrike 200-656
Undulated Antshrike 213-793
Great Antshrike 200-656
Castelnau's Antshrike 591
White-shouldered Antshrike 793
Plain-winged Antshrike 200-810
Mouse-colored Antshrike 200-656
Spot-winged Antshrike 591-656
Black Bushbird 200-656
Russet Antshrike 1,148
Plain Antvireo 793
Dusky-throated Antshrike 200-810
Cinereous Antshrike 200-656
Pygmy Antwren 200-810
Moustached Antwren 200-656
Stripe-chested Antwren 537
Plain-throated Antwren 200-656
Stipple-throated Antwren 793
Ornate Antwren 591-810
Rufous-tailed Antwren 200-656
White-flanked Antwren 210-810
Slaty Antwren 200-656
Long-winged Antwren 320-793
Grey Antwren 200-810
Banded Antbird 793
Dugand's Antwren 591
Grey Antbird 200-656
Blackish Antbird 656
Black Antbird 320-656
White-browed Antbird 210-656
Black-faced Antbird 200-810
Warbling Antbird 200-656
Yellow-browed Antbird 200-656
Silvered Antbird 656
Spot-winged Antbird 200-793
Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird 810
White-shouldered Antbird 200-656
Sooty Antbird 210
White-plumed Antbird 210-810
Bicolored Antbird 200-656
Hairy-crested Antbird 793
Spot-backed Antbird 200-793
Scale-backed Antbird 200-793 1,148
Reddish-winged Bare-eye 656
Antthrushes/Antpittas
Rufous-capped Antthrush
Black-faced Antthrush 300-656
Striated Antthrush 591
Short-tailed Antthrush 793
Scaled Antpitta 400
Ochre-striped Antpitta 200
White-lored Antpitta D 213
Thrush-like Antpitta 210-400
Gnateaters
Ash-throated Gnateater 320-656
Tapaculos
Rusty-belted Tapaculo 200-656 1,148
Cotingas
Black-necked Red Cotinga 210-656 1,148
Brazilian Laniisoma 656
Masked Tityra 210-591
Black-crowned Tityra 213-367
Thrush-like Schiffornis 200-793
Cinereous Mourner
Fiery-throated Fruiteater 210-213 1,148
Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater 793
White-browed Purpletuft
Chestnut-crowned Becard 300
White-winged Becard 200-656
Black-capped Becard
Pink-throated Becard 656
Grey-tailed Piha 793-810
Screaming Piha 210-656
Purple-throated Cotinga 656
Plum-throated Cotinga 210
Spangled Cotinga
Bare-necked Fruitcrow 210-656
Purple-throated Fruitcrow 200-656
Amazonian Umbrellabird 1,148
Andean Cock-of-the-rock 210-400
Manakins
Jet Manakin 793
Green Manakin 210-850
White-bearded Manakin 200-656
Blue-backed Manakin 200-656
Wire-tailed Manakin 200-656 1,148
White-crowned Manakin 400-793
Golden-headed Manakin 200-810
Blue-crowned Manakin 200-810
Blue-rumped Manakin 630-793
Western Striped Manakin 210-518
Wing-barred Piprites 210-656
Flycatchers
White-lored Tyrannulet 656
Forest Elaenia 400-500
Grey Elaenia A? 500
White-crested Elaenia A
Streak-necked Flycatcher 810
Olive-striped Flycatcher 210-810
Ochre-bellied Flycatcher 210-810
Sepia-capped Flycatcher 591-656
Spectacled Bristle Tyrant 793-810
Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant 400
Double-banded Pygmy Tyrant 200-656
White-eyed Tody-Tyrant 213-810
Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher 200-656
Golden-winged Tody-Flycatcher 213-367
Common Tody-Flycatcher
Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher
Ringed Antpipit 320-793
Olivaceous Flatbill 200-810
Yellow-olive Flycatcher
Zimmer's Flatbill 210-656
Grey-crowned Flatbill 400
Orange-eyed Flatbill 200-656
Ochre-lored Flatbill 200-656
White-throated Spadebill 793
Golden-crowned Spadebill 400-810
Amazonian Royal Flycatcher 200-656
Ornate Flycatcher 793-810
Bran-colored Flycatcher 210
Olive-crested Flycatcher
Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher 210-810
Tawny-breasted Myiobius 793-800
Whiskered Myiobius 200-656
Black-tailed Myiobius 591-656
Dwarf Tyranneutes 200-656
Cinnamon Neopipo 793
Fuscous Flycatcher 210
Euler's Flycatcher 210
Western Wood Pewee N 320
Eastern Wood Pewee N 180-810
Alder Flycatcher N 200-656
Black Phoebe 320-810
Drab Water Tyrant 245
Long-tailed Tyrant 367-656
Bright-rumped Attila 300-400
Greyish Mourner 200-656
Dusky-capped Flycatcher
Swainson's Flycatcher A
Short-crested Flycatcher 200-656
Lesser Kiskadee 325
Great Kiskadee 200-656
Boat-billed Flycatcher 200-656
Social Flycatcher 305-518
Grey-capped Flycatcher 210-810
Dusky-crested Flycatcher 656
Streaked Flycatcher A 210-400
Piratic Flycatcher 518-656
Crowned Slaty Flycatcher A 213
Tropical Kingbird A? 213-518
Swallows/Martins
White-banded Swallow 200-656
White-thighed Swallow 320-518
Southern Rough-winged Swallow A? 200-810
Wrens
Black-capped Donacobius 367-656
Thrush-like Wren 656
Coraya Wren 200-656
Buff-breasted Wren 213
House Wren 810
White-breasted Wood Wren 210-793
Grey-breasted Wood Wren
Southern Nightingale Wren 200-656
Musician Wren 210-367
Thrushes
Andean Solitaire 793
Grey-cheeked Thrush N 320-656
Swainson's Thrush N 200-810 1,148
Pale-eyed Thrush 400
Black-billed Thrush 200-656
White-necked Thrush 400-810
Gnatcatchers
Tawny-faced Gnatwren 793
Long-billed Gnatwren 200-656
Crows/Jays
Inca Jay
Violaceous Jay 200-656 1,148
Vireos/Greenlets
Red-eyed Vireo N/A 210-656
Yellow-green Vireo N 200-656
Dusky-capped Greenlet 300
Tawny-crowned Greenlet 210-793
Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo
New World Warblers
Canada Warbler N 457-518
Buff-rumped Warbler 213-810
Tanagers and Allies
Black-and-white Tanager 213-400
Magpie Tanager 200-656
Yellow-throated Bush Tanager 793-810
Yellow-backed Tanager 200-591
Fulvous Shrike-Tanager 400-810 1,148
Flame-crested Tanager 200-656
Fulvous-crested Tanager 200-656
White-shouldered Tanager 200-300
Red-crowned Ant Tanager 213-656
Scarlet Tanager N 656
Summer Tanager N 591
Masked Crimson Tanager 210-656 1,148
Silver-beaked Tanager 200-810
Blue-grey Tanager 210-810
Palm Tanager 210-810
Orange-throated Tanager VU 210
Turquoise Tanager 210-656
Paradise Tanager 200-656
Green-and-gold Tanager 185-810 1,148
Golden Tanager
Yellow-bellied Tanager 210-793
Spotted Tanager 793
Bay-headed Tanager 400-793 1,148
Masked Tanager 210-793
Opal-rumped Tanager 210-400
Opal-crowned Tanager 210-213
Black-faced Dacnis 200-656
Yellow-bellied Dacnis 350-656
Blue Dacnis 400-500
Green Honeycreeper 200-656
Short-billed Honeycreeper 656
Purple Honeycreeper 200-656
Black-and-white Seedeater 320-810
Yellow-bellied Seedeater 518-810
Chestnut-bellied Seedeater 367
Lesser Seed Finch 200-656
Buntings/New World Sparrows
and Allies
Red-capped Cardinal 656
Orange-billed Sparrow 210-810
Yellow-browed Sparrow 367-810
Grosbeaks/Saltators and Allies
Greyish Saltator 200-656
Buff-throated Saltator 200-656
Slate-colored Grosbeak 200-793
Blue-black Grosbeak 200-820
New World Blackbirds
Giant Cowbird 245-656
Moriche Oriole 210-810
Venezuelan Troupial 656
Yellow-rumped Cacique 210-656
Ecuadorian Cacique 210-213
Solitary Cacique 200-656
Casqued Oropendola
Crested Oropendola 210-320
Russet-backed Oropendola 591-810 1,148
Para Oropendola 213-400
Finches
Thick-billed Euphonia 210
Bronze-green Euphonia 793
White-lored Euphoria 213
White-vented Euphonia 200
Orange-bellied Euphonia 210-810
(a) D = Distributional record, VU = Vulnerable, N = Nearctic migrant,
A = Austral migrant, N? = probable Nearctic mgrant, and A? = probable
Austral migrant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank T. S. Schulenberg for helping firm up species lists, providing localities for specimens from this region, and critically editing the manuscript. We are also grateful to Lars Pomara for preparing the map. Steve Cardiff Steve Cardiff is a Canadian politician. He currently represents the electoral district of Mount Lorne in the Yukon Legislative Assembly. He is a member of the Yukon New Democratic Party. helped insure that we accounted for all the relevant specimens in the LSUMZ collections. Steve Cardiff also, along with Pete Capainolo (AMNH), and Carla Cicero and Juan Parra (MVZ), provided data from selected specimens. We thank Mildred Larson, Martha Jakway (deceased), and Jeanne Grover of the Instituto Linguistico de Verano for help in accurate location of some Aguaruna villages, as well as for their willingness to introduce JPO and colleagues to the Pongos Basin area in 1964. Finally, we are grateful to the following individuals and their respective institutions for providing material and/or providing access to collections and field logs: Steve Cardiff and Van Remsen at LSUMZ, Paul Sweet and Chris Blake at AMNH, Tom Schulenberg at FMNH, and Carla Cicero at MVZ. C. E. Braun, Terry Chesser, A1 Gardner, and an anonymous reviewer re·view·er n. One who reviews, especially one who writes critical reviews, as for a newspaper or magazine. reviewer Noun a person who writes reviews of books, films, etc. Noun 1. commented on the manuscript and provided helpful suggestions. Received 25 October 2007. Accepted 7 June 2008. LITERATURE CITED ALVAREZ-ALONSO, J. AND B. M. WHITNEY. 2003. New distributional records of birds from white-sand forests of the northern Peruvian Amazon, with implications for biogeography Biogeography A synthetic discipline that describes the distributions of living and fossil species of plants and animals across the Earth's surface as consequences of ecological and evolutionary processes. of northern South America Northern South America is a region in the continent South America. This region has a rich range of natural resources exploited to European explorers over the past couple of centuries. Most of the most populous cities, such as Bogotá, are located temperate conditions of the Andes. . Condor 105:552-566. BERLIN, B. AND E. A. BERLIN. 1983. Adaptation and ethnozoological classification: theoretical implications of animal resources and diet of the Aguaruna and Huambisa. Pages 301-325 in Adaptive responses of native Amazonians (R. B. Hames hames linked metal, curved bars that fit around the horse collar and serve as the attachment for the trace chains and traces. and W. T. Vickers, Editors). Academic Press, New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , USA. BERLIN, B. AND J. P. O'NEILL. 1981. The pervasiveness of onomatopoeia onomatopoeia (ŏn'əmăt'əpē`ə) [Gr.,=word-making], in language, the representation of a sound by an imitation thereof; e.g., the cat mews. Poets often convey the meaning of a verse through its very sound. in Aguaruna and Huambisa bird names. Journal of Ethnobiology 1:238-261. BERLIN, B., J. S. BOSTER, AND J. P. O'NEILL. 1981. The perceptual bases of ethnobiological classification: evidence from Aguaruna Jivaro ornithology ornithology Branch of zoology dealing with the study of birds. Early writings on birds were largely anecdotal (including folklore) or practical (e.g., treatises on falconry and game-bird management). . Journal of Ethnobiology 1:95-108. BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL. 2006. Threatened birds of Peru This is a list of the bird species recorded in Peru. The avifauna of Peru includes a total of 1878 species, of which 139 are endemic, 3 have been introduced by humans, and 71 are rare or accidental. 91 species are globally threatened. . Version 4. May 2007. http://www.birdlife. org/worldwide/national/peru/index.html. BOSTER, J., B. BERLIN, AND J. P. O'NEILL. 1986. The correspondence of Jivaroan to scientific ornithology. American Anthropologist 88:569-583. BROOKS, D. M. 1999. Pipile as a protein source to rural hunters and Amerindians. Pages 42-50 in Biology and conservation of the Piping Guans (Pipile) (D. M. Brooks, A. J. Begazo, and F. Olmos, Editors). Special Monograph Series of the Cracid Specialist Group Number 1. Houston, Texas “Houston” redirects here. For other uses, see Houston (disambiguation). Houston (pronounced /'hjuːstən/) is the largest city in the state of Texas and the , USA. BROOKS, D. M. 2006. Conserving cracids: the most threatened family of birds in the Americas. Miscellaneous Publications of the Houston Museum of Natural Science Number 6. Houston, Texas, USA. BROOKS, D. M., L. PANDO-V., A. OCMIN-P., AND J. TEJADA-R. 2005. The relationship between environmental stability and avian population changes in Amazonia. Ornitologia Neotropical 16:289-296. CHESSER, R. T. 1994. Migration in South America South America, fourth largest continent (1991 est. pop. 299,150,000), c.6,880,000 sq mi (17,819,000 sq km), the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. : an overview of the Austral system. Bird Conservation International 4:91-107. COBBING, E. J., W. PITCHER, J. WILSON, J. BALDOCK, W. TAYLOR, W. McCOURT, AND N. SNELLING Snelling can refer to: People
DAUPHINE, N., S. TSAMAJAIN YAGKUAG, AND R. J. COOPER. 2007. First record of the nest of the Brown Nunlet The Brown Nunlet (Nonnula brunnea) is a species of puffbird in the Bucconidae family. It is found in the countries of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru in a contiguous range at the eastern slopes of the Andes and the headwaters of the Amazon Basin. Nonnula brunnea. Cotinga 28:78-79. DAUPHINE, N., S. TSAMAJAIN YAGKUAG, AND R. J. COOPER. 2008. Bird conservation in Aguaruna-Jivaro communities in the Cordillera de Colan. Ornitologia Neotropical 19:587-594. DAVIES, C. W. N., R. BARNES, S. H. M. BUTCHART, M. FERNANDEZ, AND N. SEDDON. 1997. The conservation status of the Cordillera de Colan. Bird Conservation International 7:181-195. FJELDSA, J. AND N. KRABBE. 1990. Birds of the High Andes. Zoology Museum, University of Copenhagen The University of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Universitet) is the oldest and largest university and research institution in Denmark. , and Apollo Books, Copenhagen, Denmark. GILL, E AND M. WRIGHT. 2006. Birds of the world, Recommended English names. Princeton University Princeton University, at Princeton, N.J.; coeducational; chartered 1746, opened 1747, rechartered 1748, called the College of New Jersey until 1896. Schools and Research Facilities Press, Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton, New Jersey is located in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. Princeton University has been sited in the town since 1756. , USA. HILTY, S. L. AND W. L. BROWN. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) or World Conservation Union, international organization founded in 1948 to encourage the preservation of wildlife, natural environments, and living resources. (IUCN). 2007. Cordillera del Condor Transboundary Protected Area. Version 17 September 2007. http://www.tbpa.net/case.01.htm. LANDMINE MONITOR. 2005. LM Report: Peru. Version 1. February 2006. http://www.icbl.org/lm/2005/ peru.html. LOWERY JR., G. H. AND J. P. O'NEILL. 1964. A new genus and species of tanager from Peru. Auk 81: 125-131. O'NEILL, J. P. 1969. Distributional notes on the birds of Peru, including twelve species previously unreported from the republic. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Louisiana State University 37:1-11. PALMER, D. S. 1997. Peru-Ecuador border conflict: missed opportunities, misplaced mis·place tr.v. mis·placed, mis·plac·ing, mis·plac·es 1. a. To put into a wrong place: misplace punctuation in a sentence. b. nationalism, and multilateral peacekeeping peace·keep·ing adj. Of or relating to the preservation of peace, especially the supervision by international forces of a truce between hostile nations. peace . Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs Noun 1. world affairs - affairs between nations; "you can't really keep up with world affairs by watching television" international affairs affairs - transactions of professional or public interest; "news of current affairs"; "great affairs of state" 39:109-148. PARKER, T. A., S. A. PARKER, AND M. A. PLENGE. 1982. An annotated checklist of Peruvian birds. Buteo Books, Vermillion, South Dakota Vermillion is a city in the southeast corner of South Dakota, USA, and the tenth largest city in the state. Vermillion lies atop a bluff on the Missouri River. French fur traders first visited in the late 1700s, and Vermillion was founded in 1859 and incorporated in 1873. , USA. PONCE, C. F. AND F. GHERSI. 2003. Cordillera del Condor (Peru-Ecuador). Paper prepared for the workshop on Transboundary Protected Areas in the Governance Stream of the 5th World Parks Congress, Durban, South Africa South Africa, Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (2005 est. pop. 44,344,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa. , 12-13 September 2003. Version 27 May 2008. http://www. tbpa.net/docs/WPCGovernance/CarlosPonceFernandoGhersi.pdf. RESTALL, R., C. RODNER, AND M. LENTINO. 2007. Birds of northern South America. Volume 2. Yale University Yale University, at New Haven, Conn.; coeducational. Chartered as a collegiate school for men in 1701 largely as a result of the efforts of James Pierpont, it opened at Killingworth (now Clinton) in 1702, moved (1707) to Saybrook (now Old Saybrook), and in 1716 was Press, New Haven New Haven, city (1990 pop. 130,474), New Haven co., S Conn., a port of entry where the Quinnipiac and other small rivers enter Long Island Sound; inc. 1784. Firearms and ammunition, clocks and watches, tools, rubber and paper products, and textiles are among the many , Connecticut, USA. RIDGELY, R. S. AND P. J. GREENFIELD. 2001. The birds of Ecuador This is a list of the bird species recorded in Ecuador. The avifauna of Ecuador includes a total of 1663 species, of which 16 are endemic, 2 have been introduced by humans, and 19 are rare or accidental. 77 species are globally threatened. : status, distribution and taxonomy. Cornell University Cornell University, mainly at Ithaca, N.Y.; with land-grant, state, and private support; coeducational; chartered 1865, opened 1868. It was named for Ezra Cornell, who donated $500,000 and a tract of land. With the help of state senator Andrew D. Press, Ithaca, New York
For other places or objects named Ithaca, see Ithaca (disambiguation). , USA. SCHULENBERG, T. S. AND K. AWBREY (Editors). 1997. The Cordillera del Condor Region of Ecuador and Peru: a biological assessment. RAP Working Paper 7. Conservation International, Washington, D.C., USA. SCHULENBERG, T. S., D. F. STOTZ, D. F. LANE, J. P. O'NEILL, AND T. A. PARKER. 2007. Birds of Peru. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. STOTZ, D. F., J. W. FITZPATRICK, T. A. PARKER III, AND D. K. MOSKOVlTS. 1996. Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press The University of Chicago Press is the largest university press in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including The Chicago Manual of Style, dozens of academic journals, including , Chicago, Illinois, USA. ULLOA, J. AND J. A. ULLOA. 1806. A voyage to South America describing at large the Spanish cities, towns, provinces, on that extensive continent undertaken by command of the King of Spain (English translation by J. Adams). Fourth Edition. Stockdale, London, United Kingdom. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The term geological survey can be used to describe both the conduct of a survey for geological purposes and an institution holding geological information. A geological survey (USGS USGS United States Geological Survey (US Department of the Interior) ). 2004. Shuttle radar topography mission The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is an international research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global scale from 56 °S to 60 °N, to generate the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth to date. , National Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS Eros, in Greek religion and mythology Eros (ēr`ŏs, ĕr`–), in Greek religion and mythology, god of love. He was the personification of love in all its manifestations, including physical passion at its strongest, tender, ), Sioux Falls, South Dakota Sioux Falls (IPA: [su fɑlz]) is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Dakota, and the county seat of Minnehaha County.GR6 The 2007 city population is 148,000. , USA. DANIEL M. BROOKS, (1,6) JOHN R O'NEILL, (2) MERCEDES S. FOSTER, (3) TODD MARK, (1) NICO NICO Nissan Infiniti Car Owners NICO Nicodemus National Historic Site (US National Park Service) NICO Neuralgia-Induced Cavitational Osteonecrosis (medical) NICO Naftiran Intertrade Co Ltd DAUPHINE, (4) AND IRMA An earlier trade name for a variety of host connectivity hardware and software products originally developed by Digital Communications Associates (DCA) and later acquired by Attachmate Corporation. Irma was not an acronym, rather it was the lady's name. J. FRANKE (5) (1) Houston Museum of Natural Science, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, 1 Hermann Circle Drive, Houston, TX 77030, USA. (2) Louisiana State University, Museum of Natural Science, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge Baton Rouge (băt`ən r zh) [Fr.,=red stick], city (1990 pop. 219,531), state capital and seat of East Baton Rouge parish, SE La. , LA 70803, USA.
(3) USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center The Patuxent Wildlife Research Center is a biological research center in Maryland. It is one of only 17 research centers in the United States run by the U.S. Geological Survey. It stands near the Patuxent River, for which it was named. , National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution, NW, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA. (4) Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Organization The President of the University of Georgia (as of 2007, Michael F. Adams) is the head administrator and is appointed and overseen by the Georgia Board of Regents. , Athens, GA 30602, USA. (5) Museo de Historia Natural, Casilla 14-0434, Lima 14, Peru. (6) Corresponding author; e-mail: dbrooks@hmns.org
TABLE 1. Unusual elevation ranges of avian species based on specimens
from the Pongos Basin and Cordillera Campanquiz, Peru.
Previous
English name Scientific name records (m)
Great Tinamou Tinamus major 1,000 max (a)
White-throated Tinamou T. guttatus 1,100 max (c)
Sickle-winged Guan Chamaepetes goudoth 900 min (a)
Sapphire Quail-Dove Geotrygon saphirina 1,100 max (a)
White-throated Quail-Dove G. frenata 900 min (a)
Spot-winged Parrotlet Touit stictopterus 600 min (a)
Koepcke's Hermit Phaethornis koepckeae 450 min (c)
Blue-fronted Lancebill Doryfera johannae 400 min (a)
Spangled Coquette Lophornis stictolophus 500 min (a)
Red-headed Barbet Eubucco bourcierii 900 min (a)
White-throated Toucan Ramphastos tucanus 1,100 max (c)
Chestnut Woodpecker Celeus elegans 800 max (a)
Bamboo Foliage-gleaner Anabazenops dorsalis 350 min (a)
Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor 800 min (c)
Black-necked Red Cotinga Phoenicircus nigricollis 900 max (a)
Brazilian Laniisoma Laniisoma elegans 700 min (a)
Fiery-throated Fruiteater Pipreola chlorolepidota 300 min (b)
Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater P. frontalis 900 min (c)
Andean Cock-of-the-rock Rupicola peruvianus 500 min (c)
Jet Manakin Chloropipo unicolor 900 min (c)
Green Manakin C. holochlora 400 min (c)
Wire-tailed Manakin Pipra filicauda 800 max (a)
Streak-necked Flycatcher Mionectes striaticollis 500 min (c)
Cinnamon Neopipo Neopipo cinnamomea 700 max (c)
Western Wood Pewee Contopus sordidulus 600 min (c)
Pale-eyed Thrush Platycichla leucops 850 min (a)
Masked Crimson Tanager Ramphocelus nigrogularis 1,100 max (c)
Orange-throated Tanager Wetmorethraupis 400 min (a)
sterrhopteron
English name New record(s) Change (m)
Great Tinamou Campanquiz +148
White-throated Tinamou Campanquiz +298
Sickle-winged Guan Rio Kagka headwaters -100
Sapphire Quail-Dove Campanquiz +48
White-throated Quail-Dove Shimpunts, Shaim -500-600
Spot-winged Parrotlet Pomara -200
Koepcke's Hermit Nazareth, 43 km NE Chiriaco -130-150
Blue-fronted Lancebill Huampami, 43 km NE Chiriaco -80-187
Spangled Coquette Pomara -100
Red-headed Barbet Rio Kagka headwaters -100
White-throated Toucan Campanquiz +48
Chestnut Woodpecker Campanquiz +348
Bamboo Foliage-gleaner Caterpiza, Huampami -137-150
Slaty Antwren Caterpiza, Shaim -400-600
Black-necked Red Cotinga Campanquiz +248
Brazilian Laniisoma Caterpiza -500
Fiery-throated Fruiteater Huampami, Pagat -50-87
Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater Rio Kagka headwaters -100
Andean Cock-of-the-rock Huampami, Kusu, Quebrada -100-287
Achunts, Nazereth,
Bashuin, Pomara
Jet Manakin Rio Kagka headwaters -50
Green Manakin Villa Gonzalo, Huampami, -100-200
Quebrada Achunts
Wire-tailed Manakin Campanquiz +348
Streak-necked Flycatcher Kusu -250
Cinnamon Neopipo Rio Kagka headwaters +100
Western Wood Pewee La Poza, Caterpiza, 86 km -280-420
NE Chiriaco
Pale-eyed Thrush Pomara -450
Masked Crimson Tanager Campanquiz -48
Orange-throated Tanager Huampami, 3.2 km w of -50-190
Urakusa, Chavez Valdivia,
Chiangkus, Pagat,
Quebrada Achunts, Suwa,
Tutinum, Chipi, Kusu on
the Rio Maranon,
Nazareth, Chicais
(a) Stotz et al. (1996).
(b) Hilty and Brown (1986).
(c) Schulenberg et al. (2007).
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion