Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter.

To the Editor: We wish to rectify several errors in our commentary, Antibiotics in Animal Feed and Spread of Resistant Campylobacter from Poultry to Humans (1). The fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin was approved in 1996 for therapeutic use by addition to drinking water upon the decision of a licensed veterinarian "for the control of mortality in chickens associated with Escherichia coli organisms and control of mortality in turkeys associated with E. coli and Pasteurella multocida organisms" (2). This therapeutic use was withdrawn (3) but is now under appeal. Initial approval and subsequent efforts to withdraw use of enrofloxacin in the United States parallel the earlier trend in Europe and specifically Denmark, where the use of antimicrobial agents as growth promoters has been banned (4).

Enrofloxacin is not approved for prophylactic or growth promotion use in poultry teed as stated in our commentary and in the first section of the flowchart (1). However, when enrofloxacin is added to the drinking water of poultry, large numbers of both ill and healthy animals are exposed to the agent (5). Although extra-label use of enrofloxacin is prohibited, microbiologic culture of either of the cited bacteria is not required before administration (2). Despite the restrictions on enrofloxacin use, emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species, with poultry as an important source, has been documented in the United States (5,6). Thus the decision to withdraw therapeutic use of enrofloxacin (3) was warranted. Therefore, our conclusion remains: use of enrofloxacin in poultry materially contributed to increase in human infection by fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species. Given the above, our commentary should have been entitled Use of Antibiotics in the Poultry Industry and Spread of Resistant Campylobacter to Humans. We regret the errors and hope we have clarified this issue.

Nicole M. Iovine * and Martin J. Blaser * ([dagger])

* New York University School of Medicine, New "York, New York, USA; ([dagger]) New York Harbor Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA

References:

(1.) Iovine N, Blaser MJ. Antibiotics in animal feed and spread of resistant Campylobacter from poultry to humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10:1158-9.

(2.) Sundlof S. Enrofloxacin for Poultry; Opportunity for Hearing. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine. Fed Register. 2000;65:64954-65.

(3.) Davidson D. In the matter of enrofloxacin for poultry: withdrawal of approval of Bayer Corporation's new animal drug application 1 (NADA) 140-828 (Baytril). FDA Docket No 00N-1571 2004.

(4.) DANMAP 2002. Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals, foods and humans in Denmark. Copenhagen Danish Zoonosis Center, Danish Veterinary Institute. 2003.

(5.) Gupta A, Nelson ,lM, Barrett TJ, Tauxe RV, Rossiter SP, Friedman CR, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains, United States, 1997-2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1102-9.

(6.) Smith KE, Besser JM, Hedberg CW, Leano FT, Bender JB, Wicklund JH, et al. Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in Minnesota, 1992-1998. Investigation Team. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1525-32.

Address for correspondence: Martin J. Blaser, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, OBV-606, New York, NY 10016, USA; fax: [phone]; email: [e-mail]