An early seventeenth-century playhouse in Tonbridge, Kent.ON June 26, 1610, Edward Calverley received a fatal stab wound in the head during a fray in "a certain house called a playhouse" in Tonbridge. (1) After Calverley died some weeks later, an inquest convened by coroner George Pattenden on September 18, 1610, found that Edward Oxley of Tonbridge, yeoman yeoman (yō`mən), class in English society. The term has always been ill-defined, but generally it means a freeholder of a lower status than gentleman who cultivates his own land. , John Holmden of Tonbridge, butcher, Sidney Francis of Tonbridge, butcher, William Beach of Tonbridge, tailor, Edward Calverley, deceased, of Tonbridge, and various other persons unknown to the jury had assembled at the playhouse, where a fray had broken out on the evening of June 26. Holmden, Francis, and Beach had beaten Calverley about the head and arms with their staves, and Oxley had mortally wounded Calverley above the eye with his dagger. On July 23, 1610, Calverley had died. (2) The defendants were taken into custody, until the case came before the assize court The Courts of Assize, or Assizes, is the name of criminal courts in several countries. In France, Belgium and Italy the court is still in use. The Assizes is the highest court. at Maidstone on February 21, 1610/11. (3) The inquisition as originally drafted (mb. 11) was declared void, due to insufficient evidence insufficient evidence n. a finding (decision) by a trial judge or an appeals court that the prosecution in a criminal case or a plaintiff in a lawsuit has not proved the case because the attorney did not present enough convincing evidence. to convict Holmden, Francis, and Beach for their part in the fray. It was then redrawn (mb. 26) to focus on Edward Oxley, omitting the details of the billets, staves, beatings, blows, and bruises and stating more generally that Holmden, Francis, and Beach had supported, aided, and encouraged Oxley to commit felony and homicide. All four defendants pleaded not guilty. A trial jury was convened (mb. 27), which found Oxley guilty of homicide and the other three defendants not guilty. Oxley was granted the benefit of clergy benefit of clergy, term originally applied to the exemption of Christian clerics from criminal prosecution in the secular courts. The privilege was established by the 12th cent., and it extended only to the commission of felonies. , branded on his right hand with an M for murderer, and committed to the bishop's custody. (4) Transcription and translation of the assize court original inquest (mb. 11), redrawn inquest (mb. 26), and trial calendar (mb. 27) appear below. Assize Court Inquest (TNA TnA Total Nonstop Action (wrestling alliance) TNA The National Archives (UK) TNA Training Needs Analysis TNA Tamil National Alliance (Sri Lanka) : PRO ASSI ASSI Airglow Solar Spectrometer Instrument ASSI Ab Statens Skogsindustrier ASSI Additional Special Skill Indicator ASSI Aerial Scout Sensors Integration ASSI Arvin Suspension Systems Italy 35/53/5, mb. 11) kancie sessiones Inquisicio indentata capta apud Tunbridge in Comitatu predicto [xviij.sup.o] Die Septembris Anno Regni Domini nostri Iacobi Dei gratia Anglie ffrancie et hibernie Regis fidei defensoris & c octauo et Scotie [xliiij.sup.to] Coram Georgio Pattenden generoso vno Coronatorum dicti Domini Regis Comitatis predicti Super visum corporis Edwardi Calueley ibidem IBIDEM. This word is used in references, when it is intended to say that a thing is to be found in the same place, or that the reference has for its object the same thing, case, or other matter. IOU, contracts. mortui iacentis per sacramentum Nicholai ffarmer generosi Ierratti Gatlin generosi willelmi Harris senioris Iohannis Dann Thome Vnderhill Roberti Bourman Alexandri Rottenbridge walteri Saker sa·ker n. A Eurasian falcon (Falco cherrug) having brown plumage and often trained for falconry. [Middle English sacre, from Old French, from Arabic willelmi Harris Iunioris Thome Bowle willelmi Harte Thome Hasselden Mosee Hodge Henrici Burden & Petri Harris proborum & legalium hominum Comitatis predicti Qui dicunt super sacramentum suum quod quod Noun Brit slang a jail [origin unknown] predictus Edwardus Calveley et quidam Edwardus Oxley <yeoman> (5) Sidneus ffraunces <butcher> Iohannes Homden <butcher> willelmus Beache<[begin strikethrough]butcher[end strikethrough] Tayler> et diuersi alij (6) persone Iuratoribus predictis incognite [xxv.sup.to] die Iunij <Anno & c> vltimo preterito in simul convenerunt apud Tunbridge predictam in quodam Domo ibidem vocato a playehowse & predictus Edwardus Calvely Edwardus Oxley Sidneus ffrances Iohannes Holmden & willelmus Beach insultum & quendam affraiam inter se inter se (in-tur-say) prep. Latin for "among themselves," meaning that, for instance, certain corporate rights are limited only to the shareholders or only to the trustees as a group. adtunc & ibidem in nocte eiusdem diei fecerunt in qua quidem affraia et insultu predictus idem Edwardus Oxley <[begin strikethrough]yeoman[end strikethrough]> cum pugione Anglice a dagger valloris xij d. quod idem Edwardus ^ <Oxley> adtunc et ibidem in manu sua dextra habuit prefatum Edwardum Calveley vnum vulnus ^ <mortale> in fronte suo de funditate (7) quartij vnius vncij adtunc dedit & predicti Iohannes Holmden Sidneus ffraunces & willelmus Beache adtunc et ibidem in affraia & insultu predictis existentes cum quibusdam baculis anglice billettes & staues valoris iij d. quos ijdem Iohannes Holmden Sidneus ffraunces & willelmus Beache adtunc in manibus suis habuerunt quosdam ictus ^ <& quassaciones> anglice blowes and bruyses vnacum prefato Edwardo Oxley in & super Caput & humeros predicti Edwardi Calveley adtunc dederunt De quibus quidem vulneribus <quassa cionibus> & ictibus idem Edwardus Calveley ab eodem [xxvj.sup.to] die Iunij vsque ad septimum diem Augusti tunc proximum sequentem languebat et eodem die apud Tunbridge predictam de eodem [begin strikethrough]vulneribus[end strikethrough] ^ <vulnere & quassacionibus> & ictibus ^ <predictis> obijt Et sic Iuratores predicti pro dicto domino Rege dicunt quod predicti Edwardus Oxley Iohannes Holmden Sidneus ffraunces & willelmus Beach modo & forma predictis prefatum Edwardum Calveley felonice percusserunt & interfecerunt contra pacem CONTRA PACEM, pleadings. Against the peace. 2. In actions of trespass, the words contra pacem should uniformly accompany the allegation of the injury; in some cases they are material to the foundation of the action. dicti domini Regis nunc Coronam & dignitatem suas & c Et sic Iuratores predicti super sacramentum suum predictum dicunt quod predictus Edwardus Calveley sic ad mortem suam deuenit et non ET NON. And not. These words are sometimes employed in pleading to convey a pointed denial. They have the same effect as without this, absque hoe. 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 2981, note. aliter Et quod predicti Edwardus oxley Iohannes Holmden Sidneus ffraunces nec willelmus Beach nulla habuerunt bona seu cattalla in Comitatu predicto tempore felonie superius For medical uses of the term see Superius (medical) In early vocal music, Superius is the Latin-derived name given to the highest voice-part - see Arnold, ref 1. References Arnold D. (ed} New Oxford Companion to Music, Oxford, (1983) facte & perpetrate per·pe·trate tr.v. per·pe·trat·ed, per·pe·trat·ing, per·pe·trates To be responsible for; commit: perpetrate a crime; perpetrate a practical joke. que in manus MANUS. Anciently signified the person taking an oath as a compurgator. The use of this word probably came from the party laying his hand on the New Testament. Manus signifies, among the civilians, power, and is frequently used as synonymous with potestas. Lec. El. Dr. Rom. Sec. 94. diciti domini Regis accione predicte capi aut seisiri possunt ad eorum noticiam Et quod predicta pugio & bacculi remanent rem·a·nence n. The magnetic induction that remains in a material after removal of the magnetizing field. [From Middle English remanent, remaining, from Latin in custodia cuiusdam willelmi Harris de Tunbridge predicta ad vsum dicti domini Regis In cuius Rei testimonium tam prefatus Coronator quam Iuratores predicti hinc Inquisicioni sigilla sua apposuerunt die Anno & loco supradictis & c pro homicidio ta{m} super aliud questum per me Georgium pattenden Coronatorem vacat quia insufficiens & fit de novo [Latin, Anew.] A second time; afresh. A trial or a hearing that is ordered by an appellate court that has reviewed the record of a hearing in a lower court and sent the matter back to the original court for a new trial, as if it had not been previously heard nor decided. Kent Sessions An indented in·dent 1 v. in·dent·ed, in·dent·ing, in·dents v.tr. 1. To set (the first line of a paragraph, for example) in from the margin. 2. a. inquest was held at Tonbridge in the aforesaid Before, already said, referred to, or recited. This term is used frequently in deeds, leases, and contracts of sale of real property to refer to the property without describing it in detail each time it is mentioned; for example,"the aforesaid premises. county on 18 September in the eighth year of the reign of our lord James by the grace of God king of England Noun 1. King of England - the sovereign ruler of England King of Great Britain king, male monarch, Rex - a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom , France, and Ireland, defender of the faith Defender of the Faith Henry VIII as defender of the papacy against Martin Luther (1521). [Br. Hist.: EB, 8: 769–772] See : Defender Defender of the Faith Henry VIII’s pre-Reformation title, conferred by Leo X. [Br. , etc. and in the forty-fourth [year of the reign of our lord James king James King is the name of:
(born March 8, 1824, Glasgow, Scot.—died Sept. 17, 1869, London, Eng.) Scottish marine engineer. In 1854 he developed the marine compound steam engine (using both high- and low-pressure steam), which enabled seagoing vessels to save 30–40% of the Dann, Thomas Underhill, Robert Bourman, Alexander Rottenbridge, Walter Saker, William Harris the younger, Thomas Younger, (Thomas Coleman) “Cole” (1844–1916) bandit; born in Jackson County, Mo. He was one of "Quantrill's Raiders" during the Civil War. He joined with Jesse James and formed the James-Younger band, which included Cole and his two brothers, James Younger and Bowle, William Harte, Thomas Hasselden, Moses Hodge, Henry Burden and Peter Harris Peter Harris may refer to:
The offense originated under the Common Law and in some jurisdictions has become a statutory crime. among themselves in the night of the same day; [and that] indeed in this affray and assault the same aforesaid Edward Oxley, yeoman, with a dagger, in English "a dagger," of the value of 12d., which the same Edward Oxley then and there had in his right hand, did give the aforementioned Edward Calveley a mortal wound A Mortal Wound is an injury from battle or an accident which directly leads to the death of an individual. Death is not instantaneous, but follows the injury. It is lethal unless proper medical treatment is immediately given. in his forehead a quarter of one inch in depth; and [that] the aforesaid John Holmden, Sidney Francis, and William Beache, being then and there in the aforesaid affray and assault, with certain staves, in English "billets and staves," of the value of 3d., which the same John Holmden, Sidney Francis, and William Beache then had in their hands, did then together with the aforementioned Edward Oxley give certains blows and beatings, in English "blows and bruises," on and about the head and arms of the aforesaid Edward Calveley; [and that] indeed the same Edward Calveley lay ill from these wounds, beatings, and blows from the same 26 June until 7 August then next following, and on that day at Tonbridge aforesaid he died from the same wound and the aforesaid beatings and blows. And thus the aforesaid jurymen for the said lord king say that the aforesaid Edward Oxley, John Holmden, Sidney Francis, and William Beach in the manner and form aforesaid did feloniously beat and kill the aforementioned Edward Calveley contrary to the peace of the said lord king, his Crown, and dignity etc. And thus the aforesaid jurymen upon their aforesaid oath say that the aforesaid Edward Calveley came to his death in this manner and not otherwise; and that to their knowledge neither the aforesaid Edward Oxley, John Holmden, Sidney Francis, nor William Beach had any goods or chattels CHATTELS, property. A term which includes all hinds of property, except the freehold or things which are parcel of it. It is a more extensive term than goods or effects. Debtors taken in execution, captives, apprentices, are accounted chattels. Godol. Orph. Leg. part 3, chap. 6, Sec. 1. in the aforesaid county at the time of the felony previously made and perpetrated that can be taken or seized into the hands of the said lord king; and that the aforesaid dagger and staves remain in the custody of a certain William Harris of Tonbridge aforesaid for the use of the said lord king. In witness whereof IN WITNESS WHEREOF. These words, which, when conveyancing was in the Latin language, were in cujus rei testimonium, are the initial words of the concluding clause in deeds. "In witness whereof the said parties have hereunto set their hands," &c. the aforementioned coroner as well as the aforesaid jurymen have affixed af·fix tr.v. af·fixed, af·fix·ing, af·fix·es 1. To secure to something; attach: affix a label to a package. 2. their seals to this inquest in the day, year, and place aforesaid etc. for murder so upon another inquest by me George Pattenden, Coroner It is void because insufficient, and it should be done anew. Assize Court Inquest (TNA: PRO ASSI 35/53/5, mb. 26) kancie sessiones Inquisicio indentata Capta apud Tunbridge in Comitatu predicto decimo Octauo die Septembris Annis Regni domini nostri Iacobi dei gratia Anglie ffrancie et hibernie Regis fidei defensoris & c Octauo et Scotie quadragesimo quarto quar·to n. pl. quar·tos 1. The page size obtained by folding a whole sheet into four leaves. 2. A book composed of pages of this size. coram Georgio Pattenden generoso vno Coronatorum dicti domini Regis Comitatis predicti super visum Corporis cuiusdam Edwardi Calvely nuper de Tunbridge predicto in Comitatu predicto yeoman ^ <mortui> ibidem ^ <iacentis> per sacramentum Nicholai ffarmer generosi Gerratti Gatlyn generosi willelmi harrys senioris Iohannis dann Thome vnderhill Roberti Bourman Alexandri Rottenbridge walteri Saker willelmi harrys Iunioris Thome Bowle willelmi harte Thome hasselden Mosee hodge henrici Burden et Petri harrys proborum et legalium hominum Comitatis predicti qui dicunt super sacramentum suam quod predictus Edwardus Calvely et quidam Edwardus Oxley nuper de Tunbridge in Comitatu predicto yeoman Sidneus ffrancis nuper de Tunbridge predicta in Comitatu predicto Butcher Iohannes hombden nuper de Tunbridge predicta in Comitatu predicto Butcher et willelmus Beech nuper de Tunbridge predicta in Comitatu predicto Taylor et diuerse alie persone Iuratoribus predictis incognite vicesimo sexto die Iunij Annis Regni domini nostri Iacobi dei gratia Anglie ffrancie et hibernie Regis fidei defensoris & c Octauo et Scotie quadragesimo tercio insimul convenerunt apud Tunbridge predictam in Comitatu predicto in quadam domo ibidem vocata a playhouse et predicti Edwardus Calvely Edwardus Oxly Sidneus ffrancis Iohannes homden et willelmus Beech adtunc et ibidem fecerunt affraiam inter se Et predictus Edwardus Oxly adtunc et ibidem vi et armis VI ET ARMIS. With force and arms. When man breaks into another's close vi et armis, he may be opposed force by force, for there is no time to request him to go away. 2 Salk. 641; 8 T. R. 78, 357. 2. & c in et super predictum Edwardum Calvely insultum fecit et cum quodam gladio vocato a dagger valoris xij d. quod idem Edwardus Oxly in manu sua dextra adtunc et ibidem habuit et tenuit prefatum Edwardum Calvely super frontem ipsius Edwardi Calvely felonice percussit dans eidem Edwardo Calvely adtunc et ibidem cum gladio predicto vocato a dagger super predictam frontem predicti Edwardi vnum vulnus mortale de profunditate quarterij unius pollicis et de latitudine quarterij ... (8) pollicis de quo quidem vulnere mortali predictus Edwardus Calvely a predicto vicesimo sexto die Iunij annis supradictis ... (9) ad septimum diem Augusti Annis Regni dicti domini nostri Iacobi nunc Regis Anglie ffrancie et hibernie octavo oc·ta·vo n. pl. oc·ta·vos In both senses also called eightvo. 1. The page size, from 5 by 8 inches to 6 by 9 1/2 inches, of a book composed of printer's sheets folded into eight leaves. 2. et Scotie quadrage ... (10) quarto apud Tunbridge predictam in Comitatu predicto languebat quo quidem septimo die Augusti Annis Regni dicti domini nostri Iaco ... (11) nunc Regis anglie ffrancie octavo et Scotie quadragesimo quarto supradictis predictus Edwardus Calvely apud Tunbridg pre ... (12) in Comitatu predicto de vulnere mortali predicto obijt Et quod predicti Sidneus ffrancis Iohannes homden et willelmus Beeche predicto vicesimo sexto Iunij Annis Regni dicti domini nostri lacobi nunc Regis Anglie ffrancie et hibernie octavo et Scotie quadragesimo tertio supradictis apud Tunbridge predictam in Comitatu predicto felonice fuerunt presentes cum prefato Edwardo Oxly ipsum Edwardum ad feloniam et homicidium predictos in forma predicta faciendum felonice abettando procurando manutenendo auxiliando et confortando contra pacem dicti domini regis nunc Coronam et dignitatem suas Et sic predicti Edwardus Oxly Sidneus ffrancis Iohannes homden et willelmus Beech prefatum Edwardum Calvely apud Tunbridge predictam in Comitatu predicto modo et forma MODO ET FORMA, pleading. In manner and form. These words are used in tendering an issue in a civil case. 2. Their legal effect is to put in issue all material circumstances and no other, they may therefore be always used with safety. predictis felonice interfecerunt contra pacem dicti domini regis nunc Coronam et dignitatem suas / per me Georgium pattenden Coronatorem ponit se culpabilis cattalla nulla legit Edwardus Oxly ponit se non culpabilis nec reus Sidneus ffrancis ponit se non culpabilis nec reus Iohannes homden ponit se non culpabilis nec reus willelmus Beeche Kent Sessions An indented inquest was held at Tonbridge in the aforesaid county on 18 September in the eighth year of the reign of our lord James by the grace of God king of England, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, etc. and in the forty-fourth [year of the reign of our lord James king] of Scotland before George Pattenden, gentleman, one of the coroners of the said lord king of the county aforesaid, upon the view of the body of a certain Edward Calvely late of Tonbridge aforesaid in the county aforesaid, yeoman, lying dead there, by the oath of Nicholas Farmer, gentleman, Garret Gatlyn, gentleman, William Harry the elder, John Dann, Thomas Underhill, Robert Bourman, Alexander Rottenbridge, Walter Saker, William Harrys the younger, Thomas Bowle, William Harte, Thomas Hasselden, Moses Hodge, Henry Burden and Peter Harrys, good and lawful men of the county aforesaid. They say upon their oath that the aforesaid Edward Calvely and a certain Edward Oxley late of Tonbridge in the county aforesaid, yeoman, Sidney Francis late of Tonbridge aforesaid in the county aforesaid, butcher, John Hombden late of Tonbridge aforesaid in the county aforesaid, butcher, and William Beech late of Tonbridge aforesaid in the county aforesaid, tailor, and various other persons unknown to the aforesaid jurymen assembled together on 26 June in the eighth year of the reign of our lord James by the grace of God king of England, France, and Ireland, defender [of the faith] & c and in the forty-third [year of the reign of our lord James king] of Scotland at Tonbridge aforesaid in the county aforesaid in a certain house there called "a playhouse," and the aforesaid Edward Calvely, Edward Oxley, Sidney Francis, John Homden, and William Beech did then and there make an affray among themselves; and [that] the aforesaid Edward Oxley did then and there by force and arms (Law) an expression in old indictments, signifying violence. See also: Force etc, make an assault on and about the aforesaid Edward Calvely and with a sword called "a dagger" of the value of 12d., which the same Edward Oxley then and there had and held in his right hand, did feloniously strike the aforementioned Edward Calvely upon the forehead of that same Edward Calvely, giving to the same Edward Calvely then and there with the aforesaid sword called "a dagger" upon the same forehead of the aforesaid Edward a mortal wound of the depth of one-quarter of one inch and of the width of one-quarter of [one] inch; [and that] indeed the aforesaid Edward Calvely was lying ill from that mortal wound from the aforesaid 26 June in the [regnal reg·nal adj. Being a specified year of a monarch's reign calculated from the date of accession: in her 12th regnal year. ] years abovesaid [until] 7 August in the eighth year of the reign of our said lord James now king of England France and Ireland and in the forty-fourth [year of the reign of our said lord James king] of Scotland at Tonbridge aforesaid in the county aforesaid; [and that] indeed on that 7 August in the aforesaid eighth year of the reign of our said lord James now king of England, France [and Ireland] and in the forty-fourth year [of the reign of our said lord James now king] of Scotland the aforesaid Edward Calvely died from the aforesaid mortal wound at Tonbridge aforesaid in the county aforesaid. And that the aforesaid Sidney Francis, John Homden, and William Beech on the aforesaid 26 June in the aforesaid eighth year of the reign of our said lord James now king of England, France, and Ireland and in the forty-third year [of the reign of our said lord James now king] of Scotland at Tonbridge aforesaid in the county aforesaid were feloniously present with the aforementioned Edward Oxley by feloniously abetting a·bet tr.v. a·bet·ted, a·bet·ting, a·bets 1. To approve, encourage, and support (an action or a plan of action); urge and help on. 2. , procuring, supporting, aiding, and encouraging that same Edward to commit the felony and homicide aforesaid in the form aforesaid contrary to the peace of the said now lord king, his Crown, and dignity; and [that] the aforesaid Edward Oxley, Sidney Francis, John Homden, and William Beech did thus feloniously kill the aforementioned Edward Calvely at Tonbridge aforesaid in the county aforesaid in the manner and form aforesaid contrary to the peace of the said now lord king, his Crown, and dignity. by me George Pattenden, Coroner He places himself [to be tried before God and country.] [He is] guilty. [He has] no chattels. He reads. (13) Edward Oxley He places himself [to be tried before God and country.] [He is] neither guilty nor liable. Sidney Francis He places himself [to be tried before God and country.] [He is] neither guilty nor liable. John Homden He places himself [to be tried before God and country.] [He is] neither guilty nor liable. William Beech Assize Court Trial Calendar (14) (TNA: PRO ASSI 35/53/5, mb. 27)
Nomina Iuratorum inter Dominum Regem Et
Edwardum Hunter non culpabilem nec Edwardum Oxly homicidam culpabilem
reum cattallam nullam legit
non culpabilem nec reum non culpabilem nec reum
Sidneum ffrancis homicidam Iohannem Homden homicidam
non culpabilem nec reum non culpabilem nec ream
Willelmum Beeche homicidam Abigallam Harte
prisonarios ad barram.
Thomas Allen luratores
Willelmus Hartridge
Willelmus Hyckmott
Thomas Iden
Willelmus Alfye
Matheus Browne
Thomas Daye
Iohannes Maynerd
Walterus Parson
Thomas Hale
Ricardus Cole
Edmundus Langlye
Nicholaus Gilborne Miles Vicecomes
Names of the jurors between the Lord King and
Edward Hunter, not guilty nor liable Edward Oxly, murderer, guilty, no
chattels, he reads
not guilty nor liable not guilty nor liable
Sidney Francis, murderer, John Homden, murderer,
not guilty nor liable not guilty nor liable
illiam Beech, murder, Abigail Harte,
prisoners at the bar.
Thomas Allen Jurymen
William Hartridge
William Hyckmott
Thomas Iden
William Alfye
Matthew Browne
Thomas Daye
John Maynerd
Walter Parson
Thomas Hale
Richard Cole
Edmund Langlye
Nicholas Gilborne Knight Sheriff
Further details about the participants in this fatal fray have emerged from the Tonbridge parish records, probate records, and other court records. The Oxleys were a prominent family of Tonbridge clothiers, descending from Edward Oxley, whose will, dated December 17, 1567, divided his property among five surviving sons and one daughter. (15) One of his sons, the clothier George Oxley who died May 28, 1598, ranked sufficiently high in the town to have served from 1580 to 1583 as one of the wardens of the town lands, responsible for repairing the bridges and paving the high street. (16) The will of George Oxley, dated May 26, 1598, reveals that he had three daughters and a son named Edward who had not yet reached "his full age of five and Twenty yeares." (17) Since the Tonbridge parish register of baptisms, which begins in 1585, does not mention Edward Oxley, he must have been at least fourteen years old in 1598 and probably in his late twenties or thirties in June 1610, when he assaulted Edward Calverley in the Tonbridge playhouse. (18) Foreshadowing fore·shad·ow tr.v. fore·shad·owed, fore·shad·ow·ing, fore·shad·ows To present an indication or a suggestion of beforehand; presage. fore·shad this fatal fray in 1610, Edward Oxley's uncle David Oxley, another son of Edward Oxley (d. 1567) and brother of George Oxley (d. 1598), was himself involved in a fatal fray with Edmund Brystowe in Gravesend in May 1576. Apprehended in Queenborough, he was questioned before Queenborough magistrates and bailiffs, imprisoned im·pris·on tr.v. im·pris·oned, im·pris·on·ing, im·pris·ons To put in or as if in prison; confine. [Middle English emprisonen, from Old French emprisoner : en- at Canterbury Castle Canterbury Castle is in Canterbury, Kent, England (grid reference TR145574). Phases Norman era A wooden motte and bailey castle was erected in 1066 - its motte may be the mound which is still visible in the Dane John gardens near the stone castle (which may in , and tried at the Maidstone assizes as·size n. 1. a. A session of a court. b. A decree or edict rendered at such a session. 2. a. on July 16, 1576. (19) Also suggestive of suggestive of Decision making adjective Referring to a pattern by LM or imaging, that the interpreter associates with a particular–usually malignant lesion. See Aunt Millie approach, Defensive medicine. things to come, on June 5, 1606, Edward Oxley of Tonbridge, clothier, stood surety in a recognizance recognizance In law, obligation entered into before a court or magistrate requiring the performance of an act (e.g., appearance in court), usually under penalty of a money forfeiture. The most common use of recognizance is in connection with bail in criminal cases. for Thomas Woody of Tonbridge, tailor, to keep the peace toward John Collyns and to appear before the next court of quarter sessions QUARTER SESSIONS. A court bearing this name, mostly invested with the trial of criminals. It takes its name from sitting quarterly or once in three months. 2. The English courts of quarter sessions were erected during the reign of Edward III. Vide Stat. . (20) In a conveyance dated July 2, 1612, following his conviction for murder and subsequent release from the bishop's custody, Edward Oxley, clothier, son and heir of George Oxley, clothier, sold to Thomas Busse of Pembury, clothier, the messuage MESSUAGE, property. This word is synonymous with dwelling-house; and a grant of a messuage with the appurtenances, will not only pass a house, but all the buildings attached or belonging to it, as also its curtilage, garden and orchard, together with the close on which the house is built. or tenement on the west side of the Tonbridge high street between two of the bridges, Busse having first signed a bond dated July 1, 1612, to pay from the income of the property certain bequests to George Oxley's widow. After signing a release to Thomas Busse on May 19, 1615, following the death of his mother, Edward Oxley disappears from the Tonbridge records. (21) The apparent ringleader ring·lead·er n. A person who leads others, especially in illicit or informal activities. ringleader Noun a person who leads others in illegal or mischievous actions Noun 1. in the assault on Edward Calverley was the Tonbridge butcher John Holmden (Hombden/Homden/Homeden), probably in his fifties at the time of the assault. The Tonbridge parish register shows that John Holmden and Fayth Copyng were married on January 10, 1579/80, and had three children: Sara, daughter of John Holmden, buried on August 8, 1585; John, son of John Holmden, christened on May 18, 1598; and Elizabeth, daughter of John Holmden, christened on August 17, 1600. He may also be the "old John Holmden" whose second marriage to Alice Somers took place on November 23, 1641, and the "old John Holmden" who was buried on April 14, 1653. (22) In his later life he served a three-year term as one of the wardens of the town lands from Michaelmas 1622 to Michaelmas 1625, (23) but during his younger years he was a known brawler, connected to Edward Oxley through their joint association with the Tonbridge tailor Thomas Woody (Wooddy/Wooddin/Wooden/Woodyer), and no stranger to the quarter sessions and assize courts. On August 15, 1597, John Holmden was bound by magistrates to keep the peace toward John Coles of Great St. Bartholomew's, London, informer Informer Battus revealed theft by Mercury; turned to touchstone. [Gk. and Rom. Myth.: Walsh Classical, 47] Cenci, Count Francesco old libertine ravishes his daughter Beatrice. [Br. Lit. , to appear in the quarter sessions court, and to answer for his part in the affray; and he stood surety for Thomas Wooddin of Tonbridge, tailor, also charged in the same incident. (24) A year later in a second affray he again stood surety for Thomas Woddye, tailor, on September 12, 1598. (25) On February 25, 1600, both John Holmden and Thomas Woody appeared before the assize court at Rochester, the former delivered from jail by proclamation and the latter released on bail; (26) and on April 1, 1600, they both appeared before the quarter sessions court at Maidstone. (27) Two years later, in trouble yet again, John Holmden was bound on April 3, 1602 "to be of good behaviour" and to appear at the quarter sesions, a recognizance that was eventually discharged on September 28, 1602. (28) The third defendant, William Beach (Beech/Beche/Bech), also appears in both the Tonbridge parish register and the Kent court records, although at least two people by this name may have been living in Tonbridge in 1610. (29) The parish register shows that John Beach married Mary Plane on January 21, 1583/84, and produced at least two children--Humphrey, son of John, christened February 5, 1586/87, and William, son of John, christened June 1, 1589--before Mary Beach died on May 28, 1593. This William Beach, son of John Beach, would have been twenty-one years old at the time of the assault on Edward Calverley in June 1610. However, the parish register also mentions a William Beach, "brother of John," who was buried on April 4, 1636, suggesting that the John Beach whose son William was born in 1589 may also have had a brother named William who died in 1636. This suggestion of uncle and nephew both named William and both in trouble with the law is supported by the quarter sessions recognizances dated July 29, 1611, binding William Beach of Tonbridge, butcher, and John Beach of Tonbridge, laborer, to keep the peace toward Walter Thompson Walter Thompson refers to:
In law, a session, or sitting, of a court. It originally referred to a judicial inquest in which a panel of men conducted an investigation. It was later applied to special sessions of high courts in England and France. indictment (mb. 11), where "butcher" has been corrected to "taylor," followed by the correct designation of "taylor" in the redrawn indictment (mb. 26). In addition to William Beach, butcher, and William Beach, tailor, a possible third William Beach of Tonbridge, laborer, was also brought before the Maidstone assizes on July 4, 1627, for desertion, having enlisted as a soldier and received money to serve overseas in April 1627, but in June 1627 having deserted and returned to Tonbridge. (30) The other two participants in the playhouse fray make only brief appearances in the Tonbridge parish register. The fourth defendant, Sidney Francis, butcher, appears only twice in the register, when "Sidney, son of Sydney ffraunces" was christened on January 12, 1611/12, and buried ten days later on January 22, 1611/12. (31) If Sidney Francis, the father in these records, were the same Sidney Francis involved in the assault on Edward Calverley, he may have been in his twenties or thirties at the time. Several generations of the Calverley (Calvely/Calverley/Calverlie/Caverly/Caverle/Caverlaye) family appear in the parish register, but only James Calverley (d. 1574) left a will, and not enough information survives to assign the victim Edward Calverley definitely to a particular branch of the family. Since his name does not appear in the register of christenings, however, he must have been born before the opening of the register in April 1585, thus making him at least in his late twenties at the time of his death. The register of burials does record the burial of Edward Calverlie on July 23, 1610, and adds the significant information that he was "Sir Anthony Dentons man." (32) The reason for the fray between Edward Oxley, John Holmden, William Beach, Sidney Francis, and Edward Calverley in the Tonbridge playhouse remains a mystery, but the even greater mystery is why there was a playhouse in Tonbridge in the first place. Only four other playhouses are known to have existed outside of London before the Restoration: at Bristol Nicholas Wolfe's Wine Street playhouse between 1604 and 1625 and Sarah Barker's playhouse sometime before 1637, the York playhouse in 1609, and the Prescot playhouse The Prescot Playhouse was a purpose-built Elizabethan theatre in the then-Lancashire town of Prescot, now in Merseyside, England. It was built in approximately 1593, and was demolished in the early 17th century. It was a cockpit design. in Lancashire sometime between 1592 and 1609. (33) In the early seventeenth century, Tonbridge was certainly not a logical location. Many incorporated Kentish towns were much larger than Tonbridge: Faversham had a population of 1,500, Dover and Maidstone each about 3,000, and Sandwich about 4,000. The city of Canterbury For the local government area in Sydney, Australia, see City of Canterbury, New South Wales
n. Chiefly British 1. A woodland. 2. An area of open rolling upland. [From Weald, a once-forested area in southeast England, from Old English of Kent have a playhouse in the early seventeenth century? The answer to that question remains conjectural con·jec·tur·al adj. 1. Based on or involving conjecture. See Synonyms at supposed. 2. Tending to conjecture. con·jec , but several strands of circumstantial evidence circumstantial evidence In law, evidence that is drawn not from direct observation of a fact at issue but from events or circumstances that surround it. If a witness arrives at a crime scene seconds after hearing a gunshot to find someone standing over a corpse and holding a all point toward two powerful barons and sympathetic supporters of Elizabethan players and playhouses: Henry Carey, 1st Lord Hunsdon (1526-96) and George Carey, 2nd Lord Hunsdon (1547-1603). In the first year of her reign on January 13, 1558/59, Elizabeth I Elizabeth I, queen of England Elizabeth I, 1533–1603, queen of England (1558–1603). Early Life The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she was declared illegitimate just before the execution of her mother in 1536, but in had created her cousin Henry Cousin Henry is a novel by Anthony Trollope in 1879. The story deals with the trouble arising from the indecision of a squire, Indefer Jones, in choosing an heir to his estate. Of all Trollope's shorter novels, this one has been called one of his most experimental. Carey the first baron of Hunsdon, and on March 20, 1558/59, for the maintenance of his rank of baron she settled on him the reversions and rents arising from numerous estates in York, Northamptonshire, Berkshire, Hertfordshire, and Kent, including "the manors of Tunbridge and Hadlowe, the castle of Tunbridge, parks called Le Cage Parke and Le Posterne Parke in Tunbridge and a park called Le Northe Frithe, co. Kent." (36) Not many manorial records survive for the manor of Tonbridge; however, "A Rentall of so muche of the Manors of Tunbridge and Hadlow as is in the handes of Sir George Carey knight, knight marshall of her maiesties houshold & Captayne of the He of wight made By Richard Sutton Sir Richard Sutton (d. c. 1524) was an English lawyer. He was founder, with William Smyth, bishop of Lincoln, of Brasenose College, Oxford, and the first lay founder of any college. gentleman Stewarde theire the ffirst daye of Ianuarye 1586 and in the xxixth yere of the Raigne of owr most gracyous Soueraigne ladie Elizabethe by the grace of god Quene of England ffraunce & Ireland defender of the faithe & c." does list all the rents and quit-rents from properties, tenements, and inns in the town under the control of the Careys as lords of the manor. (37) After the death of George Carey, 2nd Lord Hunsdon in 1603, possession of the manor of Tonbridge passed to his daughter Elizabeth Carey and her husband, Sir Thomas Berkeley, who early in the reign of James I James I, king of Aragón and count of Barcelona James I (James the Conqueror), 1208–76, king of Aragón and count of Barcelona (1213–76), son and successor of Peter II. sold the manor to Sir Peter Vanlore Sir Peter Vanlore (circa 1547 – 1627-09-06) was a successful Elizabethan / Stuart merchant and moneylender. He was born circa 1547 in Utrecht, Netherlands, the third son of Maurits van Loor and his wife Stephania. About 1568, he moved to England. , the Dutch merchant banker and jeweler to the courts of Elizabeth I and James I. (38) In addition to the influence of Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon, and his successors as lords of the manor of Tonbridge, Henry Carey also obtained from Elizabeth I on May 14, 1571, the grant of a weekly market on Fridays in the borough of Tonbridge and three annual fairs to be held on the eve On the Eve (Накануне in Russian) is the third novel by famous Russian writer Ivan Turgenev, best known for his short stories and the novel Fathers and Sons. , day, and morrow of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist The Nativity of St. John the Baptist (or Birth of John the Baptist, or Nativity of the Forerunner) is a Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus’ cousin, John the Baptist. (June 23-25), the eve, day, and morrow of feast of St. Luke (October 17-19), and Ash Wednesday Ash Wednesday, in the Western Church, the first day of Lent, being the seventh Wednesday before Easter. On this day ashes are placed on the foreheads of the faithful to remind them of death, of the sorrow they should feel for their sins, and of the necessity of , the morrow, and the day afterward (three successive days between February 4 and March 12 depending on the date of Easter). (39) Not only did these markets and fairs allow Lord Hunsdon's bailiffs to collect the fines and stallage Stall´age n. 1. (Eng. Law) The right of erecting a stall or stalls in fairs; rent paid for a stall. 2. Dung of cattle or horses, mixed with straw. fees, providing a further source of revenue and a visible demonstration of the authority of the lord of the manor The title of Lord of the Manor arose in the English medieval system of Manorialism following the Norman Conquest. The title 'Lord of the Manor' is a titular feudal dignity which is still recognised today. , but they apparently also provided an opportunity for his lordship's players to perform before a large guaranteed audience drawn from the surrounding villages and parishes. The fray at the Tonbridge playhouse, it should be noted, happened either on June 25, or June 26, dates that coincide with the Midsummer fair and suggest that players may have come to Tonbridge specifically for the occasion. (40) Whether such performances at the Tonbridge playhouse were a regular feature at fair time and when such a custom might have begun are open to speculation. The interest of the lords Hunsdon in players and playhouses, however, is well-documented fact. (41) From July 4, 1585, until his death on July 23, 1596, Henry Carey, 1st Lord Hunsdon held the post of Lord Chamberlain The Lord Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain of the Household is one of the chief officers of the Royal Household in the United Kingdom, and is to be distinguished from the Lord Great Chamberlain, one of the Great Officers of State. in the court of Elizabeth I. After a brief hiatus between August 8, 1596, and March 6, 1597, when William Brooke, 10th Lord Cobham held the position, George Carey, 2nd Lord Hunsdon became Lord Chamberlain until his death on September 8, 1603. For almost a decade between May 1594 and September 1603 father and son sponsored the most famous theater company of their time--the Lord Chamberlain's Men--until the company gained a royal sponsor in 1603 and became the King's Men The King's Men may refer to:
n. pl. fes·tiv·i·ties 1. A joyous feast, holiday, or celebration; a festival. 2. The pleasure, joy, and gaiety of a festival or celebration. 3. . (46) After the Privy Council's establishment of the Queen's Men
The Queen's Men was an Elizabethan playing company that operated between 1583 and 1595. It was a popular company and its patron was Queen Elizabeth I. in February 1583, and his own appointment as Lord Chamberlain in July 1585, Henry Carey's personal players took a lower profile, since in his official capacity of providing the annual Christmas entertainment for the court he consistently favored the Queen's Men. Only once between his appointment as Lord Chamberlain in 1585 and the reorganization of the acting companies in 1594 did his own acting company appear at court--a joint performance with the Lord Admiral's Men Admiral's Men, theatrical company of players, officially designated the Admiral's Men in 1585. They were rivals of the Chamberlain's Men and performed at the theaters of Philip Henslowe. Their leading actor was Edward Alleyn. on January 6, 1586. (47) Nevertheless, his players did continue to play in the country during the late 1580s, payments having been recorded in Coventry, King's Lynn King's Lynn, town (1991 pop. 37,323), Norfolk, E England, on the Great Ouse River near its influx into The Wash, an inlet of the North Sea. Its large harbor serves foreign as well as coastal trade and is the base for a fishing fleet. , Leicester, and Saffron Walden between 1585 and 1588. (48) During the late 1590s the Kent records also include payments to George Carey's players: Lord Hunsdon's players performed in Faversham "about Lamas" 1596 during Lord Cobham's short tenure as the Lord Chamberlain, and the Lord Chamberlain's players under Carey's patronage performed between Michaelmas 1596 and Michaelmas 1597 in both Dover and Faversham. (49) After the Lord Chamberlain's Men The Lord Chamberlain's Men was the playing company that William Shakespeare worked for as actor and playwright for most of his career. Formed at the end of a period of flux in the theatrical world of London, it had become, by 1603, one of the two leading companies of the became the King's Men in 1603, they continued to tour the Kent circuit, payments to the King's Men having survived at Canterbury, Dover, Faversham, Folkestone, Fordwich, Hythe, Lydd, Maidstone, and New Romney New Romney (rŭm`nē), town (1991 pop. 4,500), Kent, SE England, in Romney Marsh. Until the sea receded, New Romney lay on the coast and was one of the Cinque Ports. Numerous documents concerning the Cinque Ports are kept in the town guildhall. between 1604 and 1625. (50) Of course, if Lord Hunsdon's players were playing at the Tonbridge fairs during the 1580s, or even if the Lord Chamberlain's Men were performing there after 1594 or the King's Men after 1603, no official record would have survived, since Tonbridge was an unincorporated town without mayor, aldermen, or chamberlain. As a result, when players came to town, there would have been no official mayor's play nor any town accounts in which official payments could have been entered. Only the judicial evidence of the fray in the Tonbridge playhouse during the Midsummer fair in 1610 survives to hint at to allude to lightly, indirectly, or cautiously. See also: Hint the possibility of regular dramatic performance in the town at fair time. In addition to their lordship of the manor and their establishment of the annual fairs, a third strand of evidence further strengthens the link between the lords Hunsdon and Tonbridge: the role of Sir Anthony Denton (1561-1615) whose servant Edward Calverley was fatally wounded in the playhouse fray. Sir Anthony Denton descended from William Denton, gentleman, of Southwark, Surrey, and Stedham, Sussex. (51) Shortly before his death in 1565, William Denton had acquired from Alexander Colepeper the rectory of Tonbridge including "all lands, tithes TITHES, Eng. law. A right to the tenth part of the produce of, lands, the stocks upon lands, and the personal industry of the inhabitants. These tithes are raised for the support of the clergy. 2. and the like in Tunbridge Warde alias Le Townewarde and Southborowe Warde, parcels of the said Rectory in Tunbridge." (52) With this purchase he joined Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon as a leading landowner in the town. On May 26, 1567, William Denton's widow, Margery, was granted wardship of their son and heir, Anthony Denton, with an annuity from the estate, until Anthony Denton received license to enter into his inheritance on April 29, 1583. (53) Meanwhile, Anthony Denton had matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford, on December 8, 1578, and entered the Middle Temple of the Inns of Court in 1581. (54) Styled armigero by 1601, Sir Anthony Denton was knighted on July 23, 1603, in the royal garden at Whitehall before the coronation of James I. (55) On May 25, 1601, Anthony Denton married Elizabeth Isham, daughter of Thomas Isham of Lamport, and established a country residence at Tonbridge in addition to his two London houses. (56) On August 26, 1615, he unexpectedly died at the age of 54. (57) On the south wall of the parish church of SS Peter and Paul, Tonbridge, where Sir Anthony Denton lies buried beneath a recumbent effigy Recumbent effigy literally means a "likeness lying in repose." It was a sepulchre sculpture practice particularly popular in 16th and 17th centuries on Christian tombs and particularly in England and was used to signify status. of a knight in armor, an inscription states that Sir Anthony was "one of the Honorable band of Pensioners (both to our late, renouned Lady Q. Elizabeth, & also to our now soverain Lord K. James)." (58) The Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners See Gentlemen-at-arms , established during the reign of Henry VIII, consisted of an elite group of fifty knights who in rotation provided a royal bodyguard The Royal Bodyguard is a part of the Royal Bhutan Army but independent as it is under the personal command of the king of Bhutan and is in charge of the security of the King of Bhutan (currently Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck) and members of the royalty. , standing guard with their gilt battle axes in the presence chamber and accompanying the monarch to the chapel royal or the House of Lords House of Lords: see Parliament. . (59) On ceremonial occasions all fifty gentlemen pensioners, dressed in identical livery, each attended by his servant, created a striking display of pageantry. Many of their quarterly account rolls are missing, but surviving gentlemen pensioners' rolls reveal that Sir Anthony Denton was serving as a gentlemen pensioner PENSIONER. One who is supported by an allowance at the will of another. It is more usually applied to him who receives an annuity or pension from the government. by at least September 1602 and continued in that post until his death in August 1615. (60) During the latter half of the reign of Elizabeth I the captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners was none other than Henry Carey, 1st Lord Hunsdon (1583-96), succeeded in the post by George Carey, 2nd Lord Hunsdon (1596-1603). Since patronage of gentlemen pensioner places belonged to the captain, subject to the assent of the monarch, it was George Carey who recruited fellow Tonbridge landowner Anthony Denton to join the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners. (61) Once again, the fray in the Tonbridge playhouse, where Edward Calverley, "Sir Anthony Dentons man," was fatally wounded on June 26, 1610, ends with a link to the lords Hunsdon. Given these three strands of circumstantial evidence that connect the lords Hunsdon to Tonbridge, suggesting a conjectural answer to the question of why a small, unincorporated market town in the sparsely populated Weald of Kent had a playhouse in the early seventeenth century, it may be time to revisit the well-known evidence, and to reconsider the implications, of another playhouse fray in June 1584 outside the Theatre and the Curtain in Shoreditch. (62) The details of this fracas need not detain us here; suffice it to take note that William Fleetwood's report to the Privy Council Privy Council Historically, the British sovereign's private council. Once powerful, the Privy Council has long ceased to be an active body, having lost most of its judicial and political functions since the middle of the 17th century. about the fray states that James Burbage James Burbage, or Burbadge (1531 – 1597) was an English actor, theatre impresario, and theatre builder in the English Renaissance theatre. He built The Theatre, the facility famous as the first permanent dedicated theatre built in England since Roman times. had described himself as "my Lo. of Hunsdons man." A leading member of Leceister's players and also a member of the Joiners livery company Noun 1. livery company - one of the chartered companies of London originating with the craft guilds company - an institution created to conduct business; "he only invests in large well-established companies"; "he started the company in his garage" , James Burbage and his brother Robert Brother Robert was a cleric working in Norway who adapted several French literary works into Old Norse during the reign of Norwegian king Haakon IV of Norway (1217 – 1263). Burbage, a member of the Carpenters livery company, had erected in 1576 the first purpose-built theater in London, named appropriately, if unimaginatively, the Theatre. (63) When other players of Leicester's company were incorporated into the Queen's Men in 1583, however, James Burbage had not followed suit, nor was he part of the group of actors that accompanied Leicester to the Low Countries in 1585 and 1586. Instead, from at least June 1584 until his probable association with Pembroke's Men The Earl of Pembroke's Men was an Elizabethan era playing company, or troupe of actors, in English Renaissance theatre. They functioned under the patronage of Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. in 1591 and perhaps later, he was wearing Henry Carey's livery. (64) In the absence of any other evidence, it has been generally assumed that Burbage passed these years in London as landlord of the Theatre, managing the premises for any acting company who wished to hire it for their London performances. However, given the connection of James Burbage with lord Hunsdon during the 1580s and given the connection of the Lords Hunsdon with Tonbridge and the heretofore unnoticed existence of a playhouse in Tonbridge in 1610, is it not time to start asking what else this leading theatrical entrepreneur might have been doing during the 1580s in Tonbridge when he was "my Lo. of Hunsdons man"? Notes 1. London: The National Archives National Archives, official depository for records of the U.S. federal government, established in 1934 by an act of Congress. Although displeasure concerning the method of keeping national records was voiced in Congress as early as 1810, the United States continued (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO) ASSI 35/53/5, mbs. 11, 26, 27. See also J. S. Cockburn, ed., Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments, James I (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1980), 94. I owe thanks to Dr. Christopher Dr. John R. Christopher, known popularly as "Dr. Christopher" was one of very few nationally prominent doctors of herbal medicine of the middle third of the 20th century, a "dark ages" of herbalism and was responsible for the herbal renaissance of the 1960s. Chalklin for drawing this reference to my attention and to Abigail Ann Young for checking the Latin transcriptions and translations. 2. The August 7 date in the inquest for Edward Calverley's death disagrees with the July 23 date in the parish register for his burial, but the latter is more likely to be reliable, having probably been entered on the day rather than recalled almost two months later. The earliest surviving register of the ancient parish chuch of SS Peter and Paul, Tonbridge (Maidstone: Centre for Kentish Studies (CKS CKS Checks CKS Center for Korean Studies (UC Berkeley) CKS Center for Knowledge Societies CKS Carajas, Para, Brazil - International / Brasilia Brazil (Airport Code) CKS Crankshaft Sensor ): P371/1/15), contains baptisms (1585-1687), marriages (1563-1687), and burials (1559-1685). The register's folios are not numbered, but each section is arranged chronologically. 3. William Beach appears on the list of prisoners delivered to the court (TNA: PRO ASSI 35/53/5, mbs. 40-41), but the membranes are damaged and many of the other names are illegible il·leg·i·ble adj. Not legible or decipherable. il·leg  i·bil .
4. A contemporary account of legal procedure in criminal cases may be found in chapter 23 of Sir Thomas Smith's De Republica Anglorum, ed. Mary Dewar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). , 1982), 110-16. Benefit of clergy, or the privilege of being tried in the ecclesiastical courts In England, the collective classification of particular courts that exercised jurisdiction primarily over spiritual matters. A system of courts, held by authority granted by the sovereign, that assumed jurisdiction over matters concerning the ritual and religion of the established , which did not award the death penalty, was granted during the early modern period to anyone who could read a verse in Latin from the Psalter. In cases of homicide benefit of clergy was offered only on the first offense. If a visible brand on the hand demonstrated that a convicted murderer had already "received his clergy" for a prior offense, then he was sentenced to be hanged. Unfortunately, the act books for the diocese of Rochester Not to be confused with the Episcopal Diocese of Rochester or the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester, both in New York State in the United States of America). The Diocese of Rochester consistory court The consistory court is a type of ecclesiastical court, especially within the Church of England. They were established by a charter of King William I of England, and still exist today, although since about the middle of the 19th century consistory courts have lost much of their and archdeacon's court have not survived for this period, making it impossible to follow Edward Oxley's case to its conclusion after he was handed over to the bishop's representative. 5. Words enclosed in <> have been inserted above the line in the manuscript. 6. Diuersi alij for diuerse alie 7. De has been corrected over pro resulting in de funditate for de profunditate. 8. 18mm tear in the manuscript for unius (?) 9. 18mm tear in the manuscript for & c vsque (?) 10. 14mm tear in the manuscript for quadragesimo 11. 14mm tear in the manuscript for Iacobi 12. 10mm tear in the manuscript for predictam 13. As Sir Thomas Smith Thomas Smith may refer to: U.S. congressmen:
tr.v. con·fis·cat·ed, con·fis·cat·ing, con·fis·cates 1. To seize (private property) for the public treasury. 2. To seize by or as if by authority. See Synonyms at appropriate. adj. by the court. If the guilty prisoner requested benefit of clergy, the bishop's representative confirmed whether or not the prisoner could read the verse from the Vulgate Vulgate (vŭl`gāt) [Lat. Vulgata editio=common edition], most ancient extant version of the whole Christian Bible. Its name derives from a 13th-century reference to it as the "editio vulgata. . 14. Prisoners were divided into groups, and all the cases in the group were heard before the jury retired to consider its verdict, thus accounting for Edward Hunter Edward Hunter is the name of the following persons:
At Common Law, the punishment for grand larceny was death. , being included in this trial calendar with the four men indicted for murder. See J. S. Cockburn, ed., Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments James I; (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1980), 94. 15. CKS: Drb/Pwrl3, ff. 341v-42v. 16. CKS: U422/Q7, 2. 17. CKS: Drb/Pwr19A, ff. 24-26v. 18. CKS: P371/1/15. It is possible that there were two Edward Oxleys in Tonbridge in 1610. John Oxley This article is about the person. For the Australian pilot ship, see John Oxley (ship). John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley (1783/1785? – 1828) was an explorer and surveyor of Australia in the early period of English colonisation. , another son of Edward Oxley (d. 1567) and brother of George Oxley (d. 1598), in his will dated November 16, 1575 (CKS: Drb/Pwrl4, ff. 262v-63) divided his estate between his sons Richard and Edward, neither of whom had reached the age of twenty-one in 1575. Although the marriage of Richard Oxley to Anne Latter is recorded in the parish register on August 1,1591, there is no further mention in the register of his brother Edward, who would have been a cousin of the Edward Oxley, son of George Oxley. 19. For the articles of examination and writ to the sheriff in this case, see CKS: Qb/ZB15-17. The record of the July 16, 1576 assize court is missing. 20. CKS: QM/SRc/1606/132. 21. This conveyance, bond, and release are among a bundle of title deeds TITLE DEEDS. Those deeds which are evidences of the title of the owner of an estate. 2. The person who is entitled to the inheritance has a right to the possession of the title deeds. 1 arr. & Marsh. 653. in the Tonbridge Library Archives, TU1/T2. 22. CKS: P371/1/15. 23. CKS: U422/Q7, 23. 24. CKS: QM/SRc/1597/100 and QM/SRc/1597/102. 25. CKS: QM/SRc/1598/93. 26. TNA: PRO ASSI 35/42/5, mb. 41v. See also J. S. Cockburn, ed., Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments; Elizabeth I (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1979), 454. To be delivered or "quitte by proclamation" means that, though the prisoner had been indicted, no one appeared to give evidence at his arraignment A criminal proceeding at which the defendant is officially called before a court of competent jurisdiction, informed of the offense charged in the complaint, information, indictment, or other charging document, and asked to enter a plea of guilty, not guilty, or as otherwise permitted before the assize court, and thus the judge proclaimed him to be at liberty. See Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, ed., Mary Dewar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 110. 27. CKS: Q/SR1, mb. 7. 28. CKS: QM/SRc/1602/61 and Q/SR3, mb. 11d. 29. CKS: P371/1/15; QM/SRc/1611/35; and QM/SRc/1611/36. 30. TNA: PRO ASSI 35/69/8, mb. 41; see also J. S. Cockburn, ed., Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments; Charles I (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1995), 53. Earlier records of the Rochester assizes on March 26, 1599 (ASSI 35/41/2, mb. 69v): also include a William Beach (residence and occupation unknown) among the list of suspects delivered from jail by proclamation. See J. S. Cockburn, ed., Calendar of Assize Records: Kent Indictments; Elizabeth I (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1979), 441. If this William Beach came from Tonbridge, the date would be too early for William Beach, tailor, but could fit the criminal record of William Beach, butcher. 31. CKS: P371/1/15. 32. Ibid. 33. Mark C. Pilkinton, ed., Bristol, Records of Early English Drama The Records of Early English Drama (REED), also known as the Centre for Research in Early English Drama, is an international scholarly project that looks at the broader context from which the great drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries grew. (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1997), xxxvii-xl and passim PASSIM - A simulation language based on Pascal. ["PASSIM: A Discrete-Event Simulation Package for Pascal", D.H Uyeno et al, Simulation 35(6):183-190 (Dec 1980)]. ; Alexandra F. Johnston and Margaret Rogerson, eds., York, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1979), 530-31; David George, ed., Lancashire, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1991), xliv-xlv, 80-82, 240-41. 34. Christopher W. Chalklin, "A Seventeenth-Century Market Town: Tonbrirdge," Archaeologia Cantiana 76 (1962): 152-62. For a more in-depth study of the town, see Christopher W. Chalklin, "A Kentish Wealden Parish (Tonbridge), 1550-1750." Unpublished BLitt thesis (Oxford, 1960). 35. On Philip Symonson's 1596 map, "A New Description of Kent," Watling Street divides just west of Deptford, the main branch continuing eastward toward Rochester, Canterbury, and Dover, and the other branch dropping southeastward through the Weald to Bromley, Sevenoaks, Tonbridge, and Rye. See Henry Hannen, "An Account of a Map of Kent Dated 1596," Archaeologia Cantiana 30 (1914): 85-92, with facsimile of the map facing p. 85. 36. Calendar of the Patent Rolls: Elizabeth, vol. 1, 1558-1560 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1939), 60-61, 115-18. See also J. F. Wadmore, "Tonbridge Castle and its Lords," Archaeologia Cantiana 6 (1886): 12-57, esp. 52. 37. CKS: U38/M1. Unfortunately, the rental does not contain sufficient detail to establish the location and use of most of the properties. 38. CKS: U55/T422 (title deeds for Tonbridge castle and manor); see also Edward Hasted, The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, 12 vols. (Canterbury: W. Bristow, 1797-1801), 5:216-17. 39. Calendar of the Patent Rolls: Elizabeth I, vol. 5, 1569-1572 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1966), 240. 40. On the first indictment (mb. 11) the fray is first said to have taken place on "[xxvj.sup.to] die Iunij" and then in a later reference on "eodem [xxvj.sup.to] die Iunij." The second redrawn indictment (mb. 26) has June 26 in both places. 41. A convenient summary of the acting companies supported by Henry Carey, 1st Lord Hunsdon and George Carey, 2nd Lord Hunsdon may be found in Andrew Gurr, The Shakespearian Playing Companies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 278-305. Performance dates, however, should be double-checked against those in the REED volumes. 42. Between August 8, 1596, and March 6,1597, when Lord Cobham was the Lord Chamberlain, the acting company was known as Lord Hunsdon's Men. 43. David Galloway, ed., Norwich, 1540-1642, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1984), 52; Audrey Douglas and Peter Greenfield, eds., Cumberland Westmorland Gloucestershire, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1986), 300; J. J. Anderson Mitchell Keith (J.J.) Anderson (born September 23 1960, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American former professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). , ed., Newcastle upon Tyne, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1982), 45; John M. Wasson, ed., Devon, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1986), 65, 237; James Stokes and Robert J. Alexander, ed., Somerset, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1996), 49; Mark C. Pilkinton, ed., Bristol, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1997), 52; and James M. Gibson, ed., Kent: Diocese of Canterbury The Diocese of Canterbury is a Church of England diocese covering eastern Kent, founded by St Augustine in 597. It is centred on (and named for) Canterbury Cathedral, and is the oldest see of the Church of England. , Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2002), 194, 465, 698. See also Andrew Gurr, The Shakespearian Playing Companies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 302. 44. Galloway, ed., Norwich, 1540-1642, 58, and Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, 397. 45. Stokes and Alexander, ed., Somerset, 13; Pilkinton, ed., Bristol, 124; Gibson, ed., Kent: Diocese of Canterbury, 477, 716; Wasson, ed., Devon, 159; Douglas and Greenfield, eds., Cumberland Westmorland Gloucestershire, 308; J. Alan B. Somerset, Shropshire, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1994), 87; and Galloway, ed., Norwich, 1540-1642, 64-65. See also Andrew Gurr, The Shakespearian Playing Companies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 302 46. E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923), 4:159. 47. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4:161. 48. Andrew Gurr, The Shakespearian Playing Companies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 302; Malone Society, Collections XI, 64. Musicians and bearwards of Lord Hunsdon also performed throughout the 1580s in Coventry, as well as several times between 1574 and 1578. See R. W. Ingram, ed., Coventry, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1981), 269, 270, 286, 300, 302, 310, 313, 317, 323. 49. Gibson, ed., Kent: Diocese of Canterbury, 484, 562. 50. Ibid., 271, 273, 495, 499, 513, 515, 566, 570, 586, 602-3, 633, 638-40, 710, 723-24, 806-8, 811-12. 51. William Berry, County Genealogies: Pedigrees of the Families of the County of Kent, 2 vols. (London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, 1830), 451; TNA: PRO PROB PROB Probable/Probably PROB Problem PROB People's Republic of Bangladesh 11/48, ff. 195v-97v. 52. TNA: PRO C.66/1016, mb. 33. See Calendar of the Patent Rolls: Elizabeth I, vol. 3, 1563-1566 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1960), 305. 53. TNA: PRO C.66/1039, mb. 25, and C.66/1236, mbs. 8-9. See Calendar of the Patent Rolls: Elizabeth 1, vol. 4, 1566-1569 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1964), 127. Various other title deeds relating to Anthony Denton's estate include a license to alienate, September 25, 1587 (TNA: PRO C.66/1316, mb. 8); a pardon for alienation of the rectory of Tonbridge, May 8, 1588 (TNA: PRO 66/1309, mb. 16); and a grant of the rectory of Tonbridge to Margery Martyn, widow; Anthony Denton, armigero; and William Denton, March 2, 1601 (TNA: PRO C.66/1548, mb. 9). 54. Joseph Foster, Alumni Oxoniensis: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714, 4 vols. (London: Parker, 1891), 1:395. 55. William Shaw, The Knights of England, 2 vols. (London: Heraldry heraldry, system in which inherited symbols, or devices, called charges are displayed on a shield, or escutcheon, for the purpose of identifying individuals or families. Today, 1971), 2:120. Shaw mistakenly gives Sir Anthony's residence as Buckinghamshire, having confused the Dentons of Tonbridge with the Dentons of Hillsden. 56. Northamptonshire Record Office: I.C.3652B, Anthony Denton letter to Thomas Isham, November 19, "we are intended to continewe att Tunbridge vntill wee can make an end of our buildinge, and recover in some sort our expenses ... I ame carefull concerninge my Sister Susan, but hither hith·er adv. To or toward this place: Come hither. adj. Located on the near side. Idiom: hither and thither/yon to I have mett with no encounter to my mynde, yf she hath not taken a surfett of Tunbridge, my wife and I would be gladd of hir company there"; I.C.3654, Anthony Denton letter to John Isham, March 15, "my house and furniture here in Kent hath coste me above six hundred poundes"; and I.C.4849, Elizabeth Denton letter to John Isham, n.d., "I was in good hope to have seene you heere this last terme, vntill my cosen Iohn Gilpin tould mee otherwise who was with mee at Tunbridge after his return from you." See also Mary E. Finch, The Wealth of Five Northamptonshire Families, 1540-1640, Publications of the Northamptonshire Record Society, 18, vol. 19 (Lampert, 1956), 26-27. 57. On September 18, 1615, Lady Elizabeth Denton was granted a letter of administration of his estate (TNA: PRO PROB 6/9, f. 32), and on November 2, 1615, an inquisition postmortem postmortem /post·mor·tem/ (post-mort´im) performed or occurring after death. post·mor·tem adj. Relating to or occurring during the period after death. n. See autopsy. at Dartford found that by a prenuptial agreement prenuptial agreement (antenuptial agreement) n. a written contract between two people who are about to marry, setting out the terms of possession of assets, treatment of future earnings, control of the property of each, and potential division if the marriage is later with Thomas Isham, dated May 1, 1601, Sir Anthony Denton had settled on his wife the rectory of Tonbridge and other lands in Kent (TNA: PRO WARD 7/53/274). On April 20, 1625, sometime after her remarriage Re`mar´riage n. 1. A second or repeated marriage. Noun 1. remarriage - the act of marrying again , Paul Dewes of Stowlaugh in Sussex and Dame Elizabeth his wife (widow of Sir Anthony Denton), granted to William Denton the elder of Tonbridge (brother of Sir Anthony), Ann his wife, and William Denton and Anthony Denton, their sons, all their interest in the rectory of Tonbridge with appurtenances APPURTENANCES. In common parlance and legal acceptation, is used to signify something belonging to another thing as principal, and which passes as incident to the principal thing. 10 Peters, R. 25; Angell, Wat. C. 43; 1 Serg. & Rawle, 169; 5 S. & R. 110; 5 S. & R. 107; Cro. Jac. (CKS: U55/T423). 58. A photograph of the monument appears in the anonymous booklet The Story of the Parish Church of St. Peter & St. Paul Tonbridge, [n.d.], 14. 59. For general background on the gentlemen pensioners, see W. J. Tighe, The Gentlemen Pensioners in Elizabethan Politics and Government, (Cambridge University Ph.D., 1983); also "An Account of the King's Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners from its Establishment to the present Time," being part 2 of Samuel Pegge, Curialia, or An Historical Account of Some Branches of the Royal Household (London: B. White, 1791). 60. Each roll lists the names of the gentlemen pensioners, the number of days served, and the quarterly payments for wages ([pounds sterling]46 13s. 4d. per annum Per annum Yearly. ) and board (2s. 6d. per diem per diem adj. or n. Latin for "per day," it is short for payment of daily expenses and/or fees of an employee or an agent. ). The following rolls contain payments to Sir Anthony Denton: TNA: PRO E 407/1/35, September 29-December 31 1602; E 407/1/36, September 29-December 31, 1603; E 407/1/37, March 25-June 24, 1605; E 407/1/38, March 25-1 January 1607; E 407/1/39, June 24-September 29, 1609; E 407/1/40, January 1-March 25, 1611; and E 407/1/41, March 25-June 24, 1613. See also Tighe, The Gentlemen Pensioners, 357. 61. TNA: PRO E 407/1/15-E 407/1/35; Tighe, The Gentlemen Pensioners, 41. 62. Letter of William Fleetwood to Lord Burghley, 18 June 1584, as quoted in E.K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage 4 vols. (Oxford, 1923), 4:297-8. 63. For a summary of James Burbage's life and theatrical career, see Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 2:305-6; William Ingram, The Business of Playing (Cornell, 1992), 182-218; William Ingram, "The Early Career of James Burbage," Elizabethan Theatre 10 (1988): 18-36; and Mary Edmond, "Yeomen, Citizens, Gentlemen, and Players: The Burbages and Their Connections," in Elizabethan Theater: Essays in Honor of S. Schoenbaum. ed. by R. B. Parker and S. P. Zitner, (Newark: University of Delaware [3] The student body at the University of Delaware is largely an undergraduate population. Delaware students have a great deal of access to work and internship opportunities. Press, 1996). 64. Andrew Gurr, The Shakespeare Company, 1594-1642 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 1 and 8, asserts that in 1594 James Burbage had been wearing Henry Carey's livery for at least twelve years and implies that he continued to do so even after the reorganization of the theater companies in 1594. |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion