Analysis of collection of hemolytic uremic syndrome--associated enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.Multilocus sequence typing Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci. The procedure characterizes isolates of bacterial species using the DNA sequences of internal fragments of multiple (usually seven) housekeeping genes. of 169 non-O157 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli EHEC Any of the E coli serotypes–eg O29, O39, O145 that produces shiga-like toxins, causing bloody inflammatory diarrhea, evoking a HUS. See Escherichia coli O157:H7, Hemolytic uremic syndrome. (EHEC EHEC enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. EHEC Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, see there ) isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome hemolytic uremic syndrome n. A syndrome in which hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia occur with acute renal failure, marked in children by sudden gastrointestinal bleeding, urine that contains red blood cells and is scanty in volume, and (HUS) demonstrated 29 different sequence types (STs); 78.1% of these strains clustered in 5 STs. From all STs and serotypes identified, we established a reference panel of EHEC associated with HUS (HUSEC collection). ********** Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains are a highly pathogenic path·o·gen·ic or path·o·ge·net·ic adj. 1. Having the capability to cause disease. 2. Producing disease. 3. Relating to pathogenesis. subgroup of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli E. coli: see Escherichia coli. E. coli in full Escherichia coli Species of bacterium that inhabits the stomach and intestines. E. coli can be transmitted by water, milk, food, or flies and other insects. (STEC STEC shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. ) that cause severe human diseases, including bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (1). The ability to cause severe human disease differentiates EHEC from other STEC found in the environment that are less pathogenic or nonpathogenic. E. coli 0157:H7 is the most frequent EHEC implicated im·pli·cate tr.v. im·pli·cat·ed, im·pli·cat·ing, im·pli·cates 1. To involve or connect intimately or incriminatingly: evidence that implicates others in the plot. 2. as a cause of HUS (2), but non-O157:H7 EHEC are variably present as the only pathogens in stools from HUS patients (1,3,4). A recent phylogenetic phy·lo·ge·net·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics. 2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history. analysis of E. coli isolated from humans and animals in different geographic areas by multilocus sequence typing (MLST MLST Multi Locus Sequence Typing MLST Medical Logistics Support Team MLST Mini Losi Super Truck (1/18th scale radio control vehicle) ), the current standard for phylogenetic analyses of bacteria, indicated extensive allelic al·lele n. One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome. [German Allel, short for Allelomorph, allelomorph, from English variations and homolog hom·o·log n. Variant of homologue. recombinations in pathogenic lineages and demonstrated repeated and independent evolution of pathogenic strains (5,6). However, only a limited number of EHEC associated with HUS have been so investigated. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive MLST-based examination of the molecular phylogeny Molecular phylogeny is the use of the structure of molecules to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a so-called phylogenetic tree. Every living organism contains DNA, RNA, and proteins. of EHEC isolated from HUS patients and established a collection of representative HUS-associated enterohemorrhagic E. coli (HUSEC) (www.ehec.org). The Study From 1996 through 2006, 524 EHEC were isolated as the only pathogens from fecal fecal /fe·cal/ (fe´k'l) pertaining to or of the nature of feces. fe·cal adj. Relating to or composed of feces. fecal pertaining to or of the nature of feces. samples of epidemiologically unrelated patients with HUS (1 strain per patient). The isolation was achieved by using previously described procedures (7). The isolates were confirmed as E. coli by API (Application Programming Interface) A language and message format used by an application program to communicate with the operating system or some other control program such as a database management system (DBMS) or communications protocol. 20 E (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) and serotyped (8) by using antisera against E. coli O antigens O antigen n. A somatic antigen of nonmotile bacteria. O antigen see O antigen. 1-181 and H antigens H antigen n. See flagellar antigen. H antigen see H antigen. H antigen Transfusion medicine The trisaccharide stem chain of the ABO blood group, located on RBC membranes; the enzyme, 1-56. In all nonmotile isolates from serogroups O26, O103, O111, O145, and O157, fliC genes were genotyped (9,10). MLST was performed as described previously (6) with small modifications (11). Phylogenetic analyses were based on allelic data that used the BURST algorithm (12) to achieve a more robust interpretation of the clustering and to reduce the influences by the effects of the recombination recombination, process of "shuffling" of genes by which new combinations can be generated. In recombination through sexual reproduction, the offspring's complete set of genes differs from that of either parent, being rather a combination of genes from both parents. , which are widespread in E. coli (6). In addition, the stringent definition of clonal complexes (CCs), with which strains sharing at least 6 identical alleles are grouped into the same CC, was applied. The minimum spanning tree Given a connected, undirected graph, a spanning tree of that graph is a subgraph which is a tree and connects all the vertices together. A single graph can have many different spanning trees. was generated from the allelic profiles by using Shigella dysenteriae Shigella dys·en·ter·i·ae n. Shiga-Kruse bacillus. Shigella dysenteriae Shigella group A Microbiology The least commonly isolated and most virulent Shigella serotype strain M1354 (ST243, by using data from http://web.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/mlst/dbs/Ecoli) as outgroup (online Appendix Figure, available from www. cdc.gov/EID/content/14/8/1287-appG.htm). Among 524 EHEC isolated from HUS patients, 355 (67.7%) belonged to serotypes O157:H7/H- (249 were non-sorbitol-fermenting EHEC O157:H7/H- and 106 were sorbitol-fermenting EHEC O157:H-), and 169 (32.3%) belonged to 34 non-O157 serotypes. Because the phylogeny of E. coli O157:H7/H- has been extensively studied and is well established (5,13), we focused on MLST analysis of the 169 non-O157 strains, which represent all non-O157 EHEC serotypes from German HUS patients during the study period. We performed MLST analysis of only a subset of 10 O157 strains as controls. MLST analysis of 169 non-O157 EHEC isolates distinguished 29 different sequence types (STs), which clustered into 10 CCs and 12 singletons (Table 1). The predominant ST was ST21, which consisted of 43 isolates (25.4% of non-O157 EHEC), followed by ST29 (30 isolates, 17.8%), ST32 (30 isolates, 17.8%), ST17 (15 isolates, 8.9%), and ST16 (14 isolates, 8.3%) (Table 1). These 5 STs included 78.1% of all HUS-associated nonO157 EHEC. The remaining 21.9% (n = 37) of the non-O157 EHEC strains belonged to 24 other STs that comprised only 1-3 strains; 14 of these STs were found only once (Table 1). Among the 10 CCs identified, CC29 was the most frequent. It comprised 89 strains of 5 STs, corresponding to 60.1% of 148 strains that could be assigned to a CC and to 52.7% of all non-O157 EHEC (Table 1). After CC29, CC32 and CC20 were the most frequently identified CCs (Table 1). The predominant serotypes identified among the 169 non-O157 HUS-associated EHEC were O26:H11/H-(n = 72; 42.6%), O145:H28/H-(n = 32; 18.9%), O111:H8/H-(n = 14; 8.3%), and O103:H2/[H.sup.-] (n = 14; 8.3%). The nonmotile strains within these serogroups shared the H antigen--encoding fliC gene with the motile mo·tile adj. 1. Moving or having the power to move spontaneously. 2. Of or relating to mental imagery that arises primarily from sensations of bodily movement and position rather than from visual or auditory sensations. strains that expressed the respective H antigen (Table 1). These 8 serotypes together constituted 132 (78.1%) of the non-O 157 EHEC associated with HUS, whereas the other 37 strains (21.9%) belonged to 26 different serotypes, 17 of which contained only a single isolate (Table 1). The most frequent serotypes including O26:H11/H-, O103:H2/H-, O111:H8/H-, and O145:H28/H- clustered into the 5 most prevalent STs (Table 1). However, not all isolates of the same serotype serotype /se·ro·type/ (ser´o-tip) the type of a microorganism determined by its constituent antigens; a taxonomic subdivision based thereon. se·ro·type n. See serovar. v. always belonged to the same ST (Table 1). One example is serotype O26:H11/H-([fliC.sub.H11]), which was the most common non-O157 EHEC associated with HUS and clustered into 4 STs as single-locus variants (Table 1). Each of four O rough (OR) strains (2 OR:H11, and 1 each OR:H2 and OR:[H.sup.-]), none of which could be successfully serotyped, was matched by its ST to an O typeable strain, indicating a recent conversion from the smooth to the rough strain form. The relationships among members of the different STs and CCs are demonstrated in the online Appendix Figure. Within the serogroup O111, 14 isolates belonging to serotypes O111:H8 and O111:[H.sup.-] ([fliC.sub.H8]) were ST16 (CC29). In contrast, the EHEC O111:H10 isolate with ST43 (CC10) shared none of the 7 MLST loci loci [L.] plural of locus. loci Plural of locus, see there with the O111:H8/[H.sup.-] strains, indicating that EHEC O111 causing HUS originate from 2 different clonal sources. Similar differences were observed between EHEC O145:H25 (ST342)/O145:[H.sup.-]([fliC.sub.H25]) (ST659) and O145:H28 (ST32). Whereas ST659 is a single-locus variant of ST342, both allelic profiles differ in all loci from ST32. The combination of MLST analysis and serotyping enabled us to establish the HUSEC collection. This collection comprises 41 EHEC isolated from HUS patients in Germany, which includes all 36 EHEC serotypes (O157 and non-O157) isolated from HUS patients and all 31 STs identified within these serotypes (Table 2). The strains included in this HUSEC collection were reserotyped and characterized for their stx genotypes and the presence of the eae gene (Table 2). Phenotypic phe·no·type n. 1. a. The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences. b. characteristics and additional properties such as putative virulence Virulence The ability of a microorganism to cause disease. Virulence and pathogenicity are often used interchangeably, but virulence may also be used to indicate the degree of pathogenicity. determinants are available at www.EHEC.org. Conclusions Most (81.1%) of the non-O157 EHEC clustered into 3 CCs and belonged to a limited number of serotypes. These strains were recovered independently from different regions in Germany over an 11-year period. For the remaining strains, epidemiologic support is not as strong, and the clonal analysis demonstrated that their chromosomal backgrounds are highly divergent from those of CC29, CC32, and CC20. In 14 STs, we have only 1 isolate. In these cases, excluding concurrent or recent infection by E. coli O157 serologically is even more important. This exclusion was not always possible because patients' serum for the investigation of immunoglobulin M immunoglobulin M n. Abbr. IgM The class of antibodies found in circulating body fluids and the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen. anti-O 157 lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide /lipo·poly·sac·cha·ride/ (-pol?e-sak´ah-rid) 1. a molecule in which lipids and polysaccharides are linked. 2. antibodies is frequently not available. However, at least some of these strains might represent emerging clones in the human population, such as O111:H10 (10), O113:H21 (14), and O121:H19 (15). Thus, strains of these serotypes included in our HUSEC collection can be used in future studies as a reference to compare EHEC isolated in other countries from HUS patients. This would allow timely discovery of the emergence of new non-O157 clones associated with HUS and the virulence traits that they contain (www.ehec.org). Acknowledgment We are grateful to Phillip I. Tarr for extensive discussions of the manuscript. This study was supported by grants from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research Network Zoonoses Zoonoses Infections of humans caused by the transmission of disease agents that naturally live in animals. People become infected when they unwittingly intrude into the life cycle of the disease agent and become unnatural hosts. and the Network European Research ERA-NET ERA-NET European Research Area Net PathoGenoMics. References (1.) Karch H, Tarr PI, Bielaszewska M. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Escherichia coli (ĕsh'ərĭk`ēə kō`lī), common bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, but can cause infection in other parts of the body, especially the urinary tract. in human medicine. Int J Med Microbiol. 2005;295:405-18. DOI (Digital Object Identifier) A method of applying a persistent name to documents, publications and other resources on the Internet rather than using a URL, which can change over time. : 10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.06.009 (2.) Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic Adj. 1. haemolytic - relating to or involving or causing hemolysis; "hemolytic anemia" hemolytic uraemic U`rae´mic a. 1. (Med.) Of or pertaining to uræmia; as, uræmic convulsions s>. Adj. 1. uraemic syndrome. Lancet. 2005;365: 1073-86. (3.) Bonnet R, Souweine B, Gauthier G, Rich C, Livrelli V, Sirot J, et al. Non-O157:H7 Stx2-producing Escherichia coli strains associated with sporadic cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Definition Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare condition that affects mostly children under the age of 10, but also may affect the elderly as well as persons with other illnesses. in adults. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:1777-80. (4.) Brooks JT, Sowers EG, Wells JG, Greene KD, Griffin PM, Hoekstra RM, et al. Non-O 157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. , 1983-2002. J Infect Dis. 2005; 192:1422-9. DOI: 10.1086/466536 (5.) Reid SD, Herbelin CJ, Bumbaugh AC, Selander RK, Whittam TS. Parallel evolution of virulence in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature. 2000;406:64-7. DOI: 10.1038/35017546 (6.) Wirth T, Falush D, Lan R, Colles F, Mensa MENSA. This comprehends all goods and necessaries for livelihood. Obsolete. P, Wieler LH, et al. Sex and virulence in Escheriehia coli: an evolutionary perspective. Mol Microbiol. 2006;60:1136-51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958 .2006.05172.x (7.) Mellmann A, Bielaszewska M, Zimmerhackl LB, Prager R, Harmsen D, Tschape H, et al. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human infection: in vivo in vivo /in vi·vo/ (ve´vo) [L.] within the living body. in vi·vo adj. Within a living organism. in vivo adv. evolution of a bacterial pathogen Pathogen Any agent capable of causing disease. The term pathogen is usually restricted to living agents, which include viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, protozoa, helminths, and certain insect larval stages. . Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:785-92. DOI: 10.1086/432722 (8.) Prager R, Strutz U, Fruth A, Tschape H. Subtyping of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains using flagellar flagellar /fla·gel·lar/ (flah-jel´ar) of or relating to a flagellum. flagellar of or pertaining to a flagellum. (H)-antigens: serotyping versus fliC polymorphisms. Int J Med Microbiol. 2003;292:477-86. DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00226 (9.) Sonntag AK, Prager R, Bielaszewska M, Zhang W, Fruth A, Tschape H, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic genotypic emanating from or pertaining to genotype. genotypic selection selection of breeding stock on the basis of known inherited characteristics. analyses of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O145 strains from patients in Germany. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:954-62. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.3.954-962.2004 (10.) Zhang W, Mellmann A, Sonntag A, Wieler L, Bielaszewska M, Tschape H, et al. Structural and functional differences between disease-associated genes of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111. Int J Med Microbiol. 2007;297:17-26. DOI: 10.1016/j. ijmm.2006.10.004 (11.) Bielaszewska M, Prager R, Kock R, Mellmann A, Zhang W, Tschape H, et al. Shiga toxin Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, whose genes are considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages.[1] The toxins are named for Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial origin of dysentery caused by gene loss and transfer in vitro in vitro /in vi·tro/ (in ve´tro) [L.] within a glass; observable in a test tube; in an artificial environment. in vi·tro adj. In an artificial environment outside a living organism. and in vivo during enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26 infection in humans. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:3144-50. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.0293706 (12.) Feil EJ, Li BC, Aanensen DM, Hanage WP, Spratt BG. eBURST: inferring patterns of evolutionary descent among clusters of related bacterial genotypes from multilocus sequence typing data. J Bacteriol. 2004;186:1518-30. DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.5.1518-1530.2004 (13.) Feng PCH PCH Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, see there , Monday SR, Lacher DW, Allison L, Siitonen A, Keys C, et al. Genetic diversity among clonal lineages within Escherichia coli O157:H7 stepwise stepwise incremental; additional information is added at each step. stepwise multiple regression used when a large number of possible explanatory variables are available and there is difficulty interpreting the partial regression evolutionary model. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1701-6. (14.) Paton AW, Woodrow MC, Doyle RM, Lanser JA, Paton JC. Molecular characterization o f a Shiga toxigenie Escherichia coli O113:H21 strain lacking eae responsible for a cluster of cases of hemolyticuremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:3357-61. (15.) McCarthy TA, Barrett NL, Hadler JL, Salsbury B, Howard RT, Dingman DW, et al. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome and Escherichia coli O121 at a lake in Connecticut, 1999. Pediatrics. 2001;108:E59. DOI: 10.1542/peds. 108.4.e59 Alexander Mellmann, * Martina Bielaszewska, * Robin Kock, * Alexander W. Friedrich, * Angelika Fruth, ([dagger]) Barbara Middendorf, * Dag Dag(h)da great god of Celts; father of Danu. [Celtic Myth.: Parrinder, 68; Jobes, 405] See : Fatherhood Dag (h)da god of abundance, war, healing. [Celtic Myth. Harmsen, ([double dagger double dagger n. A reference mark (  ) used in printing and writing. Also called diesis.Noun 1. ]) M. Alexander Schmidt, ([section]) and Helge Karch * * Institute for Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Munster, Germany; ([dagger]) Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany; ([double dagger]) Periodontology periodontology, n See periodontics. , Munster; and ([section]) Center for Molecular Biology molecular biology, scientific study of the molecular basis of life processes, including cellular respiration, excretion, and reproduction. The term molecular biology was coined in 1938 by Warren Weaver, then director of the natural sciences program at the Rockefeller of Inflammation, Munster DOI: 10.3201/eid1408.071082 Dr Mellmann is a consultant for hygiene and infectious diseases infectious diseases: see communicable diseases. at the University Hospital Munster. His professional interests include molecular identification and epidemiology of EHEC and other bacterial pathogens. Address for correspondence: Alexander Mellmann, Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Munster, Robert Koch Str 41, 48149 Munster, Germany; email: mellmann@uni-muenster.de
Table 1. Clonal complexes, sequence types, and serotypes of non-O157
EHEC from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome *
No. No.
strains (%) strains (%)
CC ([dagger]) ST ([dagger])
29 89 (52.7) ST21 43 (25.4)
ST29 (17.8)
ST27 (0.6)
ST396 (0.6)
ST16 (8.3)
32 32 (18.9) ST32 30 (17.8)
ST137 2 (1.2)
20 16 (9.5) ST17 15 (8.9)
ST20 1 (0.6)
10 3 (1.8) ST43 1 (0.6)
ST330 2 (1.2)
11 3 (1.8) ST335 3 (1.8)
40 1 (0.6) ST40 1 (0.6)
69 1 (0.6) ST69 1 (0.6)
101 1 (0.6) ST101 1 (0.6)
155 1 (0.6) ST56 1 (0.6)
469 1 (0.6) ST679 1 (0.6)
NA 2 (1.2) ST25 2 (1.2)
NA 2 (1.2) ST678 2 (1.2)
NA 2 (1.2) ST655 2 (1.2)
NA 1 (0.6) ST329 1 (0.6)
NA 3 (1.8) ST342 2 (1.2)
ST659 1 (0.6)
([paragraph])
NA 1 (0.6) ST677 1 (0.6)
NA 1 (0.6) ST39 1 (0.6)
NA 1 (0.6) ST675 1 (0.6)
NA 3 (1.8) ST442 3 (1.8)
NA 3 (1.8) ST306 3 (1.8)
NA 2 (0.6) ST672 2 (1.2)
Serotype ([double dagger])
CC (no. strains) ([section])
29 O26:H11/[H.sup.-] (fli[C.sub.H11])
(41), OR:H11 (1), Ont:Hnt (1)
026:Hl1/[H.sup.-1] (fli[C.sub.H11])
(29), OR:H11 (1)
026: H11
026:H11
O111:H8/[H.sup.-](fli[C.sub.H8])
32 O145:H28/[H.sup.-] (fli[C.sub.H28])
O145:[H.sup.-] (fli[C.sub.H28])
20 O103:H2/[H.sup.-] (fli[C.sub.H2])
(14), OR:H2 (1)
O119:H2
10 O111:H10
Ont:[H.sup.-]
11 O55:H7
40 O112:[H.sup.-]
69 O73:H18
101 O55:Hnt
155 O113:H21
469 O163:H19
NA O128:H2
NA O104:H4
NA O121:H19
NA O136:Hnt
NA O145:H25/[H.sup.-] (fli[C.sub.H25])
O145:[H.sup.-] (fli[C.sub.H25])
NA O174:H21
NA O70:H8
NA O76:H19
NA O91:H21
NA O98:[H.sup.-](2), OR:[H.sup.-](1)
NA O104:H21 (1), Ont:H21 (1)
* CC, clonal complex; ST, sequence type; EHEC, enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli; HUS, hemolytic uremic syndrome; NA, not assigned.
([dagger]) % of strains of a CC and ST among all 169 non-O157 EHEC
isolated from HUS patients.
([double dagger]) [H.sup.-], nonmotile; OR, 0 rough (autoagglutinable
strain); nt, not typeable by the E. coli O and H antisera used.
([section]) Number of strains of the serotype that belonged to the
respective ST; if no number is given, all strains of the serotype
belonged to the respective ST.
([paragraph]) ST659 is a single-locus variant of ST342.
Table 2. Strains of the HUSEC collection representing all serotypes
of HUS-associated EHEC strains isolated in Germany, 1996-2006 *
Year of
Strain Original isolation Serotype ST (CC)
HUSEC001 05-946 2005 O111:H10 43 (10)
HUSEC002 5152/97 1997 Ont:[H.sup.-] 330 (10)
HUSEC003 6334/96 1996 O157:H7 11 (11)
HUSEC004 3072/96 1996 O157:[H.sup.-] 11 (11)
HUSEC005 2907/97 1997 O55:H7 335 (11)
HUSEC006 5376/99 1999 O157:[H.sup.-] 587 (11)
HUSEC007 7382/96 1996 0103:H2 17 (20)
HUSEC008 2791/97 1997 O103:[H.sup.-] 17 (20)
HUSEC009 6833/96 1996 OR:H2 17 (20)
HUSEC010 1805/00/A 2000 O119:H2 20 (20)
HUSEC011 2516/00 2000 O111:H8 16 (29)
HUSEC012 6037/96 1996 O111:[H.sup.-] 16 (29)
HUSEC013 2245/98 1998 O26:H11 21 (29)
HUSEC014 5080/97 1997 O26:[H.sup.-] 21 (29)
HUSEC015 126814/98 1998 OR:H11 21 (29)
HUSEC016 5028/97 1997 Ont:Hnt 21 (29)
HUSEC017 3319/99 1999 O26:H11 27 (29)
HUSEC018 1530/99 1999 O26:H11 29 (29)
HUSEC019 1588/98 1998 OR:H11 29 (29)
HUSEC020 3271/00 2000 O26:H11 396 (29)
HUSEC021 0488/99 1999 O145:H28 32 (32)
HUSEC022 4557/99 1999 O145:[H.sup.-] 137 (32)
HUSEC023 1169/97/1 1997 O112:[H.sup.-] 40 (40)
HUSEC024 2996/96 1996 O73:H18 69 (69)
HUSEC025 06-05009 2006 O55:Hnt 101 (101)
HUSEC026 99-09355 1999 O113:H21 56 (155)
HUSEC027 03-07727 2003 O163:H19 679 (469)
HUSEC028 03-06687 2003 O128:H2 25 (NA)
HUSEC029 4256/99 1999 O70:H8 39 (NA)
HUSEC030 05-03519 2005 O98:[H.sup.-] 306 (NA)
HUSEC031 7792/96 1996 OR:[H.sup.-] 306 (NA)
HUSEC032 2441/98 1998 O136:Hnt 329 (NA)
HUSEC033 4392/97 1997 O145:H25 342 (NA)
HUSEC034 3332/99 1999 O91:H21 442 (NA)
HUSEC035 1529/98 1998 O121:H19 655 (NA)
HUSEC036 2839/98 1998 O145:[H.sup.-] 659 (NA)
HUSEC037 02-03885 2002 O104:H21 672 (NA)
HUSEC038 3356/97/13 1997 Ont:H21 672 (NA)
HUSEC039 3651/96 1996 O76:H19 675 (NA)
HUSEC040 220/00 2000 O174:H21 677 (NA)
HUSEC041 01-09591 2001 O104:H4 678 (NA)
[stx.sub.2]
Strain eae [stx.sub.1] ([dagger])
HUSEC001 - -- 2
HUSEC002 - -- 2
HUSEC003 + -- 2
HUSEC004 + -- 2
HUSEC005 + -- 2
HUSEC006 + -- 2
HUSEC007 + -- 2
HUSEC008 + -- 2
HUSEC009 + -- 2
HUSEC010 + 1 --
HUSEC011 + 1 2
HUSEC012 + 1 2
HUSEC013 + 1 --
HUSEC014 + 1 2
HUSEC015 + 1 2
HUSEC016 + 1 --
HUSEC017 + 1 2
HUSEC018 + -- 2
HUSEC019 + 1 --
HUSEC020 + -- 2
HUSEC021 + -- 2
HUSEC022 + -- 2
HUSEC023 - -- [2d.sub.act]
HUSEC024 - -- [2d.sub.act]
HUSEC025 - 1 --
HUSEC026 - -- [2d.sub.act]
HUSEC027 - -- [2d.sub.act]
HUSEC028 - 1c 2d
HUSEC029 + -- 2
HUSEC030 - 1 --
HUSEC031 + 1 --
HUSEC032 - 1c 2
HUSEC033 + -- 2
HUSEC034 - 1 [2+2d.sub.act]
HUSEC035 + -- 2
HUSEC036 + 1 2c
HUSEC037 - 1 [2+2d.sub.act]
HUSEC038 - 1 [2+2d.sub.act]
HUSEC039 - 1c --
HUSEC040 - -- 2c
HUSEC041 - -- 2
* HUSEC, hemolytic uremic syndrome-associated enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli, EHEC, enterohemorrhagic E. coli. For each
serotype, the multilocus sequence type (ST) and the corresponding
clonal complex (CC) are given in accordance to the E. coli
multilocus sequence typing website
(http://web.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/mlst/dbs/Ecoli). Furthermore, the
presence (+, present; - absent) of the intimin gene (eae), the
Shiga toxin gene (stx), and its subtype(s) are specified. nt, not
typeable by the O and H antisera used; [H.sup.-], nonmotile; OR, O
rough (autoagglutinable strain); NA, not assigned.
([dagger]) [2d.sub.act], [stx.sub.2d-activitable].
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