Antarctica warms, which threatens penguins.

New evidence from satellites and weather stations suggests that way down south, Antarctica is feeling the heat. And that's not good news for penguins.

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Scientists studying climate change knew some coastal areas of Antarctica were warming. But data from weather stations inland--at the South Pole and Lake Vostok--indicated these sites were actually getting colder. Researchers suspected that the whipping winds and freezing temperatures that grip these interior regions were keeping the rest of the continent cool, as well.

To check that out, a group of scientists decided to take a cold, hard look at the data. The team combined meteorological records from 42 weather stations in Antarctica together with data collected from satellites. Some of the data went back 50 years. The scientists then devised a new estimate of temperature trends in Antarctica.

It shows that much of this continent--particularly the West Antarctic Ice Sheet--had been warming in recent decades. This region makes up about one-quarter of the continent and has a lower average elevation than does East Antarctica. The new analysis showed that, overall, West Antarctica is warming about 0.17 degrees Celsius per decade, a rate comparable to the average elsewhere in the world. A description of their findings appeared in the Jan. 21 issue of Science News.

Just as the scientists suspected, parts of East Antarctica had cooled slightly between 1957 and 2006. But overall, warming in that portion of the continent--a far larger area--more than offset the cooling noted at the South Pole and Lake Vostok.

Antarctica's warming began somewhat recently, the scientists suspect. The rise in temperature was most likely spurred by various dramatic changes. For example, vast areas of sea ice off the Antarctic coast have shrunken over the past 25 years. The loss of that sea ice has, in turn, helped open West Antarctica to storms carrying warm, moist air and snow.

"The new results ... indicate that there's warming related to greenhouse gases on all seven of Earth's continents," says Drew Shindell. He's a climatologist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City and coauthor of the new study.

Melting ice sheets could also spell disaster for the continent's wildlife. In another new study, this one reported in the January 26 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers focused on emperor penguins that rely upon the winter sea ice to breed.

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Data gathered at a penguin rookery in Terre Adelie, Antarctica, showed that when winter sea ice dropped an average of 11 percent for several consecutive years, the penguin population also took a nosedive. During that period, the population fell to half its normal number. When the sea ice reached high levels, penguin populations remained high.

If Antarctic ice sheets continue melting at a high rate, emperor penguins could nearly be wiped out, says Hal Caswell, a mathematical ecologist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts.

Even if sea-ice melting slows, the overall number of penguins is still likely to continue falling. A study developed by Caswell and his colleagues looked at current penguin-population trends together with estimates of how much sea ice will be available in coming years. These analyses indicate that the Terre Adelie rookery could host only 400 breeding pairs by the end of this century. Forty years ago, there were 15 times that many.