Avian influenza (H5N1) virus in waterfowl and chickens, central China.In 2004, 3 and 4 strains of avian influenza avian influenza: see influenza. virus (subtype (programming) subtype - If S is a subtype of T then an expression of type S may be used anywhere that one of type T can and an implicit type conversion will be applied to convert it to type T. H5N1) were isolated from waterfowl waterfowl, common term for members of the order Anseriformes, wild, aquatic, typically freshwater birds including ducks, geese, and screamers. In Great Britain the term is also used to designate species kept for ornamental purposes on private lakes or ponds, while in and chickens, respectively, in central People's Republic of China. Viral replication and pathogenicity were evaluated in chickens, quails, pigeons, and mice. We analyzed the sequences of the hemagglutinin hemagglutinin /he·mag·glu·ti·nin/ (-gloo´ti-nin) an antibody that causes agglutination of erythrocytes. cold hemagglutinin one which acts only at temperatures near 4° C. and neuraminidase neuraminidase /neu·ra·min·i·dase/ (-ah-min´i-das) an enzyme of the surface coat of myxoviruses that destroys the neuraminic acid of the cell surface during attachment, thereby preventing hemagglutination. genes of the isolates and found broad diversity among them. ********** Several avian influenza outbreaks occurred in Asia during 2003-2004. We performed virus isolation in central People's Republic of China in early (January-March) 2004 by injecting infected bird tissue homogenates into 10-day-old specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs, according to standard procedures (1). Seven strains of avian influenza (H5N1) virus were isolated and named A/widgeon/Hubei/EWHC/2004 (EWHC EWHC High Court of England and Wales ), A/chicken/ Hubei/327/2004 (CKDW), A/chicken/Hubei/JZJ/2004 (CKJZ), A/chicken/Hubei/TMJ/2004 (CKTM), A/chicken/Hubei/XFJ/2004 (CKXF), A/goose/Hubei/ZFE/2004 (GOZF), and A/duck/Hubei/XFY/2004 (DKXF). During the outbreak, CKDW, CKJZ, CKTM, and CKXF were isolated from free-range chickens in villages. GOZF, which was responsible for 50% of the cases and 30% of the related deaths in infected geese, was isolated from a farmed goose in a flock of >1,000. EWHC was isolated from a Eurasian widgeon in a large lake where many widgeons were found dead. DKXF was isolated from an asymptomatic domestic duck on a farm where ducks sporadically died. The isolates were characterized in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK MDCK Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells (virus tissue culture) ) cells, embryonated eggs, chickens, and mice. The 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCI (Trustworthy Computing Initiative) An umbrella term from Microsoft for its efforts to improve security in Windows. TCI was announced in 2002 after viruses such as Code Red and Nimda had succeeded in attacking numerous Windows computers. [D.sub.50]), 50% egg infectious dose (EI[D.sub.50]), intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI IVPI Intravenous Pathogenicity Index ), intracerebral in·tra·cer·e·bral adj. Existing within the cerebrum. pathogenicity index (ICPI ICPI Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute ICPI Intracerebral Pathogenicity Index ICPI Insurance Crime Prevention Institute ICPI Institut de Chimie et Physique Industrielles (French) ICPI Incremental Contractor Preliminary Inspection ), and 50% lethal dose lethal dose n. Abbr. LD The dose of a chemical or biological preparation that is likely to cause death. in mice (ML[D.sub.50]) were determined in the respective models. For ML[D.sub.50] determination, mice (n = 5 per dose) were intranasally inoculated with serial dilutions of virus at [10.sup.1]-[10.sup.6] EI[D.sub.50] in a volume of 50 [micro]L. TCI[D.sub.50], EI[D.sub.50], and ML[D.sub.50] were calculated by using the Reed-Muench method (2). IVPI and ICPI were determined as previously described (3). All experiments were performed in a Biosafety Level biosafety level Epidemiology A classification for the degree of caution required when working with specific groups of pathogens. See Maximum containment facility. 3 laboratory. Related data are summarized in Table 1. Pathogenicity of the 7 isolates was evaluated in birds. Six-week-old White Leghorn White leghorn a pure white, egg-laying breed of poultry with bright yellow legs and bill. The comb, face and wattles are red, the earlobes are white. (WL) chickens, 4-week-old quails, and 4-week-old pigeons, 64 each, all free from avian influenza (H5N 1) virus infection, were divided into 8 groups of 8 birds. For each species, 7 groups were intravenously inoculated with [10.sup.6] EI[D.sub.50] of 1 of 7 avian influenza (H5N1) isolates, and 1 group received allantoic allantoic /al·lan·to·ic/ (al?an-to´ik) pertaining to the allantois. allantoic pertaining to the allantois. allantoic fluid see fetal fluids. fluid as a negative control. Birds were monitored daily, and the number of deaths was recorded until 10 d postinfection, at which point all surviving birds were killed. Viral tissue tropism was analyzed in dead (on the day of death) and surviving birds (10 d postinfection) by a double-antibody sandwich ELISA ELISA (e-li´sah) Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay; any enzyme immunoassay using an enzyme-labeled immunoreactant and an immunosorbent. ELISA n. for the nucleoprotein nucleoprotein Macromolecular complex consisting of a protein linked to a nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. The proteins that combine with DNA are generally of characteristic types called histones and protamines. of influenza A influenza A n. Influenza caused by infection with a strain of influenza virus type A. influenza A Infectious disease An avian virus, especially of ducks–which in China live near the pig reservoir and 'vector'; virus (4). The mean time to death (MDT MDT abbr. Mountain Daylight Time MDT (in the US and Canada) Mountain Daylight Time MDT n abbr (US) (= mountain daylight time) → ) was calculated (Table 2). All chickens injected with the CKDW or EWHC isolates died within 24 h (MDT<I.0); those injected with GOZF, CKXF, or CKJZ died within 2 d (MDT< 1.5). CKTM caused a 75% death rate for chickens, with an MDT of 4.7; all chickens injected with DKXF survived. Quails were also susceptible to infection, but the MDTs in quail (2.8-6.3) were higher than those in chickens. CKDW, EWHC, GOZF, and CKJZ caused a 100% death rate; CKXF and CKTM caused 62.5% and 37.5% death rates, respectively; and DKXF did not cause death. Pigeons were more resistant to these isolates than the other birds; the highest death rate was 37.5% for the EWHC group, with an MDT of 4.3. CKDW and GOZF caused a 25% death rate with an MDT of 5.0; CKJZ caused a 12.5% death rate with an MDT of 6.0. CKTM, CKXF, and DKXF exhibited low pathogenicity in pigeons, with no deaths by day 10. Most chicken tissue samples had positive ELISA results for avian influenza (H5N1) infection; no particular tissue tropism pattern was found in quail samples. In contrast, all tested pigeon glandular glandular /glan·du·lar/ (glan´du-ler) 1. pertaining to or of the nature of a gland. 2. glanular. glan·du·lar adj. 1. stomach samples from the 7 infected groups had positive results, while most other organs had negative results. The pathogenicity of the 7 isolates was also evaluated in mice. Forty-eight 6-week-old female BALB/c mice (6 in each of 8 groups) were anesthetized a·nes·the·tize also a·naes·the·tize tr.v. a·nes·the·tized, a·nes·the·tiz·ing, a·nes·the·tiz·es To induce anesthesia in. a·nes with dry ice and intranasally inoculated with [10.sup.6] EI[D.sub.50] of 1 the isolates in a volume of 50 [micro]L. One group was inoculated with normal allantoic fluid as a negative control. The mice were monitored daily for clinical signs and death. The surviving mice were killed at 14 d postinfection for the tissue tropism study. EWHC, CKDW, and GOZF caused lethargy, weight loss, lymphopenia, neurologic disorders, and death within 4-13 d. Mice in the EWHC group showed more rapid and obvious weight loss than those in the CKDW and GOZF groups. CKXF caused moderate clinical signs and a 50% death rate; DKXF, CKTM, and CKJZ caused no obvious clinical signs and no deaths (Figure 1). The virus recovery rates of the 7 isolates showed that the lung had the highest recovery rate (19/42) and the heart had the lowest (3/42); they indicated that the virus could be isolated from the brain (17/42), kidney (13/42), liver (11/42), and spleen (7/42). EWHC showed the highest recovery rate (25/36), and DKXF had the lowest (4/36) among the isolates. Despite no obvious clinical signs in mice injected with DKXF, CKTM, and CKJZ, virus could be reisolated from the tissues; the rates of recovery were 6/36 (CKJZ), 6/36 (CKTM), and 4/36 (DKXF). These results indicated that the isolates DKXF, CKTM, and CKJZ could replicate in mice but at a low efficiency. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] To characterize the antibody responses in mice after infection with avian influenza virus, 6-week-old BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated with nonlethal doses (CKTM, DKXF, and CKJZ, [10.sup.6] EI[D.sub.50]; GOZF, CKDW, CKXF, and EWHC, [10.sup.3] EI[D.sub.50]). Serum samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, and 60 d postinfection. Antibody analyses showed that GOZF, DKXF, CKDW, CKXF, and EWHC elicited antibody responses in mice at 30 d postinfection and that the antibody levels increased markedly at 60 d postinfection. In the CKTM and CKJZ groups, however, no antibodies were detected at any point. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from the isolates were amplified by reverse transcription-PCR (5) and sequenced. Phylogenetic phy·lo·ge·net·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics. 2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history. analysis was performed with Mega 3.1 software (Evolutionary Function Genomics, Tempe, AZ, USA) (6). A neighbor-joining tree was based on the nucleotide sequences of HA and NA genes (Figure 2). For the HA gene, the 6 isolates of higher pathogenicity clustered together and were related to the China Guangdong isolate from wild duck (A/wildduck/Guangdong/314/2004). The HA gene of the less pathogenic DKXF isolate was at a separate position and displayed a close relationship with the Hong Kong goose isolate (A/goose/HongKong/3014.5/2000), which seems to share a common ancestral sequence with the other 6 isolates. For the NA gene, except for CKXF, the other 6 isolates clustered together and were more closely related to several other Chinese isolates obtained in 2004 than to isolates belonging to other strains. The NA gene of CKXF was more closely related to isolates from humans in Indonesia during 2005. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Conclusions In this study, influenza virus influenza virus n. Any of three viruses of the genus Influenzavirus designated type A, type B, and type C, that cause influenza and influenzalike infections. strains of different pathogenicity were isolated from central People's Republic of China during the same outbreak. Distinctive from most other studies, our work may lead to a more detailed understanding of the complexity of the genetic and biologic variations among avian influenza (H5N1) isolates from outbreaks. All viruses except DKXF were highly pathogenic to avian species, while their pathogenicity in mice was variable (Table 1). The pathogenicity of EWHC in mice was higher than that of CKDW, but the virus titer titer /ti·ter/ (ti´ter) the quantity of a substance required to react with or to correspond to a given amount of another substance. in MDCK cells was lower than that of CKDW. The HA and NA gene sequences suggested that these viruses were closely related, but they had different clinical and biologic characteristics. DKXF exhibited low pathogenicity in avian species and mice. These data indicate that the isolated strains had diverse biologic characteristics. DKXF was highly infectious to chicken eggs and MDCK cells (Table 1) and was found to replicate in chickens and mice despite its lack of pathogenicity. In addition, DKXF could induce high antibody titers in mice and chickens. Moreover, a strong cross-neutralizing reaction between DKXF and CKDW has been recently shown (7). Future studies should assess the feasibility of using DKXF as a candidate strain for vaccine development. Early studies showed that pigeons were more resistant to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) strain (A/ chicken/Hong Kong/220/97; HK/220) than other birds (8). In our experiment, we demonstrated that isolates from 2004 could infect pigeons and could be reisolated from pigeon tissues, especially from glandular stomachs. Sequence analysis indicated that the avian influenza isolates used in this study and the HK/220 strain share high homology homology (hōmŏl`əjē), in biology, the correspondence between structures of different species that is attributable to their evolutionary descent from a common ancestor. at the amino acid amino acid (əmē`nō), any one of a class of simple organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in certain cases sulfur. These compounds are the building blocks of proteins. level for the HA (95%-97%) but not the NA gene (homology 79%-88%). This study indicates that the pigeon may be an asymptomatic carrier asymptomatic carrier, n an individual who serves as host for an infectious agent but who does not show any apparent signs of the illness; may serve as a source of infection for others. of avian influenza virus. This work was supported by grants form the National 973 Project of China (No. 2005CB523003) and the Chinese National 10th Five-Year Science and Technology Plan grant (No. 2004BA519A65). References (1.) Tumpey TM, Suarez DL, Perkins LE, Senne DA, Lee JG, Lee YJ, et al. Characterization of a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus isolated from duck meat. J Virol. 2002;76:6344-55. (2.) Thakur AK, Fezio WL. A computer program for estimating LD50 and its confidence limits using modified Behrens-Reed-Muench cumulant method. Drug Chem Toxicol. 1981;4:297-305. (3.) Stanislawek WL, Wilks CR, Meers J, Homer GW, Alexander DJ, Manvell RJ, et al. Avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses isolated from mallard mallard: see duck. mallard Abundant “wild duck” (Anas platyrhynchos, family Anatidae) of the Northern Hemisphere, ancestor of most domestic ducks. The mallard is a typical dabbling duck in its general habits and courtship display. ducks (Anas platyrhynchos Anas platyrhynchos the mallard, a monogamous, broad-billed dabbling duck. One of the original ducks from which the domestic ducks have originated. ) in New Zealand New Zealand (zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. . Arch Virol. 2002; 147:1287-302. (4.) Zhang A, Jin M, Liu F, Guo X, Hu Q, Han L, et al. Development and evaluation of a DAS-ELISA for rapid detected of avian influenza virus. Avian Dis. 2006;50:325-30. (5.) Hoffmann E, Stech J, Guan guan: see curassow. Y, Webster RG, Perez DR. Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol. 2001;146:2275-89. (6.) Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. MEGA3: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform. 2004;5:150-63. (7.) Huang H, Dan H, Zhou Y, Yu Z, Fan H, Tong T, et al. Different neutralization neutralization, chemical reaction, according to the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases, in which a water solution of acid is mixed with a water solution of base to form a salt and water; this reaction is complete only if the resulting solution has neither acidic nor efficiency of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against avian influenza H5N1 virus to virus strains from different hosts. Mol Immunol. 2006;44:1052-5. (8.) Perkins LE, Swayne DE. Pathogenicity of a Hong Kong-origin H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons. Avian Dis. 2002;46:53-63. Dr Yu is with the Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine veterinary medicine, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of animals. An early interest in animal diseases is found in ancient Greek writings on medicine. Veterinary medicine began to achieve the stature of a science with the organization of the first school in the , Huazhong Agricultural University Huazhong Agricultural University (HAU) is a multi-disciplinary comprehensive university giving priority to agriculture, characterized by life sciences and supplemented by the combination of agriculture, basic sciences, engineering, liberal arts, law, economic trade, and . His research interests include the molecular epidemiology molecular epidemiology Molecular medicine An evolving field that combines the tools of standard epidemiology–case studies, questionnaires and monitoring of exposure to external factors with the tools of molecular biology–eg, restriction endonucleases, and pathogenic mechanisms of avian influenza viruses. Address for correspondence: Meilin Jin, State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; email: jm18328@ 126.com Zhengjun Yu, * (1) Yunfeng Song, * (1) Hongbo Zhou, * Xiaojuan Xu, * Qiaoyun Hu, * Haiya Wu, * Anding Zhang, * Yanjun Zhou, * Jianfeng Chen, * Hanbing Dan, * Qingping Luo, * Xiangmin Li, * Huanchun Chen, * and Meilin Jin * * Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China (1) Contributed equally to this article.
Table 1. Characteristics of the 7 avian influenza (1-15N1) isolates
obtained in central People's Republic of China, 2004 *
Avian
HA titers [EID.sub.50] IVPI ICPI
EWHC [2.sup.10] [10.sup.7.5] 3.0 1.91
CKDW [2.sup.8] [10.sup.8.23] 3.0 1.78
GOZF [2.sup.8] [10.sup.9.8] 2.98 1.88
CKXF [2.sup.8] [10.sup.6.22] 2.96 1.88
CKJZ [2.sup.8] [10.sup.6.33] 3.0 1.9
CKTM [2.sup.8] [10.sup.7.23] 1.71 1.36
DKXF [2.sup.8] [10.sup.6.67] 0 1.25
Mammalian
Pathogenicity in Pathogenicity in
chickens mice
([dagger]) [TCID.sub.50] [MLD.sub.50] ([double dagger])
EWHC High [10.sup.4.41] [10.sup.1.3] High
CKDW High [10.sup.7.8] [10.sup.2.3] High
GOZF High [10.sup.7.35] [10.sup.1.5] High
CKXF High [10.sup.4.67] [10.sup.6] Medium
CKJZ High [10.sup.5.24] >[10.sup.6.5] Low
CKTM High [10.sup.2.0] >[10.sup.6.5] Low
DKXF Low [10.sup.6.57] >[10.sup.6.5] None
* HA, hemagglutinin; EID50, 50% egg infectious dose; IVPI, intravenous
pathogenicity index; ICPI, intracerebral pathogenicity index;
[TCID.sub.50], 50% tissue culture infectious dose; MLD50, 50% lethal
dose in mice; EWHC, A/widgeon/Hubei/EWHC/2004; CKDW, A/chicken/Hubei/
327/2004; GOZF, A/goose/Hubei/ZFE/2004; CKXF, A/chicken/Hubei/XFJ/
2004; CKJZ, A/chicken/Hubei/JZJ/2004; CKTM, A/chicken/Hubei/TMJ/2004;
DKXF, A/duck/Hubei/XFY/2004.
([dagger]) Avian influenza virus isolates are considered to be highly
pathogenic if they cause a death rate >75% within 10 days or have an
IVPI >1.2 (World Organization for Animal Health criteria).
([double dagger]) The pathotypes in mice were divided into none, low
(MLD50>6.5 Iogl0EID50), medium (3.0 [log.sub.10][EID.sub.50]<
[MLD.sub.50]<6.5 [log.sub.10]EID50), and high ([MLD.sub.50][less
than or equal to] 3.0 [log.sub.10][EID.sub.50]).
Table 2. Death rates and mean time to death (MDT) from avian influenza
virus (H5N1) infections in 3 types of birds inoculated with the 7
isolates obtained in central People's Republic of China, 2004 *
Chicken
No. deaths/no.
Isolate inoculated MDT (days)
EWHC 8/8 1
CKDW 8/8 1
GOZF 8/8 1.3
CKXF 8/8 1.4
CKJZ 8/8 1.1
CKTM 6/8 4.7
DKXF 0/8 -
Quail
No. deaths/
Isolate no. inoculated MDT (days)
EWHC 8/8 2.8
CKDW 8/8 3.4
GOZF 8/8 3.3
CKXF 5/8 4
CKJZ 8/8 3.4
CKTM 3/8 6.3
DKXF 0/8 -
Pigeon
No. deaths/
Isolate no. inoculated MDT (days)
EWHC 3/8 4.3
CKDW 2/8 5
GOZF 2/8 5
CKXF 0/8 -
CKJZ 1/8 6
CKTM 0/8 -
DKXF 0/8 -
* EWHC, A/widgeon/Hubei/EWHC/2004; CKDW, A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004;
GOZF, A/goose/Hubei/ZFE/2004; CKXF, A/chicken/Hubei/XFJ/2004; CKJZ,
A/chicken/Hubei/JZJ/2004; CKTM, A/chicken/HubeifrMJ/2004; DKXF,
A/duck/Hubei/XFY/2004. Dashes represent no deaths.
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