Arrest of juveniles for drug abuse violations from 1994 to 2003.Introduction One major social ill facing the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. is drug abuse and its impact on the person and on society as a whole. Arrest data from the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR (Under Color Removal) A method for reducing the amount of printing ink used. It substitutes black for gray color (equal amounts of cyan, magenta and yellow). Thus black ink is used instead of the three CMY inks. See GCR and dot gain. ) Program show that within the past decade alone, the number of arrests for drug abuse violations has increased 24.2 percent. In fact, the estimated number of arrests for drug abuse violations for the 10-year period 1994 to 2003 topped 15.4 million. Trends for overall arrests involving drug abuse suggest that this social problem shows no signs of abating. (See Table 5.1.) Objective Analyzing the characteristics of those arrested has long been a valuable tool for law enforcement in the war against crime. The objective of this study is to analyze an·a·lyze v. 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. To separate a chemical substance into its constituent elements to determine their nature or proportions. 3. the data provided to the UCR Program by the local, county, and state law enforcement agencies A law enforcement agency (LEA) is a term used to describe any agency which enforces the law. This may be a local or state police, federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) or the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). pertaining per·tain intr.v. per·tained, per·tain·ing, per·tains 1. To have reference; relate: evidence that pertains to the accident. 2. to the juveniles (individuals under age 18) whom they arrested for drug abuse violations during the decade of 1994 to 2003. Methodology This study uses simple statistics and graphical tools to analyze the data received by the UCR Program concerning juveniles arrested for drug abuse violations over the 10-year period under consideration. The age, sex, and race of the juvenile juvenile /ju·ve·nile/ (ju´vin-il) 1. pertaining to youth or childhood. 2. a youth or child; a young animal. 3. a cell or organism intermediate between immature and mature forms. arrestees are featured, and trends and patterns are illustrated by the tables and graphs This partial list of graphs contains definitions of graphs and graph families which are known by particular names, but do not have a Wikipedia article of their own. For collected definitions of graph theory terms that do not refer to individual graph types, such as . Data In the UCR Program, one arrest is counted for each separate instance in which an individual is arrested, cited, or summoned for a criminal act. An individual may be arrested multiple times during a year; therefore, the UCR Program's arrest figures do not represent the total number of persons arrested, but rather an accounting of the number of instances of arrest by law enforcement agencies. Because participation in the Program is voluntary, many agencies submit fewer than 12 months of arrest data. The actual arrest counts from those agencies submitting 12 months of complete arrest data were the base for this study. Those actual arrest counts were then used to estimate the number of arrests for the agencies that submitted fewer than 12 months of arrest data. (Details about the process used for making these estimations are provided in the Appendix appendix, small, worm-shaped blind tube, about 3 in. (7.6 cm) long and 1-4 in. to 1 in. (.64–2.54 cm) thick, projecting from the cecum (part of the large intestine) on the right side of the lower abdominal cavity. at the end of this study.) The UCR Program defines a juvenile as a person under the age of 18. The data used in this study include the age, sex, and race information reported to the Program concerning juveniles arrested for drug abuse violations over the 10-year period 1994 to 2003. The reader should know that the details collected by the UCR Program concerning the arrests made by law enforcement for drug abuse violations include the type of drug involved, differentiating between sale/manufacturing and possession of the following four drug categories: opium opium, substance derived by collecting and drying the milky juice in the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Opium varies in color from yellow to dark brown and has a characteristic odor and a bitter taste. or cocaine cocaine (kōkān`, kō`kān), alkaloid drug derived from the leaves of the coca shrub. A commonly abused illegal drug, cocaine has limited medical uses, most often in surgical applications that take advantage of the fact that, in and their derivatives derivatives In finance, contracts whose value is derived from another asset, which can include stocks, bonds, currencies, interest rates, commodities, and related indexes. Purchasers of derivatives are essentially wagering on the future performance of that asset. (e.g. morphine morphine, principal derivative of opium, which is the juice in the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. It was first isolated from opium in 1803 by the German pharmacist F. W. A. , heroin heroin (hĕ`rəwən), opiate drug synthesized from morphine (see narcotic). Originally produced in 1874, it was thought to be not only nonaddictive but useful as a cure for respiratory illness and morphine addiction, and capable of relieving , codeine codeine (kō`dēn), alkaloid found in opium. It is a narcotic whose effects, though less potent, resemble those of morphine. An effective cough suppressant, it is mainly used in cough medicines. Like other narcotics, codeine is addictive. ); marijuana marijuana or marihuana, drug obtained from the flowering tops, stems, and leaves of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa (see hemp) or C. indica; the latter species can withstand colder climates. ; synthetic Synthetic A financial instrument that is created artificially by simulating another instrument with the combined features of a collection of other assets. Notes: narcotics--manufactured narcotics narcotics n. 1) techinically, drugs which dull the senses. 2) a popular generic term for drugs which cannot be legally possessed, sold, or transported except for medicinal uses for which a physician or dentist's prescription is required. which can cause true drug addiction drug addiction or chemical dependency Physical and/or psychological dependency on a psychoactive (mind-altering) substance (e.g., alcohol, narcotics, nicotine), defined as continued use despite knowing that the substance causes harm. (e.g. Demerol Demerol: see analgesic. , methadone methadone (mĕth`ədōn', –dŏn'), synthetic narcotic similar in effect to morphine. Synthesized in Germany, it came into clinical use after World War II. It is sometimes used as an analgesic and to suppress the cough reflex. ); and dangerous nonnarcotic drugs (e.g. barbiturates Barbiturates Definition Barbiturates are medicines that act on the central nervous system and cause drowsiness and can control seizures. Purpose , Benzedrine benzedrine see amphetamine. benzedrine Amphetamine sulfate Pharmacology A vasoconstricting nonnarcotic stimulant, first marketed as an OTC inhalation stimulant to treat congestion. See Amphetamine. ). This study uses these categories and definitions as well. Finally, for this paper, the term drug abuse encompasses sale/manufacturing and possession, unless otherwise stated. In addition, the number of arrests implies (logic) implies - (=> or a thin right arrow) A binary Boolean function and logical connective. A => B is true unless A is true and B is false. The truth table is A B | A => B ----+------- F F | T F T | T T F | F T T | T It is surprising at first that A => estimated values. For convenience and ease of reading, opium or cocaine will be used for the category opium or cocaine and their derivatives. Analysis Of the total number (15,416,973) of arrests for drug abuse violations during the decade (1994-2003) examined for this study, 12.4 percent were of juveniles (persons under age 18). (See Table 5.1.) The following text provides an analysis of the data furnished fur·nish tr.v. fur·nished, fur·nish·ing, fur·nish·es 1. To equip with what is needed, especially to provide furniture for. 2. to the UCR Program concerning those arrests. By Age Law enforcement agencies made over 1.9 million arrests of juveniles for drug abuse violations from 1994 to 2003. The data further revealed that in 1994, persons under 18 accounted for 11.8 percent of the number of arrests for drug abuse. Ten years later, the juvenile proportion of arrests for drug abuse violations was virtually unchanged: 11.6 percent. (Based on Table 5.1.) In addition, the data provided by the arresting agencies showed that in 1997, the Nation experienced the highest number of arrests of juveniles for drug abuse violations for the 10-year period under consideration. During that year, nearly 209,000 arrests of juveniles were made for either the sale/manufacture or possession of illegal drugs. (See Tables 5.1 and 5.2.) A breakdown breakdown /break·down/ (brak´doun) 1. the act or process of ceasing to function. 2. an often sudden collapse in health. 3. loss of self-control. of the data showed that the majority (ranging from 73.8 percent in 1994 to 83.7 percent in 2003) of the arrests of juveniles for the period studied were for possession of drugs rather than the sale or manufacturing of illegal substances. (Based on Table 5.2.) Over the 10-year span, the number of arrests of juveniles for violations involving opium or cocaine declined, while arrests involving marijuana increased. Marijuana remained the drug type associated with the highest percentage of juveniles arrested for drug abuse. Arrests of juveniles for violations involving synthetic narcotics and dangerous nonnarcotics consistently accounted for the lowest percentage of juveniles arrested for drug abuse violations for the 10-year period. (See Figure 5.1.) [FIGURE 5.1 OMITTED] A review of the arrest data from 1994 to 2003 showed that the overall number of arrests of juveniles for drug abuse violations increased 22.9 percent. The number of arrests involving each drug type, with the exception of opium or cocaine, increased during the decade. Arrests for violations involving marijuana rose 60.5 percent, arrests involving synthetic narcotics increased 162.8 percent--the highest proportional proportional values expressed as a proportion of the total number of values in a series. proportional dwarf the patient is a miniature without disproportionate reductions or enlargements of body parts. increase, and arrests involving dangerous nonnarcotics rose 38.4 percent. Arrests of juveniles for violations involving opium or cocaine, however, declined 50.9 percent when comparing the number of arrests for drug abuse for 2003 with the number for 1994. (Based on Tables 5.1 and 5.2.) A comparison of data concerning arrests for drug abuse from 1999 and 2003, a five-year trend, indicated the number of arrests of juveniles for violations involving marijuana increased 4.2 percent, arrests of juveniles involved with synthetic narcotics increased 80.6 percent, and arrests of juveniles involved with dangerous nonnarcotics increased 55.2 percent. Arrests of juveniles for violations involving opium or cocaine decreased 27.7 percent during this period. (Based on Table 5.2.) During the two-year period from 2002 to 2003, the number of arrests of juveniles for violations involving marijuana, synthetic narcotics, and dangerous nonnarcotics increased 7.9 percent, 8.8 percent, and 8.2 percent, respectively. However, the number of arrests of juveniles involved with opium or cocaine declined 5.7 percent. (Based on Table 5.2.) A review of the arrest data for 2003 revealed that the overall number of arrests of juveniles for the sale/manufacturing or possession of marijuana accounted for over 7 out of every 10 arrests of juveniles for drug abuse. Arrests for the sale/manufacturing or possession of marijuana accounted for 73.0 percent of the arrests of juveniles for drug abuse violations, followed by opium or cocaine with 13.2 percent of the arrests, dangerous nonnarcotics with 10.9 percent, and synthetic narcotics with 2.9 percent. (Based on Table 5.2.) By Age and Sex A review of the data for the number of arrests of juveniles for drug abuse violations for each sex and age group showed that, as expected, juveniles 12 years of age and younger comprised the lowest percentage of arrests of juveniles for each year of the 10-year period covered. An examination of the data by sex showed that a lower percentage of female juveniles were arrested than were male juveniles for each age group. The group showing the highest percentage of arrests for each year during the 10-year period was 17-year-old males. (See Table 5.3.) The data for the 10 years covered in this study showed that of the number of arrests in 1994 for drug abuse violations involving juveniles under age 10, 83.0 percent were males and 17.0 percent were females. A decade later, the percentage of arrests for drug abuse violations of males under age 10 dropped to 78.9 percent, and the percentage of arrests of females increased to 21.1 percent. (See Table 5.4.) An examination of the data for all juveniles arrested for drug abuse violations within sex and by each age group showed that a higher proportion of female juveniles were arrested at a younger age (15 and under) than were male juveniles. This held true for each year of the 10-year period considered in this study. (See Table 5.5.) The number of arrests of male juveniles for drug abuse violations accounted for over 80.0 percent of the total number of arrests of juveniles for drug abuse; however, the number decreased slightly over the 10-year period. In contrast, arrests of female juveniles marginally mar·gin·al adj. 1. Of, relating to, located at, or constituting a margin, a border, or an edge: the marginal strip of beach; a marginal issue that had no bearing on the election results. 2. increased over the 10-year period, but remained under 20.0 percent of the total. (See Table 5.6.) Arrests of male juveniles invariably in·var·i·a·ble adj. Not changing or subject to change; constant. in·var  i·a·bil account for the largest
proportion of the arrests of juveniles for drug abuse violations--82.8
percent to 88.2 percent of the total arrests during the 10-year span of
this study. When the sex of the arrestees within drug type was compared,
the data showed that male juveniles composed a greater percentage of the
total arrests for violations involving opium or cocaine, followed by
violations involving marijuana. This held true for all 10 years studied.
A year-by-year review of the arrest data involving synthetic narcotics
and dangerous nonnarcotics by sex of the arrestees within drug type
showed that from 1994 to 1998, violations involving these two drug types
were consistently the third and fourth most frequent cause of arrest
(and they often exchanged positions). From 1999 to 2003, the percentage
of male juveniles arrested for violations involving synthetic narcotics
proportionally pro·por·tion·al adj. 1. Forming a relationship with other parts or quantities; being in proportion. 2. Properly related in size, degree, or other measurable characteristics; corresponding: followed dangerous nonnarcotics in percentage of arrests. (See Table 5.6.) For the 10-, five-, and two-year periods examined for this study, the data reflected that the percent of change in the number of arrests of female juveniles for all drug types combined was larger than that for male juveniles, although male juveniles were more frequently arrested than female juveniles for violations involving each of the four drug types. (See Tables 5.6 and 5.7.) With the exception of violations involving opium or cocaine, the percent of change for arrests involving each of the four drug types by sex showed that the percentage increase for the arrests of female juveniles was much higher than the percentage increase in the number of arrests for male juveniles. There was a decrease in the number of arrests of both female and male juveniles for the 10- and five-year periods for violations involving opium or cocaine. The number of arrests of male juveniles for drug abuse violations involving each drug type (except opium or cocaine) increased in 2003 when compared to the number in 2002. The number of arrests of male juveniles for violations involving opium or cocaine decreased 7.0 percent when comparing the data from this two-year period. Arrests of female juveniles for drug abuse violations increased for each drug type. Interestingly, arrests of female juveniles for drug abuse violations involving opium or cocaine increased 1.5 percent in contrast to the male juvenile experience, which showed a decrease for the same period. (See Table 5.7.) Marijuana was the drug for which more male juveniles were arrested than for any other drug type each year from 1994 to 2003. Male juveniles arrested for the sale/manufacturing and possession of marijuana combined increased from 55.1 percent of the arrests of male juveniles in 1994 to 74.0 percent in 2003. Arrests of male juveniles for violations involving opium or cocaine fell from 34.2 percent of the arrests of male juveniles for drugs in 1994 to 13.4 percent in 2003. The percentage of arrests of male juveniles for violations involving dangerous nonnarcotic drugs was nearly equal to the percentage of arrests of male juveniles for violations involving opium or cocaine in 2003. (See Figure 5.2.) [FIGURE 5.2 OMITTED] Similarly, arrests for violations involving marijuana accounted for the highest percentage of arrests of female juveniles for drug abuse violations for each year of the 10 years under consideration. The percentage of arrests of female juveniles for violations involving opium or cocaine decreased from 1994 to 2003. The percentage of arrests of female juveniles for violations involving dangerous nonnarcotics was higher than that of opium or cocaine for 2002 and 2003. (See Figure 5.3.) [FIGURE 5.3 OMITTED] By Age and Race The four race categories for which data are collected by the UCR Program are white, black, American Indian American Indian or Native American or Amerindian or indigenous American Any member of the various aboriginal peoples of the Western Hemisphere, with the exception of the Eskimos (Inuit) and the Aleuts. or Alaskan Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander Asian or Pacific Islander Multiculture A person with origins in any of the peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent, Pacific Islands–eg China, India, Japan, Korea, the Philippine Islands and Samoa . A review of the percent distribution of arrests within drug type by the arrestee's race showed that for all drug types combined, white juvenile arrestees accounted for 60.6 percent of the total in 1994; the number rose 23.6 percent to 74.9 percent of the total in 2003. Conversely con·verse 1 intr.v. con·versed, con·vers·ing, con·vers·es 1. To engage in a spoken exchange of thoughts, ideas, or feelings; talk. See Synonyms at speak. 2. , the percent of arrestees who were black juveniles fell 39.4 percent for all drug types combined, from 38.1 percent in 1994 to 23.1 percent in 2003. (Based on Table 5.8.) The percent of other races (American Indian or Alaskan Native and Asian or Pacific Islander) combined accounted for a minimal portion of juvenile arrestees when compared to the percentage of white and black juveniles arrested. In 1994, other races accounted for 1.3 percent, and in 2003, that percentage rose to 1.9 percent for all drug types combined. (Based on Table 5.8.) An examination of the percent of arrests by race within drug type showed that black juveniles were more likely to be arrested for violations involving opium or cocaine than any other racial group. Whites were more likely to be arrested for violations involving the other three drug categories. The proportion of white juveniles arrested rose 25.2 percent from 66.6 percent of the arrests for violations involving dangerous nonnarcotics in 1994 to 83.4 percent in 2003. (Based on Table 5.8.) An analysis of the data for 1994 and 2003 showed that the number of arrests of black juveniles for drug abuse violations decreased 25.6 percent for all drug types combined. The number of arrests of black juveniles fell 59.2 percent for violations involving opium or cocaine. Similarly, the number of arrests of white and Asian or Pacific Islander juveniles declined for violations involving opium or cocaine. The number of arrests of juveniles for violations involving marijuana and synthetic nonnarcotics increased for all races. Arrests involving dangerous nonnarcotics increased for each racial category except black. (See Table 5.9.) When arrests for drug abuse violations for 2003 were compared to those in 1999, the number of arrests of black juveniles for drug abuse violations showed a decrease for all drug categories combined (16.7 percent); arrests of black juveniles also decreased for violations involving opium or cocaine (32.9 percent), and marijuana (9.5 percent). The number of arrests of juveniles declined for each of the other three racial groups for violations involving opium or cocaine. The number of arrests of juveniles of each race, with the exception of arrests of black juveniles for violations involving marijuana, increased for violations involving marijuana, synthetic narcotics, and dangerous nonnarcotics. (See Table 5.9.) A review of the data for the two-year period of 2002 to 2003 revealed that the number of arrests of juveniles for violations involving all drugs combined decreased 9.7 percent for juveniles who were Asian or Pacific Islander. Each race showed a decrease in the number of arrests of juveniles for violations involving opium or cocaine. Although the number of drug-related arrests of juveniles who were Asian or Pacific Islanders declined 9.9 percent for marijuana and 26.3 percent for synthetic narcotics for 2003 over 2002, the number of arrests of juveniles of all other racial categories increased for those drug types for the same two-year period. The number of arrests of juveniles of each race rose for violations involving dangerous nonnarcotics. (See Table 5.9.) From 1994 to 2003, the 10 years of the study, the percentage of arrests of white juveniles for violations involving marijuana was, in every year, higher than for any other drug type. From 1994 to 1999, opium or cocaine violations were the second most common type leading to the arrest of white juveniles. However, beginning in 2000 and continuing until 2003, the final year of the study, the percentage of arrests of white juveniles for violations involving dangerous nonnarcotics became the second most common drug type leading to arrest. (See Figure 5.4.) [FIGURE 5.4 OMITTED] As previously observed ob·serve v. ob·served, ob·serv·ing, ob·serves v.tr. 1. To be or become aware of, especially through careful and directed attention; notice. 2. , an examination of the data within drug type by arrestee's race for 1994 to 2003 showed that black juveniles were proportionally more likely to be arrested for violations involving opium or cocaine for each of the 10 years when compared to the other races. (See Table 5.8.) In contrast, when the data by drug type for arrests of black juveniles for each year during the period under consideration were analyzed an·a·lyze tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. , the percentage of arrests for violations involving opium or cocaine fell below the percentage of arrests for marijuana in 1997 and remained below through 2003. (See Figure 5.5.) [FIGURE 5.5 OMITTED] For each of the 10 years examined for this study, the highest percentage of arrests of juveniles of the race categories of American Indian or Alaskan Natives and Asian or Pacific Islanders for drug abuse was for violations involving marijuana. The percentages of arrests of juveniles in those two race categories for violations involving opium or cocaine and dangerous nonnarcotics varied higher and lower than one another several times during the 10-year period. Violations involving synthetic narcotics accounted for the lowest percentage of juvenile arrests for those two races. (See Figures 5.6 and 5.7.) [FIGURES 5.6-5.7 OMITTED] Limitations One limitation to this study is the fact that participating in the FBI's UCR Program is voluntary, and therefore, many agencies provide fewer than 12 months of arrest data to the Program. As a result, the actual arrest counts received by the Program must be estimated to account for those agencies that submit fewer than 12 months of arrest data for any given year. Another limitation to the data used in this study is the inclusion of the race of the arrestee ARRESTEE, law of Scotland. He in whose hands a debt, or property in his possession, has been arrested by a regular arrestment. If, in contempt of the arrestment, he shall make payment of the sum, or deliver the goods arrested to the common debtor, he is not only liable criminally for and the drug breakdowns are not mandatory Peremptory; obligatory; required; that which must be subscribed to or obeyed. Mandatory statutes are those that require, as opposed to permit, a particular course of action. elements on participating agencies' arrest reports; therefore, the number of arrests that include race and drug breakdowns is generally lower than the arrest counts by age and sex. The agencies that contribute data to the FBI using the traditional Summary system are limited to collecting four drug categories with little specificity of drug type. (Currently, the UCR Program converts the data that are submitted through the Program's National Incident-Based Reporting System to Summary data before publication.) In spite of in opposition to all efforts of; in defiance or contempt of; notwithstanding. See also: Spite these limitations, this study illustrates the attributes of juveniles arrested for drug abuse violations as reported to the UCR Program from 1994 to 2003. Summary and Conclusion Using basic statistics in tabular tab·u·lar adj. 1. Having a plane surface; flat. 2. Organized as a table or list. 3. Calculated by means of a table. tabular resembling a table. format and charts, this study presented the information received by the UCR Program over the 10-year period from 1994 to 2003 concerning the characteristics (i.e., the age, sex, and race) of juveniles arrested for drug abuse violations. In the past 10 years, the Years, The the seven decades of Eleanor Pargiter’s life. [Br. Lit.: Benét, 1109] See : Time majority (68.7 percent) of the estimated number of arrests of juveniles for drug abuse violations (sale/manufacturing and possession combined) were for marijuana. A comparison of the number of arrests of juveniles for drug abuse violations in 2003 to that in 1994 showed that arrests of juveniles for violations involving marijuana increased 60.5 percent. The number of arrests of juveniles for violations involving all drugs combined increased 22.9 percent from 1994 to 2003, with only arrests for violations involving opium or cocaine showing a decrease (50.9 percent) during the same period. In 1994, whites accounted for 60.6 percent of the juveniles arrested for drug abuse violations, increasing to 74.9 percent in 2003. In terms of sex, male juveniles were more often arrested for drug abuse violations than were female juveniles; however, female juveniles were shown to be arrested at a younger age than were male juveniles. By race within drug type, black juveniles comprised the majority of arrests for violations involving opium and cocaine. White juveniles accounted for the majority of arrests for violations involving the other three drug categories. This study served to display the attributes of the juvenile arrestees for drug abuse violations. It was not intended for the purpose of explaining the causes behind any changes or trends for the 10-year period. More in-depth in-depth adj. Detailed; thorough: an in-depth study. in-depth Adjective detailed or thorough: an in-depth analysis research utilizing more complex methodologies is necessary in order to determine any specific reasons for any trends in the number of arrests of juveniles for drug abuse violations. Appendix The UCR Program's arrest data for drug abuse violations are available with breakdowns for the age and sex of the arrestees (both juveniles and adults). The races of the arrestees (both juveniles and adults) are also provided, but without specific age breakdowns. The numbers found on those UCR reports are the actual number of arrests. The FBI's staff estimates the total number of arrests for drug abuse violations for those agencies that submitted fewer than 12 months of data. For this study, the estimated number of arrests for drug abuse violations for each year and the age, sex, and racial categories were determined in the following manner. First, the estimated total of all arrests for drug abuse violations combined was determined for each year. (See the methodology for Table 29 in Appendix I.) Next, the estimated total of arrests for drug abuse violations was divided by the actual reported total for each year to arrive at a value, or multiplier multiplier In economics, a numerical coefficient showing the effect of a change in one economic variable on another. One macroeconomic multiplier, the autonomous expenditures multiplier, relates the impact of a change in total national investment on the nation's total , for each year. Then, the multiplier for a given year was applied to each actual value of age and sex breakdowns on the reports for that same year to arrive at the estimated value for each category. Example for Calculating the Estimated Number of Juveniles for Drug Abuse Violations for Age and Sex A = 1994 Actual Total of Arrests of Juveniles for Drug Abuse Violations by Age and Sex = 125,026 B = 1994 Actual Total of Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations by Age and Sex = 1,062,252 C = 1994 Estimated Total of Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations = 1,351,400 D = 1994 Estimated Total of Arrests of Juveniles for Drug Abuse Violations by Age and Sex = ? Calculation D = (C/B C/B Call Back C/B Carry Back (accounting) C/B Chemical/Biological ) (A) = (1,351,400/1,062,252) (125,026) = 159,058 Because providing the race of the arrestee is voluntary for law enforcement agencies that participate in the UCR Program, this information is often not included on the reports provided to the Program. Therefore, the actual arrest totals often differ from the totals on data that include age and sex information. The UCR staff used the same estimation estimation In mathematics, use of a function or formula to derive a solution or make a prediction. Unlike approximation, it has precise connotations. In statistics, for example, it connotes the careful selection and testing of a function called an estimator. procedure described above to estimate the total number of arrests for drug abuse violations. The Staff then used the estimated number of these arrests divided by the actual reported total of arrests for drug abuse violations by race for each year in order to determine the multiplier for estimating the arrests by race for a particular year. This second multiplier was then applied to the actual value in each racial category to determine the estimated number of arrests for drug abuse violations for a given year by race. These new (estimated) values were used to produce the tables and charts in this study. Example for Calculating the Estimated Number of Juveniles for Drug Abuse Violations for Race A = 1994 Actual Total of Arrests of Juveniles for Drug Abuse Violations by Race = 124,931 B = 1994 Actual Total of Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations by Race = 1,061,563 C = 1994 Estimated Total of Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations = 1,351,400 D = 1994 Estimated Total of Arrests of Juveniles for Drug Abuse Violations by Race = ? Calculation D = (C/B) (A) = (1,351,400/1,061,563) (124,931) = 159,041
Table 5.1
Estimated Number of Drug Arrests, 1994-2003
Year Total Adult Juvenile
Total 15,416,973 13,503,421 1,913,552
1994 1,351,400 1,192,342 159,058
1995 1,476,100 1,287,231 188,869
1996 1,506,200 1,300,918 205,282
1997 1,583,600 1,374,772 208,828
1998 1,559,100 1,364,810 194,290
1999 1,557,100 1,367,561 189,539
2000 1,579,566 1,387,138 192,428
2001 1,586,902 1,391,666 195,236
2002 1,538,813 1,354,259 184,554
2003 1,678,192 1,482,724 195,468
Note: Prior to 2000, the FBI rounded estimated total
numbers to the nearest 100.
Table 5.2
Estimated Number of Drug Arrests of Juveniles by Sale/Manufacturing
and Possession
by Drug Type
by Year (1994-2003)
1994 1995 1996 1997
Total (1) 159,058 188,869 205,282 208,828
Sale/Manufacturing (Subtotal) 41,675 43,119 44,881 41,325
Opium or Cocaine 25,860 24,270 24,070 21,300
Marijuana 11,223 13,522 15,843 15,057
Synthetic Narcotics 594 890 851 901
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 3,997 4,437 4,118 4,067
Possession (Subtotal) 117,384 145,750 160,401 167,503
Opium or Cocaine 26,723 26,873 24,202 24,622
Marijuana 77,701 103,822 121,103 126,344
Synthetic Narcotics 1,567 2,592 2,365 2,669
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 11,393 12,464 12,732 13,867
1998 1999 2000
Total (1) 194,290 189,539 192,428
Sale/Manufacturing (Subtotal) 38,463 35,694 34,696
Opium or Cocaine 19,806 17,327 14,439
Marijuana 14,182 14,710 15,479
Synthetic Narcotics 1,067 986 1,240
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 3,408 2,672 3,538
Possession (Subtotal) 155,827 153,845 157,732
Opium or Cocaine 21,360 18,363 16,521
Marijuana 120,022 122,271 125,611
Synthetic Narcotics 2,514 2,159 2,694
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 11,932 11,051 12,906
2001 2002 2003
Total (1) 195,236 184,554 195,468
Sale/Manufacturing (Subtotal) 32,791 30,519 31,895
Opium or Cocaine 14,015 12,204 11,385
Marijuana 14,038 13,766 15,178
Synthetic Narcotics 1,212 1,346 1,513
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 3,527 3,203 3,820
Possession (Subtotal) 162,445 154,034 163,573
Opium or Cocaine 15,610 15,157 14,408
Marijuana 129,159 118,519 127,524
Synthetic Narcotics 2,976 3,876 4,166
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 14,700 16,483 17,474
(1) Because of rounding, the estimated number of arrests for each
drug category may not add to total.
Table 5.3
Percent Distribution of the Estimated Number of Drug
Arrests of Juveniles
by Arrestee's Sex and Age Group (1994-2003)
Year Sex Under 10 10 to 12 13 to 14 15 16 17
1994 Male 0.2 1.4 12.1 16.1 25.1 33.4
Female * 0.4 2.6 2.4 3.0 3.5
1995 Male 0.2 1.4 11.9 16.2 25.0 32.9
Female * 0.4 2.7 2.6 3.1 3.7
1996 Male 0.1 1.5 11.9 15.6 24.4 33.1
Female * 0.4 2.9 2.6 3.4 4.0
1997 Male 0.2 1.4 11.5 15.0 24.7 33.6
Female * 0.4 2.7 2.6 3.4 4.4
1998 Male 0.2 1.3 10.6 14.7 24.7 34.7
Female * 0.3 2.5 2.6 3.7 4.6
1999 Male 0.2 1.3 10.7 14.3 24.5 34.5
Female * 0.4 2.7 2.6 3.8 4.9
2000 Male 0.2 1.4 11.1 14.4 23.5 34.8
Female * 0.4 2.9 2.8 3.7 5.0
2001 Male 0.2 1.6 11.3 14.6 23.7 32.9
Female * 0.5 3.2 2.9 4.0 5.0
2002 Male 0.2 1.0 11.1 14.0 23.4 33.3
Female * 0.5 3.2 3.1 4.3 5.3
2003 Male 0.2 1.6 11.6 14.1 22.3 33.0
Female 0.1 0.5 3.5 3.3 4.2 5.7
* Less than one-tenth of 1 percent.
Table 5.4
Percent Distribution of the Estimated Number of Drug
Arrests of Juveniles
by Arrestee's Sex within each Age Group (1994-2003)
Year Sex Under 10 10 to 12 13 to 14 15 16 17
1994 Male 83.0 78.7 82.6 87.2 89.5 90.5
Female 17.0 21.3 17.4 12.8 10.5 9.5
1995 Male 84.0 77.1 81.2 86.2 88.9 89.9
Female 16.0 22.9 18.8 13.8 11.1 10.1
1996 Male 80.0 78.1 80.2 85.8 87.7 89.2
Female 20.0 21.9 19.8 14.2 12.3 10.8
1997 Male 86.8 76.7 81.0 85.3 87.8 88.4
Female 13.2 23.3 19.0 14.7 12.2 11.6
1998 Male 77.4 79.2 80.8 85.1 87.1 88.3
Female 22.6 20.8 19.2 14.9 12.9 11.7
1999 Male 85.8 78.1 80.0 84.4 86.6 87.5
Female 14.2 21.9 20.0 15.6 13.4 12.5
2000 Male 86.1 77.4 79.4 83.9 86.3 87.5
Female 13.9 22.6 20.6 16.1 13.7 12.5
2001 Male 81.0 76.2 77.9 83.2 85.6 86.9
Female 19.0 23.8 22.1 16.8 14.4 13.1
2002 Male 82.8 75.4 77.5 81.7 84.5 86.2
Female 17.2 24.6 22.5 18.3 15.5 13.8
2003 Male 78.9 75.4 77.1 81.2 84.2 85.3
Female 21.1 24.6 22.9 18.8 15.8 14.7
Table 5.5
Percent Distribution of the Total Estimated Number of
Drug Arrests of Male Juveniles by Age Group and Female
Juveniles by Age Grout) (1994-2003)
Year Sex Under 10 10 to 12 13 to 14 15 16 17
1994 Male 0.2 1.6 13.8 18.2 28.4 37.9
Female 0.3 3.1 21.8 20.0 25.1 29.8
1995 Male 0.2 1.6 13.6 18.5 28.6 37.6
Female 0.2 3.2 21.9 20.5 24.8 29.3
1996 Male 0.2 1.7 13.7 18.0 28.2 38.2
Female 0.3 3.0 21.9 19.2 25.6 29.9
1997 Male 0.2 1.6 13.3 17.4 28.6 38.9
Female 0.2 3.2 19.9 19.1 25.3 32.4
1998 Male 0.2 1.5 12.3 17.1 28.7 40.3
Female 0.4 2.5 18.3 18.7 26.7 33.5
1999 Male 0.2 1.6 12.5 16.7 28.6 40.3
Female 0.2 2.6 18.5 18.2 26.3 34.2
2000 Male 0.2 1.6 13.0 16.8 27.5 40.9
Female 0.2 2.7 19.4 18.7 25.2 33.8
2001 Male 0.2 1.9 13.4 17.3 28.1 39.0
Female 0.2 3.2 20.6 18.8 25.6 31.6
2002 Male 0.2 1.8 13.3 16.8 28.1 39.8
Female 0.3 3.0 19.4 19.0 26.0 32.3
2003 Male 0.2 2.0 14.0 17.0 27.0 39.8
Female 0.3 3.1 20.1 18.9 24.5 33.1
Table 5.6
Percent Distribution of the
Estimated Number of Drug Arrests of Juveniles
by Drug Type and Arrestee's Sex (1994-2003)
Year Drug Male Female
1994 All Drug Types 88.2 11.8
Opium or Cocaine 91.4 8.6
Marijuana 87.0 13.0
Synthetic Narcotics 81.8 18.2
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 85.4 14.6
1995 All Drug Types 87.4 12.6
Opium or Cocaine 90.8 9.2
Marijuana 86.7 13.3
Synthetic Narcotics 83.5 16.5
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 83.1 16.9
1996 All Drug Types 86.6 13.4
Opium or Cocaine 90.0 10.0
Marijuana 86.1 13.9
Synthetic Narcotics 82.0 18.0
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 82.5 17.5
1997 All Drug Types 86.4 13.6
Opium or Cocaine 89.0 11.0
Marijuana 86.3 13.7
Synthetic Narcotics 81.0 19.0
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 81.6 18.4
1998 All Drug Types 86.2 13.8
Opium or Cocaine 88.4 11.6
Marijuana 86.2 13.8
Synthetic Narcotics 82.2 17.8
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 81.2 18.8
1999 All Drug Types 85.5 14.5
Opium or Cocaine 87.6 12.4
Marijuana 85.7 14.3
Synthetic Narcotics 79.5 20.5
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 79.9 20.1
2000 All Drug Types 85.3 14.7
Opium or Cocaine 87.8 12.2
Marijuana 85.6 14.4
Synthetic Narcotics 76.0 24.0
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 79.8 20.2
2001 All Drug Types 84.3 15.7
Opium or Cocaine 86.3 13.7
Marijuana 85.0 15.0
Synthetic Narcotics 74.3 25.7
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 78.4 21.6
2002 All Drug Types 83.5 16.5
Opium or Cocaine 85.4 14.6
Marijuana 84.4 15.6
Synthetic Narcotics 74.1 25.9
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 77.2 22.8
2003 All Drug Types 82.8 17.2
Opium or Cocaine 84.3 15.7
Marijuana 84.0 16.0
Synthetic Narcotics 72.7 27.3
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 75.9 24.1
Table 5.7
Percent Change in the Number of Estimated Drug
Arrests of Juveniles
by Drug Type and Arrestee's Sex
2-, 5-, and 10-year Comparisons
2003/2002 2003/1999 2003/1994
Male Female Male Female Male Female
All Drug Types 5.1 10.2 -0.2 22.6 15.4 79.2
Opium or Cocaine -7.0 1.5 -30.5 -8.5 -54.8 -10.7
Marijuana 7.4 10.7 2.1 16.8 54.9 97.7
Synthetic Narcotics 6.7 14.7 64.9 141.3 133.6 293.6
Dangerous 6.3 14.4 47.4 86.3 23.0 127.9
Nonnarcotics
Table 5.8
Percent Distribution of the Estimated Number of Drug
Arrests of Juveniles
by Drug Type and Arrestee's Race (1994-2003)
American
Indian
or Asian or
Alaskan Pacific
Year Drug White Black Native Islander
1994 All Drug Types 60.6 38.1 0.5 0.8
Opium or Cocaine 32.7 66.8 0.1 0.3
Marijuana 75.5 22.7 0.7 1.1
Synthetic Narcotics 81.0 17.6 0.7 0.8
Dangerous 66.6 31.9 0.7 0.8
Nonnarcotics
1995 All Drug Types 63.4 35.1 0.6 0.9
Opium or Cocaine 33.8 65.6 0.2 0.4
Marijuana 74.7 23.4 0.8 1.1
Synthetic Narcotics 76.2 21.8 1.3 0.7
Dangerous 71.5 26.8 0.9 0.8
Nonnarcotics
1996 All Drug Types 66.1 32.2 0.7 1.0
Opium or Cocaine 35.6 63.7 0.3 0.5
Marijuana 75.7 22.2 0.9 1.2
Synthetic Narcotics 83.7 14.5 1.0 0.7
Dangerous 72.2 26.4 0.7 0.8
Nonnarcotics
1997 All Drug Types 66.6 31.6 0.8 1.0
Opium or Cocaine 37.5 61.7 0.3 0.4
Marijuana 74.6 23.4 0.9 1.1
Synthetic Narcotics 74.4 23.8 0.8 1.1
Dangerous 77.0 21.0 0.7 1.2
Nonnarcotics
1998 All Drug Types 67.4 30.8 0.8 1.0
Opium or Cocaine 38.9 60.4 0.3 0.4
Marijuana 75.2 22.7 0.9 1.2
Synthetic Narcotics 74.0 23.9 1.2 0.8
Dangerous 74.7 23.2 1.0 1.0
Nonnarcotics
1999 All Drug Types 69.6 28.6 0.8 1.0
Opium or Cocaine 39.1 59.8 0.5 0.6
Marijuana 76.2 21.8 0.9 1.1
Synthetic Narcotics 82.9 14.2 1.6 1.2
Dangerous 80.2 17.9 1.1 0.9
Nonnarcotics
2000 All Drug Types 71.1 27.1 0.8 1.0
Opium or Cocaine 40.4 58.7 0.4 0.6
Marijuana 76.6 21.4 0.8 1.1
Synthetic Narcotics 81.8 15.8 1.3 1.1
Dangerous 79.2 18.7 0.9 1.1
Nonnarcotics
2001 All Drug Types 72.8 25.3 0.8 1.1
Opium or Cocaine 41.3 57.6 0.5 0.6
Marijuana 77.8 20.1 0.9 1.2
Synthetic Narcotics 88.6 9.0 1.3 1.2
Dangerous 80.7 17.3 1.0 1.0
Nonnarcotics
2002 All Drug Types 74.9 23.1 0.9 1.2
Opium or Cocaine 41.9 56.8 0.6 0.6
Marijuana 80.0 17.7 0.9 1.3
Synthetic Narcotics 86.6 11.2 0.9 1.3
Dangerous 82.9 15.2 0.8 1.1
Nonnarcotics
2003 All Drug Types 74.9 23.1 0.9 1.0
Opium or Cocaine 43.0 55.8 0.6 0.6
Marijuana 78.9 19.0 1.0 1.1
Synthetic Narcotics 86.9 10.9 1.2 0.9
Dangerous 83.4 14.5 1.0 1.0
Nonnarcotics
Table 5.9
Percent Change in the Number of Estimated Drug Arrests of Juveniles
by Drug Type and Arrestee's Race
2-, 5-, and 10-Year Comparisons
2003/2002
American
Indian or Asian or
Alaskan Pacific
White Black Native Islander
All Drug Types 6.0 6.1 14.1 -9.7
Opium or Cocaine -3.7 -7.8 -17.8 -17.0
Marijuana 6.5 15.7 15.2 -9.9
Synthetic Narcotics 7.6 4.5 53.1 -26.3
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 9.2 3.6 29.7 3.2
2003/1999
American
Indian or Asian or
Alaskan Pacific
White Black Native Islander
All Drug Types 11.0 -16.7 16.7 3.7
Opium or Cocaine -21.0 -32.9 -15.5 -32.5
Marijuana 8.0 -9.5 17.5 1.9
Synthetic Narcotics 86.4 36.7 38.1 33.1
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 61.9 26.7 39.7 77.9
2003/1994
American
Indian or Asian or
Alaskan Pacific
White Black Native Islander
All Drug Types 51.9 -25.6 130.6 56.1
Opium or Cocaine -35.9 -59.2 133.4 -22.9
Marijuana 67.8 34.1 130.4 65.5
Synthetic Narcotics 179.0 62.1 357.6 208.0
Dangerous Nonnarcotics 73.5 -36.9 97.1 81.1
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