Anti-inflammatory effects of aronia extract on rat endotoxin-induced uveitis.PURPOSE: Aronia crude extract (ACE) with high levels of polyphenol polyphenol Any of various alcohols containing two or more benzene rings that each have at least one hydroxyl group (OH) attached. Many polyphenols occur naturally in plants and some kinds, such as the flavonoids and tannins, are believed to be beneficial compounds has been reported to have antioxidative effects in vitro and in vivo. In this study, attention was focused on the antioxidant effect of ACE. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ACE on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. In addition, the endotoxin-induced expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 proteins was investigated in a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) treated with ACE in vitro, to clarify the anti-inflammatory effect. METHODS: EIU was induced in male Lewis rats by a footpad footpad the thick, spongy structure located on each digit, and under the metacarpal- and metatarsal-phalangeal joints, and the carpus of dogs and cats. The skin is thickened, tough, and may be hyperpigmented and the hypodermis contains large amounts of adipose tissue. injection of lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide /lipo·poly·sac·cha·ride/ (-pol?e-sak´ah-rid) 1. a molecule in which lipids and polysaccharides are linked. 2. (LPS). Immediately after the LPS inoculation, 1, 10, or 100 mg ACE or 10 mg prednisolone was injected intravenously. After 24 hours, the aqueous humor was collected from both eyes, and the number of infiltrating cells, protein concentration, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG)-E2, and TNF-alpha levels in the aqueous humor were determined. RAW 264.7 cells treated with various concentrations of ACE were incubated with 10 mug/mL LPS for 24 hours. Levels of NO, PGE2, and TNF-alpha were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay n. ELISA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) A diagnostic blood test used to screen patients for AIDS or other viruses. . The expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins was analyzed by Western blot analysis West·ern blot analysis n. An electrophoretic procedure for separating proteins. . RESULTS: The number of inflammatory cells, the protein concentrations, and the levels of NO, PGE2, and TNF-alpha in the aqueous humor in the groups treated with ACE were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of 100 mg ACE was as strong as that of 10 mg prednisolone. The anti-inflammatory action of ACE was stronger than that of either quercetin quer·ce·tin n. A yellow powdered crystalline compound produced synthetically or occurring as a glycoside in the rind and bark of numerous plants, used medicinally to treat abnormal capillary fragility. Also called meletin. or anthocyanin anthocyanin red-colored agent in fruit. administered alone. ACE also suppressed LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that ACE has a dose-dependent anti-ocular inflammatory effect that is due to the direct blocking of the expression of the iNOS and COX-2 enzymes and leads to the suppression of the production of NO, PGE2, and TNF-alpha. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Jan;46(1):275-81 |
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