Assessment of spacer bar design and frame material on the thermal performance of windows.ABSTRACT High-performance Adj. 1. high-performance - modified to give superior performance; "a high-performance car" superior - of high or superior quality or performance; "superior wisdom derived from experience"; "superior math students" glazing Glazing The application of finely ground glass, or glass-forming materials, or a mixture of both, to a ceramic body and heating (firing) to a temperature where the material or materials melt, forming a coating of glass on the surface of the ware. systems incorporate low-emissivity Low-emissivity (Low-E) coatings are microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window or skylight glazing surface primarily to reduce the U-factor by suppressing radiative heat flow. coating on glass, heavy gas fill in the glazing cavity cavity /cav·i·ty/ (kav´i-te) 1. a hollow place or space, or a potential space, within the body or one of its organs. 2. in dentistry, the lesion produced by caries. , and thermally ther·mal adj. 1. Of, relating to, using, producing, or caused by heat. 2. Intended or designed in such a way as to help retain body heat: thermal underwear. n. improved spacer bars instead of the conventional metal bars. The improved design and proper selection of material for spacer bars provide means to improve the overall thermal thermal /ther·mal/ (ther´m'l) pertaining to or characterized by heat. ther·mal adj. 1. Of, relating to, using, producing, or caused by heat. 2. characteristics and condensation resistance of windows, particularly in the edge-of-glass region. Experimental results showed that there is an interaction between the spacer bar and sash/frame material of the window assembly that affects the overall performance of the fenestration fenestration /fen·es·tra·tion/ (fen?es-tra´shun) 1. the act of perforating or condition of being perforated. 2. products. In an effort to investigate the interaction between the spacer bar design and frame/sash material on the thermal performance of windows, a series of tests were performed on a number of windows in a controlled environment (e.g., laboratory testing). In an earlier study, a summary of the experimental setup See BIOS setup and install program. and the results of testing small insulating glass (IG) units was presented to report the surface temperature distribution and condensation resistance of a set of IG units in the absence of framing material. Ten spacer bars, including conventional metal spacer, hybrid system A hybrid system is a dynamic system that exhibits both continuous and discrete dynamic behavior — a system that can both flow (described by a differential equation) and jump (described by a difference equation). , silicon foam, and thermally broken bars, were included in that set of IG units. The later spacer bars, were referred to as warm edge technology (WET) bars. The full documentation of that part of the study was published in Elmahdy (2002). In this paper, the results of investigating the thermal coupling effects and the interaction between the spacer bar and the window sash/frame material of a number of different spacer bar designs and frame material are summarized. The same spacer bars reported in the earlier study are included in this paper. Framing materials (wood, vinyl vinyl /vi·nyl/ (vi´nil) the univalent group CH2dbondCH—. vinyl chloride a vinyl group to which an atom of chlorine is attached; the monomer which polymerizes to polyvinyl chloride; it is toxic , aluminum, and glass fiber) were used to study the combined effect of spacer bar design and frame material on the overall window performance. The test results showed that the use of WET spacer bars demonstrated higher glass surface temperature in the edge-of-glass region, improving the condensation resistance and the overall R-value See MOS. of the fenestration products relative to windows made with conventional metal spacers. There exist some combinations of certain spacer bar designs and frame material that produce favorable fa·vor·a·ble adj. 1. Advantageous; helpful: favorable winds. 2. Encouraging; propitious: a favorable diagnosis. 3. performance. However, it is important not to generalize generalize /gen·er·al·ize/ (-iz) 1. to spread throughout the body, as when local disease becomes systemic. 2. to form a general principle; to reason inductively. the reported results due to the many varieties in frame designs and profiles that would have greater impact on the final results. On the other hand, these results provide clear indications of the interaction between spacer bar design and the frame material on the overall thermal performance of windows. As an added benefit, window designers have options to produce windows of a wide range of performance factors to meet the demands for different applications and consumers' preferences. INTRODUCTION Following the publication of the results of the testing of small insulating glass (IG) units (Elmahdy 2002), it was logical to proceed with testing complete window assemblies. These windows were made of IG units that incorporated the spacer bars tested earlier and frames of different material (the description of the spacer bars is provided later in this paper). The earlier results showed that the use of warm edge technology (WET) spacer bars demonstrated higher glass surface temperature, particularly in the edge-of-glass region, and, hence, improved the condensation resistance of the IG units relative to those made with conventional metal spacers (see Figure 1). Common practices suggested that there exist some combinations of certain spacer bar designs and frame material that would produce favorable performance. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Basic heat transfer principles suggest that the heat transfer at the interface between the IG unit and sash/frame element of the window is not a simple one-dimensional one-di·men·sion·al adj. 1. Having or existing in one dimension only. 2. Lacking depth; superficial. one-dimensional Adjective 1. having one dimension 2. phenomenon. At that region, dissimilar materials at different temperatures exchange heat in a complex manner that is usually analyzed an·a·lyze tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. by means of computer simulation The mathematical representation of the interaction of real-world objects. See scientific application and simulator. Simulation A broad collection of methods used to study and analyze the behavior and performance of actual or theoretical systems. models such as THERM (2000), FRAME (1988), PHYSIBEL (1992), etc. Also, infrared An invisible band of radiation at the lower end of the visible light spectrum. With wavelengths from 750 nm to 1 mm, infrared starts at the end of the microwave spectrum and ends at the beginning of visible light. thermography thermography (thûr'mŏg`rəfē), contact photocopying process that produces a direct positive image and in which infrared rays are used to expose the copy paper. was used to obtain detailed temperature mapping of this region (Elmahdy and Devine Devine can refer to: People
adj. Mentioned previously. n. The one or ones mentioned previously. aforementioned Adjective mentioned before Adj. 1. work investigated the complexity of surface temperature determination at the interface between the IG units and sash/frame members of the window assembly. The focus of this paper is on determining the impact of use of WET spacer bars and different framing materials on the surface temperature, condensation resistance, and overall U-factor (or R-value) of a number of fenestration systems. TEST SETUP AND APPARATUS apparatus /ap·pa·ra·tus/ (ap?ah-ra´tus) pl. appara´tus, apparatuses a number of parts acting together to perform a special function. branchial apparatus pharyngeal a. Tests were performed (for R-value and condensation resistance) in an Institute for Research in Construction/National Research Council Canada Canada (kăn`ədə), independent nation (2001 pop. 30,007,094), 3,851,787 sq mi (9,976,128 sq km), N North America. Canada occupies all of North America N of the United States (and E of Alaska) except for Greenland and the French islands of (IRC/NRC) guarded hotbox hot·box n. An axle or journal box, as on a railway car, that has become overheated by excessive friction. Noun 1. hotbox - a journal bearing (as of a railroad car) that has overheated and according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. a well-established R-value test procedure (Elmahdy 1992; Elmahdy and Bowen Bow·en , Catherine Drinker 1897-1973. American writer of semifictional biographies, such as The Lion and the Throne (1957), a life of Sir Edward Coke. 1988). In addition, the temperature index (TI) principles for the investigation of condensation resistance were used as outlined in the CAN\CSA (1) (Canadian Standards Association, Toronto, Ontario, www.csa.ca) A standards-defining organization founded in 1919. It is involved in many industries, including electronics, communications and information technology. A440 Windows Standard (CSA 2001) and Elmahdy (1990). Thermocouples were installed on the surface of the glazing, sash, and frame elements on each window to obtain comprehensive temperature mapping over the window surfaces (see Figure 2). Tests were conducted with a room-side air temperature of 21[degrees]C [+ or -] 1[degrees]C and natural convection with a film coefficient coefficient /co·ef·fi·cient/ (ko?ah-fish´int) 1. an expression of the change or effect produced by variation in certain factors, or of the ratio between two different quantities. 2. of about 8 [+ or -] 1 W/([m.sup.2] x K) and a weather-side temperature of -18[degrees]C [+ or -] 1[degrees]C and a film heat transfer coefficient The heat transfer coefficient is used in calculating the convection heat transfer between a moving fluid and a solid in thermodynamics. The heat transfer coefficient is often calculated from the Nusselt number (a dimensionless number). of about 25 [+ or -] 3 W/([m.sup.2] x K). Ten 1 x 1 m glazing units were provided by different manufacturers, each made of a double-clear air-filled Adj. 1. air-filled - full of air full - containing as much or as many as is possible or normal; "a full glass"; "a sky full of stars"; "a full life"; "the auditorium was full to overflowing" IG unit. The glass was made of 3 mm (nominal Trifling, token, or slight; not real or substantial; in name only. Nominal capital, for example, refers to extremely small or negligible funds, the use of which in a particular business is incidental. NOMINAL. Relating to a name. ) thick glass and each incorporated one of the ten spacer bars under investigation. The ten spacer bars are described as follows, and a diagram diagram /di·a·gram/ (di´ah-gram) a graphic representation, in simplest form, of an object or concept, made up of lines and lacking pictorial elements. showing their details is given in Figure 3: Description Designation Hybrid spacer (PVC and aluminum) IG1 Two aluminum spacers with foam thermal break IG2 Metal with mastic desiccant tape IG3 Glass fiber spacer IG4 Steel channel in a foam substrate with desiccant IG5 PVC and galvanized steel IG6 Conventional metal spacer IG7 Silicone foam spacer IG8 Corrugated metal strip in a mastic tape IG9 Two metal spacers with polyurethane thermal break IG10 The surface temperature measurements of the IG units indicated there is a considerable difference of the glass surface temperature (particularly in the edge-of-glass region) between units made with conventional metal spacers and those made with warm edge designs (see Figure 1). [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] The four window frames were provided by four different manufacturers and are identified as follows: AL-FR Aluminum frame VY-FR Vinyl frame WO-FR Wood frame FG-FR Glass fiber frame TESTING OF WINDOW ASSEMBLIES AND RESULTS Each of the aforementioned IG units was mounted in four different types of window frames (one unit at a time). The overall thickness thickness (thik´nes) a measurement across the smallest dimension of an object. triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness of the IG units varied according to the spacer bar type. Although the manufacturers were instructed to produce identical units made of 3 mm thick glass, the spacer bar design and manufacturing tolerances resulted in a slightly different overall unit thickness. The minimum unit thickness was 18.14 mm and the maximum unit thickness was 20.33 mm. A summary of the overall IG thickness of the ten units is as follows: IG Designation IG1 IG2 IG3 IG4 IG5 IG6 Overall Unit Thickness, mm 20.33 19.10 19.07 19.30 19.38 18.36 IG Designation IG7 IG8 IG9 IG10 Overall Unit Thickness, mm 19.55 18.14 18.72 18.82 [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Table 1 provides a summary of the surface temperature measurement of the ten IG units when mounted and tested in a VY-FR. The glass surface temperature is affected by the spacer bar material in the edge-of-glass region (about 67 mm from the sight line). This was demonstrated in Table 1 when comparing the glass surface temperature of the ten IG units (mounted in the VY-FR). For a highly insulated in·su·late tr.v. in·su·lat·ed, in·su·lat·ing, in·su·lates 1. To cause to be in a detached or isolated position. See Synonyms at isolate. 2. spacer bar (e.g., silicon foam [IG8] or corrugated cor·ru·gate v. cor·ru·gat·ed, cor·ru·gat·ing, cor·ru·gates v.tr. To shape into folds or parallel and alternating ridges and grooves. v.intr. [or fluted] metal spacer [IG9]), the glass surface temperature would be higher than that of a highly conductive conductive having the quality of readily conducting electric current. conductive flooring flooring or floor covering made specially conductive to electrical current, usually by the inclusion of copper wiring that is earthed spacer bar such as a conventional metal spacer (e.g., IG7). Figures 4 and 5 show graphic representations of the glass surface temperature of some selected points from Table 1 (top and bottom sections, respectively) of the ten IG units mounted in a vinyl frame (VY-FR). In a 10 mm plane from the top of the sight line, IG8 and IG9 showed the highest glass surface temperature. IG6 showed the lowest surface temperature at that location and is very close to IG1, IG2, IG7, and IG10. Figures 4 and 5 also displayed some interesting results. For example, Figure 4 showed that at 10 mm from the top, the surface temperature is warmer than those at 240 mm from the top. This could be the result of a collapse in the region close to the center-of-glass of the IG units under a 39 K temperature difference across the IG units. It also indicates the IG edge seal is performing properly without any seal breakage. This temperature variation is also due to the convection inside the cavity of the IG units. As the airstream moves downward, it is cooled as a result of the lateral lateral /lat·er·al/ (-il) 1. denoting a position farther from the median plane or midline of the body or a structure. 2. pertaining to a side. lat·er·al adj. 1. heat transfer from the warm side to the cold side of the IG units. In addition, there was consistency in the temperature profiles in all units that showed a rise in the surface temperatures from the bottom sight line up toward the center-of-glass area. There were also some surprising results where at all points from the bottom, IG7 showed relatively better temperature than some WET spacers (e.g., IG6, IG8, and IG9). This could be attributed to the smaller thickness of IG7, IG8, and IG9 relative to IG7 (Table 1), as well as some production deficiencies in the frame profiles that resulted in excessive heat loss in that region. Figures 6 and 7 provide a summary of the surface temperatures at the bottom and top sections of the ten IG units, respectively, when mounted and tested in an AL-FR. All data are given in Table 2. In Figure 7, the temperatures at 10 mm from the sight line of IG5, IG6, and IG7 were very close. This was despite the fact that spacer bars IG5 and IG6 were marketed as "warm-edge" spacers with improved thermal performance compared to the conventional metal spacer (IG7). This phenomenon was explained earlier when presenting Figures 4 and 5. Also, IG4 showed the highest surface temperature in the 10 mm plane, followed by IG3. In addition, Figure 6 showed a consistent trend of close surface temperatures of all IG units away from the edge-of-glass region and far from the effect of the spacer bar on the glass surface temperature. Figures 8 and 9 show the corresponding surface temperatures at the bottom and top sections of the units, respectively, when mounted and tested in the WO-FR. Figures 10 and 11 show the temperatures at the bottom and top sections of the IG units, respectively, when mounted and tested in the FG-FR frame. All measurements were shown in Table 3 for the WO-FR and in Table 4 for FG-FR. It is clear that the frame material and the spacer bar type have a considerable impact on the glass surface temperatures in the edge-of-glass region. This is illustrated by comparing the glass surface temperatures of the ten IG units in a certain plane (e.g., 10 mm, 20 mm, etc.) in Figures 4 through 11. Each IG unit demonstrated a different temperature profile as it was installed in the four different framing materials. It should be noted that the relative performance of the tested IG units is more important than the absolute values of surface temperature values. There is another factor that may have an impact on the temperature values recorded during the tests, which is the overall IG thickness, as indicated in Tables 1 through 4. The overall thickness of IG units varied between 18.14 and 20.33 mm. The comparison of the R-value of the window assemblies could also be a useful indicator Indicator Anything used to predict future financial or economic trends. Notes: In the context of technical analysis, an indicator is a mathematical calculation based on a securities price and/or volume. The result is used to predict future prices. of the effectiveness of the spacer bar type and the frame material on the overall thermal characteristics of the assemblies. All ten windows were tested for R-value at the test conditions mentioned earlier in this paper. Table 5 provides a summary of the R-values of window units. Each group of four bars represents an IG unit with one specific spacer bar mounted in four different frames. Figure 12 shows some interesting features of the IG units' performance when tested in four different framing materials. It is clear that any IG unit, when mounted and tested in a wood frame, shows the highest R-value compared to the R-value of the same IG unit when mounted in the other three types of frames. Although the previous test data indicated that the insulated spacers showed considerable improvement of the glass surface temperatures, the net effect on the R-value is different. Table 5 also shows that the combination of insulated spacers (such as IG8 and IG9) and a wood frame produces a high window overall R-value relative to the other configurations. Also, some spacer bars performed better than others because of their greater thickness and, hence, slightly larger gap width. [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] [FIGURE 5 OMITTED] [FIGURE 6 OMITTED] [FIGURE 7 OMITTED] It is important to indicate that the R-value, as a measure of the thermal characteristic of a window, takes into account facts other than the spacer bar impact on the overall R-value. In other words Adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated; "in other words, we are broke" put differently , it was indicated earlier that the IG units experience some glass deflection deflection /de·flec·tion/ (de-flek´shun) deviation or movement from a straight line or given course, such as from the baseline in electrocardiography. de·flec·tion n. 1. during testing, which resulted in a reduction of the center-of-glass temperature. This factor seems to have a more negative influence on the R-value than its expected improvement as a result of using a highly thermally insulated spacer and frame. It is worth noting that the presence of the calorimeter calorimeter: see calorimetry. calorimeter Device for measuring heat produced during a mechanical, electrical, or chemical reaction and for calculating the heat capacity of materials. box makes it impossible to determine the glass deflection of the IG unit. Another interesting observation from Figure 12 is that the frame design and the details of the interior profile have a significant impact on the final R-value of the window assembly. For example, the R-values are affected by the frame profiles, the inclusion of strips of insulation insulation (ĭn'səlā`shən, ĭn'sy  –), use of materials or devices to inhibit or prevent the conduction of heat or of electricity. material in the cavities of hollow hollow1. a depression. 2. contains a cavity. hollow back backbone has a downward curvature in the center. hollow horn a mythical disease of cattle in primitive communities; treated by removal of the horns. frames, frame material thicknesses, and glass and cavity thickness. These effects are apparent when comparing the overall R-value of aluminum frame and glass fiber windows. Further investigation would be required to address all of these factors to generalize the outcome of this work. CLOSING REMARKS Commercially available innovative (WET) spacer bars can have a beneficial effect on both the edge-of-glass temperature (condensation reduction) and the overall R-value (capability to reduce heat loss). The results of the IRC (Internet Relay Chat) Computer conferencing on the Internet. There are hundreds of IRC channels on numerous subjects that are hosted on IRC servers around the world. After joining a channel, your messages are broadcast to everyone listening to that channel. research conducted on ten different spacer bar designs provide the construction industry with a comparison of their performance. There is a range in the level of window performance that is required for particular applications or that is affordable by building owners and consumers. Therefore, manufacturers can use the results as a benchmark A performance test of hardware and/or software. There are various programs that very accurately test the raw power of a single machine, the interaction in a single client/server system (one server/multiple clients) and the transactions per second in a transaction processing system. for choosing suitable combinations of spacer bars and frame materials to meet a range of needs. The results will also help manufacturers continue their own research and development work on spacer bars, with a view to introducing improvements that will further enhance performance, as even small improvements can be significant. [FIGURE 8 OMITTED] [FIGURE 9 OMITTED] [FIGURE 10 OMITTED] [FIGURE 11 OMITTED] In general, building designers should specify windows that have a temperature index that meets the requirements dictated dic·tate v. dic·tat·ed, dic·tat·ing, dic·tates v.tr. 1. To say or read aloud to be recorded or written by another: dictate a letter. 2. a. by climatic conditions and building use and an overall R-value that meets or exceeds code requirements. The results from this research project provide designers with a better idea of what is involved in achieving these ratings. Also, the research highlights the importance of considering all of the factors that combine to affect window performance--the type of spacer bar, frame, and glass--for each and every application. Finally, this paper presents information that could be used as guidelines guidelines, n.pl a set of standards, criteria, or specifications to be used or followed in the performance of certain tasks. for window design. The data should not be generalized gen·er·al·ized adj. 1. Involving an entire organ, as when an epileptic seizure involves all parts of the brain. 2. Not specifically adapted to a particular environment or function; not specialized. 3. for all windows of similar materials. Window size, frame design, manufacturing tolerances, and other factors would affect the final results. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to acknowledge the contribution made by the IG and window manufacturers who supplied all the IG units and frame material included in this study, as well as the support from CANMET/NRCan, Canada. [FIGURE 12 OMITTED] REFERENCES CSA. 2001. CAN/CSA A440 Windows Standard. Rexdale, Ontario Ontario, city, United States Ontario, city (1990 pop. 133,179), San Bernardino co., S Calif., near Los Angeles, in a region of vineyards; inc. 1891. , Canada: Canadian Canadian (kənā`dēən), river, 906 mi (1,458 km) long, rising in NE New Mexico. and flowing E across N Texas and central Oklahoma into the Arkansas River in E Oklahoma. Standard Association. Elmahdy, A.H. 1990. A Universal approach to laboratory assessment of the condensation potential of windows. Sustainable Energy
Sustainable energy sources are energy sources which are not expected to be depleted in a timeframe relevant to the human race, and which Choices for the 90s: 16th Annual Conference of the Solar Energy solar energy, any form of energy radiated by the sun, including light, radio waves, and X rays, although the term usually refers to the visible light of the sun. Society of Canada, Halifax Halifax, city, Canada Halifax, city (1991 pop. 114,455), provincial capital, S central N.S., Canada, on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest city in the Maritime Provinces and is one of Canada's principal ice-free Atlantic ports. , N.S., Canada. pp. 165-73. Elmahdy, A.H. 1992. Heat transmission and R-value of fenestration systems using IRC hot box: Procedure and uncertainty analysis. ASHRAE ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers Trans. 98(2):630-37. Elmahdy, A.H. 1996. Surface temperature measurements of insulating glass units using infrared thermography. ASHRAE Trans. 102(2):489-96. Elmahdy, A.H. 2002. Experimental assessment of the effect of spacer bar design on the condensation resistance of insulating glass units. Third European European emanating from or pertaining to Europe. European bat lyssavirus see lyssavirus. European beech tree fagussylvaticus. European blastomycosis see cryptococcosis. Conference on Energy Performance and Indoor indoor strictly in a human dwelling; more widely includes an animal dwelling. indoor environment the physical, social and psychological environment within a human dwelling that can influence the health of a companion animal. Climate in Buildings and the Twenty-Third Conference of the Air Infiltration infiltration /in·fil·tra·tion/ (in?fil-tra´shun) 1. the pathological diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts in excess of the normal. 2. infiltrate (2). and Ventilation ventilation, process of supplying fresh air to an enclosed space and removing from it air contaminated by odors, gases, or smoke. Proper ventilation requires also that there be a movement or circulation of the air within the space and that the temperature and Centre, Lyon Lyon English Lyons City (pop., 1999: city, 445,452; metro. area, 1,348,932), east-central France. Located at the confluence of the Rhône and Saône rivers, it was founded as the Roman military colony Lugdunum in 43 BC (see , France. pp. 351-56. Elmahdy, A.H., and F. Devine. 2005. Laboratory infrared thermography technique for window surface temperature measurements. ASHRAE Trans. 111(1):561-71. Elmahdy, A.H., and R.P. Bowen. 1988. Laboratory determination of the thermal resistance of glazing units. ASHRAE Trans. 94(2):1301-16. FRAME. 1988. Enermodal Engineering Limited, Waterloo, Ontario Coordinates: Waterloo is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is the smallest of the three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and is adjacent to the larger city of Kitchener. , Canada. Griffith, B.T., D. Turler, and D. Arasteh. 1996. Surface temperatures of insulating glass units: Infrared thermography laboratory measurements. ASHRAE Trans. 102(2):479-88. Griffith, B.T., H. Goudey The Goudey Gum Co. produced sets of baseball cards in the 1930s. Most of the unreleased cards, printing plates, and company archives were thrown away in the 1960s, although some were sold to collectors. , and D. Arasteh. 2002. Surface temperatures of window specimens: Infrared thermography laboratory measurements. ASHRAE Trans. 108(1):525-36. PHYSIBEL. 1992. TRISCO: Computer program to calculate 3-D steady state heat transfer. Maldegem Maldegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the towns of Adegem, Kleit, Donk, Maldegem proper and Middelburg. On January 1st, 2006 Maldegem had a total population of 22,289. The total area is 94. , Belgium Belgium (bĕl`jəm), Du. België, Fr. La Belgique, officially Kingdom of Belgium, constitutional kingdom (2005 est. pop. 10,364,000), 11,781 sq mi (30,513 sq km), NW Europe. . THERM. 2000. Simulation program. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, scientific research centers run by the Univ. of California, located in Berkeley, Calif., and Livermore, Calif., respectively. , Berkeley, California Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. Its neighbors to the south are the cities of Oakland and Emeryville. To the north is the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington. . Wright, J.L., and A.G. McGowan. 2003. A comparison of calculated and measured indoor-side window temperature profiles. ASHRAE Trans. 109(2):857-70. A.H. Elmahdy, PhD, PE Member ASHRAE A.H. Elmahdy is a principal research officer at the Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada The National Research Council Canada (NRC) is Canada's leading organization for scientific research and development. History NRC was established in 1916, mainly to advise the government. Then, in the early 1930s, laboratories were built in Ottawa. , Ottawa Ottawa, city, Canada Ottawa (ŏt`əwə), city (1991 pop. 313,987), capital of Canada, SE Ont., at the confluence of the Ottawa and Rideau rivers. Hull, Que. , Ontario.
Table 1. Summary of the Glass and Frame Surface Temperatures on the Room
Side of Ten IG Units in a Vinyl Frame (VY-FR)
Frame Type: Vinyl IG Designation
IG #
Glazing T/C No. IG1 IG2 IG3 IG4 IG5 IG6
Top @ 10 mm 6 8.1 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.8 7.8
Top @ 20 mm 10 8.5 8.6 9.0 8.8 9.2 8.3
Top @ 30 mm 7 9.0 9.0 9.3 8.9 9.5 8.8
Top @ 40 mm 9 8.4 8.4 8.8 8.3 9.0 8.1
Top @ 50 mm 8 8.4 8.3 8.7 8.2 8.8 8.1
Top @ 240 mm 11 6.7 6.8 7.8 6.3 7.7 5.6
Mid height @ 490 mm 12 5.1 5.2 7.1 3.8 7.1 3.2
Bottom @ 240 mm 13 6.0 5.9 7.3 4.9 7.2 4.4
Bottom @ 50 mm 17 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.5
Bottom @ 40 mm 18 5.0 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.4 4.7
Bottom @ 30 mm 16 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.3 3.8 3.9
Bottom @ 20 mm 19 3.2 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.4 1.9
Bottom @ 10 mm 15 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.0 -0.2
Location on Frame
Header: corner 4 16.9 16.2 16.9 16.8 16.8 17.1
Header: left 5 17.4 17.4 17.5 17.5 17.4 17.5
Side: top 3 17.2 17.1 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.3
Side: bottom 2 15.7 15.7 15.8 15.7 15.6 15.6
Sill: left 1 13.2 13.1 13.3 13.0 13.2 13.0
Sill: center 0 13.1 13.2 13.4 12.9 13.3 12.6
Stop: left 14 11.0 11.0 11.1 10.8 11.0 10.5
IG thickness, mm 20.3 19.1 18.9 18.9 19.4 18.5
Frame Type: Vinyl IG Designation
IG #
Glazing T/C No. IG7 IG8 IG9 IG10
Top @ 10 mm 6 8.2 9.4 9.4 8.0
Top @ 20 mm 10 9.1 9.4 9.6 8.7
Top @ 30 mm 7 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.2
Top @ 40 mm 9 9.2 9.0 9.3 8.5
Top @ 50 mm 8 9.2 9.1 9.2 8.3
Top @ 240 mm 11 8.2 7.8 8.5 7.0
Mid height @ 490 mm 12 7.6 7.2 7.8 5.9
Bottom @ 240 mm 13 7.6 7.3 7.5 6.3
Bottom @ 50 mm 17 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.7
Bottom @ 40 mm 18 4.3 4.2 4.5 5.2
Bottom @ 30 mm 16 3.6 3.6 3.8 4.6
Bottom @ 20 mm 19 3.0 1.0 2.6 2.7
Bottom @ 10 mm 15 1.3 0.5 1.2 1.4
Location on Frame
Header: corner 4 16.7 17.1 17.3 17.0
Header: left 5 17.4 17.6 17.6 17.5
Side: top 3 17.1 17.5 17.4 17.3
Side: bottom 2 15.7 15.6 15.7 15.7
Sill: left 1 13.2 12.8 13.2 12.1
Sill: center 0 13.3 12.7 13.4 13.2
Stop: left 14 10.9 10.8 11.1 9.8
IG thickness, mm 19.6 18.1 18.6 18.8
Table 2. Summary of the Glass and Frame Surface Temperatures on the Room
Side of Ten IG Units in an Aluminum Frame (AL-FR)
IG Unit # T/C No. IG1 IG2 IG3 IG4 IG5 IG6 IG7
Top @ 10 mm 6 7.6 7.4 7.7 7.9 7.8 6.6 7.5
Top @ 20 mm 10 8.4 8.3 8.7 8.6 8.8 7.9 9.0
Top @ 30 mm 7 8.9 8.8 9.2 8.8 9.2 8.4 9.3
Top @ 40 mm 9 8.5 8.4 8.9 8.1 8.9 7.9 9.2
Top @ 50 mm 8 8.7 8.5 8.9 8.5 9.1 8.1 9.3
Bottom @ 10 mm 15 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.4 1.4 1.2 1.4
Bottom @ 20 mm 19 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.4
Bottom @ 30 mm 16 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.4
Bottom @ 40 mm 18 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.1
Bottom @ 50 mm 17 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.2 4.8
Location on Frame
Header: left 1 13.1 13.4 13.6 13.5 13.1 13.1 13.2
Header: center 2 13.4 13.7 13.8 13.7 13.4 13.4 13.4
Header: right 3 12.9 13.2 13.3 13.2 12.9 12.9 12.8
Side: top 0 12.4 12.7 12.9 12.8 12.5 12.5 12.5
Side: bottom 20 10.7 11.0 11.1 11.0 10.8 10.7 10.7
Glazing stop: left 4 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.5 10.3 10.2 10.1
Glazing stop: right 5 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.5 10.2 10.3 10.1
IG thickness, mm 20.4 19.1 18.9 18.9 19.4 18.5 19.6
IG Unit # T/C No. IG8 IG9 IG10
Top @ 10 mm 6 8.7 8.4 7.2
Top @ 20 mm 10 9.3 9.0 8.4
Top @ 30 mm 7 9.4 9.4 8.7
Top @ 40 mm 9 9.0 9.0 8.4
Top @ 50 mm 8 9.1 9.2 8.5
Bottom @ 10 mm 15 2.0 1.9 1.8
Bottom @ 20 mm 19 3.0 2.8 2.9
Bottom @ 30 mm 16 4.0 3.9 3.9
Bottom @ 40 mm 18 4.6 4.4 4.4
Bottom @ 50 mm 17 5.2 5.2 5.3
Location on Frame
Header: left 1 13.9 13.6 13.5
Header: center 2 14.1 13.8 13.7
Header: right 3 13.6 13.3 13.1
Side: top 0 13.2 12.9 12.8
Side: bottom 20 11.3 10.9 11.0
Glazing stop: left 4 10.8 10.5 10.5
Glazing stop: right 5 10.9 10.6 10.5
IG thickness, mm 18.1 18.6 18.8
Table 3. Summary of the Glass and Frame Surface Temperatures on the Room
Side of Ten IG Units in a Wood Frame
Location on
Glazing T/C No. IG1 IG2 IG3 IG4 IG5 IG6 IG7
Top @ 10 mm 6 8.4 8.2 8.3 8.6 8.7 7.4 8.7
Top @ 20 mm 10 9.4 9.0 9.3 9.1 9.6 8.5 9.5
Top @ 30 mm 7 9.7 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.7 8.8 10.0
Top @ 40 mm 9 9.3 8.8 9.2 8.8 9.3 8.4 9.7
Top @ 50 mm 8 9.2 8.8 9.2 8.8 9.4 8.4 9.7
3/4 height 11 7.3 6.6 7.6 6.0 7.6 5.4 8.1
1/2 height 12 6.6 5.3 7.0 3.3 6.9 2.3 7.7
1/4 height 13 7.0 6.0 7.3 4.8 7.3 4.3 7.7
1/2 height @ 30 mm 14 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.8
Bottom @ 10 mm 15 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.9 1.5 0.6 1.3
Bottom @ 20 mm 19 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.9 2.2 1.8 2.4
Bottom @ 30 mm 16 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.4 4.0 4.0 3.9
Bottom @ 40 mm 18 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.4
Bottom @ 50 mm 17 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.2
Location on Frame
Header: left 1 16.1 16.1 16.0 16.3 15.9 16.0 16.2
Header: center 2 17.0 17.0 17.1 17.1 16.9 17.0 17.0
Header: right 3 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.9 16.8 16.9
Side: top 0 17.1 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2
Side: bottom 20 16.2 16.1 16.0 16.2 16.1 15.9 16.1
Sill: left 21 14.3 14.2 14.1 14.2 14.2 14.1 14.3
Sill: center 22 13.9 13.7 13.7 13.5 13.9 13.0 14.0
Sill: right 23 14.3 14.2 14.1 14.2 14.2 13.6 14.3
Glazing Stop: left 4 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.1 13.3
Glazing Stop: right 5 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.4 13.2 12.8 13.2
IG thickness, mm 20.3 19.1 18.9 18.9 19.4 18.5 19.6
Location on
Glazing T/C No. IG8 IG9 IG10
Top @ 10 mm 6 9.9 9.1 8.1
Top @ 20 mm 10 10.6 9.3 9.0
Top @ 30 mm 7 10.0 9.7 9.2
Top @ 40 mm 9 10.0 9.2 8.9
Top @ 50 mm 8 9.8 9.2 8.7
3/4 height 11 7.7 7.6 6.9
1/2 height 12 7.2 7.1 5.9
1/4 height 13 7.3 7.3 6.2
1/2 height @ 30 mm 14 7.7 7.9 7.5
Bottom @ 10 mm 15 0.7 0.0 1.8
Bottom @ 20 mm 19 2.7 1.9 2.9
Bottom @ 30 mm 16 4.1 3.7 4.4
Bottom @ 40 mm 18 4.7 4.2 4.8
Bottom @ 50 mm 17 5.4 5.2 5.6
Location on Frame
Header: left 1 16.7 16.2 16.3
Header: center 2 17.4 17.1 17.1
Header: right 3 17.4 17.0 17.0
Side: top 0 17.5 17.2 17.2
Side: bottom 20 16.1 16.0 16.3
Sill: left 21 14.3 14.2 14.4
Sill: center 22 13.9 13.4 14.0
Sill: right 23 14.4 14.3 14.4
Glazing Stop: left 4 13.1 12.9 13.6
Glazing Stop: right 5 13.4 13.2 13.4
IG thickness, mm 18.1 18.6 18.8
Table 4. Summary of the Glass and Frame Surface Temperatures on the Room
Side of Ten IG Units in a Glass Fiber Frame
Location on Glazing T/C No. IG1 IG2 IG3 IG4 IG5 IG6 IG7
Top @ 10 mm 6 10.6 10.1 12.0 10.4 11.1 9.6 10.4
Top @ 20 mm 10 11.0 13.5 12.7 10.8 11.7 12.4 11.4
Top @ 30 mm 7 11.2 9.5 12.3 10.6 11.2 10.4 11.2
Top @ 40 mm 9 10.1 9.8 12.9 10.4 10.6 10.2 10.8
Top @ 50 mm 8 9.9 8.9 12.3 9.8 10.3 9.7 10.7
3/4 height 11 6.6 5.9 9.9 8.1 7.6 6.4 8.0
1/2 height 12 5.6 4.4 8.3 6.8 7.7 2.1 8.1
1/4 height 13 6.2 5.5 8.5 7.4 8.6 4.4 8.3
1/2 height @ 30 mm 14 10.1 9.4 11.1 9.6 10.1 9.7 10.0
Bottom @ 10 mm 15 4.0 4.7 6.4 3.9 3.6 3.6 4.1
Bottom @ 20 mm 19 5.9 4.4 7.1 5.6 6.0 5.6 5.6
Bottom @ 30 mm 16 5.8 7.7 8.3 6.5 6.8 5.8 5.7
Bottom @ 40 mm 18 6.5 5.9 8.4 6.5 7.1 6.7 6.9
Bottom @ 50 mm 17 7.3 6.8 8.7 6.5 8.1 7.1 7.4
Location on Frame
Header: left 1 10.2 9.4 11.1 9.7 10.1 9.7 10.1
Header: center 2 13.8 12.7 13.7 11.3 13.7 13.6 13.9
Header: right 3 15.2 14.4 15.6 14.3 15.5 15.2 15.4
Side: top 0 9.9 9.5 11.2 9.5 10.3 9.8 10.2
Glazing stop: left 4 16.8 16.1 17.2 16.3 17.1 17.0 17.1
Glazing stop: right 5 15.1 14.5 15.3 16.7 15.4 15.1 15.4
IG thickness, mm 20.3 19.1 19.1 19.3 19.4 18.4 19.6
Location on Glazing T/C No. IG8 IG9 IG10
Top @ 10 mm 6 13.5 11.4 10.6
Top @ 20 mm 10 13.4 12.1 10.8
Top @ 30 mm 7 12.9 11.6 10.9
Top @ 40 mm 9 12.6 10.9 10.1
Top @ 50 mm 8 12.1 10.9 10.0
3/4 height 11 10.1 8.3 7.0
1/2 height 12 9.0 8.5 6.3
1/4 height 13 9.2 8.6 7.3
1/2 height @ 30 mm 14 11.0 10.3 10.1
Bottom @ 10 mm 15 6.0 4.1 4.2
Bottom @ 20 mm 19 7.2 5.4 6.6
Bottom @ 30 mm 16 7.2 5.5 6.4
Bottom @ 40 mm 18 7.4 7.0 7.3
Bottom @ 50 mm 17 7.6 7.2 7.4
Location on Frame
Header: left 1 10.9 10.0 10.0
Header: center 2 13.7 13.9 13.5
Header: right 3 15.7 15.6 15.5
Side: top 0 10.7 10.7 10.2
Glazing stop: left 4 17.4 17.2 17.2
Glazing stop: right 5 16.0 15.5 15.4
IG thickness, mm 18.1 18.7 18.8
Table 5. Comparison of the R-Value ([m.sup.2] x K/W) of Ten IG Units in
Four Frames
Vinyl Aluminum Wood Fiberglass
IG1 0.33 0.32 0.36 0.29
IG2 0.33 0.32 0.34 0.29
IG3 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.35
IG4 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.31
IG5 0.34 0.33 0.35 0.30
IG6 0.31 0.29 0.32 0.27
IG7 0.34 0.33 0.36 0.30
IG8 0.34 0.33 0.36 0.35
IG9 0.33 0.33 0.35 0.30
IG10 0.33 0.32 0.35 0.29
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