An amphibious assault.

Standing at night atop a dune on Florida's Atlantic coast, you hear the ocean waves rolling onto the sandy shore and feel the sea spray on your face. The moonlight plays and flickers in the waves. It is soothing and peaceful.

Then, the amphibious assault begins. Dark forms move onto the shore. They lumber forward, intent on their target. Elements of the assault force range from the size of a child's tricycle to the occasional small all-terrain vehicle.

As the moonlight brightens, you realize that this amphibious assault force is actually composed of sea turtles. Their target is Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge, a 20.5-mile (33-kilometer) stretch of beach located in east-central Florida between Melbourne Beach in Brevard County and Wabasso Beach in Indian River County. Congress authorized the refuge in 1989 to protect sea turtle populations and their nesting habitat. The refuge was named after the late Dr. Archie E Carr, Jr., in honor of his contributions to the conservation of sea turtles and Florida's ecology. Hosting about 1,000 sea turtle nests per mile, the refuge provides habitat each year for 22,000 nests of loggerhead, green, and leatherback sea turtles. In fact, the refuge protects the most important sea turtle nesting beaches in the United States, with 25 percent of all loggerhead and 35 percent of green sea turtle nests.

Adjacent to the refuge is an important juvenile sea turtle nursery within the Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge and the Indian River Lagoon (which we regard as our nation's most biologically diverse estuary). But these lands are not just for sea turtles. At least 38 federally and state listed threatened and endangered species (including 8 reptiles, 10 birds, 4 mammals, and 16 plants) rely on the mix of lands and waters in the refuge, including maritime hammock, coastal scrub, dune, and beach habitats (see Table 1). It also contains at least 30 archaeological sites (primarily Ais Indian shell middens, with 4 burial mounds).

The Archie Cart Refuge is a unique example of cooperation and partnership for the conservation of unique habitats for endangered species. This is especially evident when looking at the checkerboard of ownership within the refuge's overall acquisition boundary, which includes publicly held natural lands and other lands already converted to use for residential and commercial purposes. Given the ongoing development pressure in this area, the Service recognized the need to protect the remaining natural lands. Those lands purchased prior to the formation of the refuge under the State of Florida's Save Our Coasts and Beach and Riverfront programs served as the nucleus for the refuge. To date, the partner agencies and organizations have spent over $100 million on land acquisitions for the refuge. Many more agencies and organizations have been involved in the refuge since before its creation (see Table 2).

Today, this stretch of barrier island includes natural lands administered or owned by the Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Florida, Brevard County, Indian River County, the RK Mellon Foundation, and private landowners. Nevertheless, despite the support, dedication, and involvement of the wide variety of partners, over 40 percent of the lands located within the refuge's proposed acquisition boundary have already been developed, predominantly for high end residential and commercial uses. This development is fueled by Florida's human population growth, which has expanded from 13 million in 1990 to over 16 million today. Scrub habitat has declined such that only one family of Florida scrub-jays remains in the vicinity of the refuge. The foredune habitat of the southeastern beach mouse also has suffered greatly from development and dune erosion.

Human development and disturbances are multiplying, furthering habitat loss and fragmentation. Human impacts to these beaches include an escalation of lighting along the beach, beach access points, nighttime public use of the beach, commercial and residential development on the barrier island, commercial fishing, recreational boating (including the personal watercraft popularly known as jet skis), beach erosion, and elevated nutrient loading and pollution in nearby waterways. Other threats include large storms and nest predation; the main predators at sea turtle nests are raccoons and ghost crabs, while ground nesting birds are heavily affected by feral and free ranging domestic cats. In some sections within the developed areas of the beach, predation claims up to 100 percent of sea turtle nests.

But things are looking tip for the refuge. Historically, the Archie Carr and Pelican Island refuges were managed by just one man and one boat. More recently, they received permanent staff to assist the Refuge Manager: a Biologist, a Biological Technician, and a Refuge Ranger. Term or temporary staff include an Administrative Assistant. seasonal Biological Technician, and a Refuge Operations Specialist. Working with the partners, the new staff will help ensure that we continue to protect these special beaches.

Later in the summer, when the amphibious assault is just a memory, millions of sea turtle hatchlings will bubble out of the sand from their warm underground nests. The moon's glow on the water will guide them back to the ocean and the Gulf Stream to begin the process anew.

Table 1. The Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge supports a variety of
federally (FWS) and state (FWC) listed species: at least 15 federally
threatened or endangered species and 38 species listed by the State of
Florida as endangered, threatened, of special concern, or commercially
exploited, including 8 reptile, 10 bird, 4 mammal, and 16 plant
species.

Scientific Name                      Common Name             FWS   FWC
                                                             (15)  (38)

Reptiles (8)
Caretta caretta                      Atlantic Loggerhead
                                       Sea Turtle             T     T
Chelonia mydas mydas                 Atlantic Green Sea
                                       Turtle                 E     E
Dermochelys coriacea                 Leatherback Sea
                                       Turtle                 E     E
Drymarchon corais couperi            Eastern Indigo Snake     T     T
Lepidochelys kempii                  Kemp's Ridley Sea
                                       Turtle                 E     E
Eretmochelys imbricata imbratica     Atlantic Hawksbill
                                       Sea Turtle             E     E
Gopherus polyphemus                  Gopher Tortoise               SSC
Nerodia clarkii taeniata             Atlantic Salt Marsh
                                       Snake *                T     T

Birds (10)
Aphelocoma coerulescens              Florida Scrub-jay        T     T
Charadrius melodus                   Piping Plover            T     T
Falco sparverius paulus              Southeastern American
                                       Kestrel                      T
Falco peregrinus tundrius            Arctic Peregrine
                                       Falcon                       E
Haematopus palliatus                 American
                                       Oystercatcher               SSC
Haliaeetus leucocephalus             Southern Bald Eagle      T     T
Mycteria americana                   Wood Stork               E     E
Pelecanus occidentalis               Brown Pelican                 SSC
Rynchops niger                       Black Skimmer                 SSC
Sterna antillarum                    Least Tern                     T

Mammals (4)
Balaena glacialis                    Right Whale              E     E
Megaptera novaeangliae               Humpback Whale           E     E
Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris   Southeastern Beach
                                       Mouse *                T     T
Trichechus manatus                   West Indian Manatee      E     E

Plants (16)
Acrostichum danaeifolium             Giant Leather Fern            CE
Asclepias curtissii                  Curtis' (Sandhill)
                                       Milkweed                     E
Crossopetalum ilicifolium            Christmas Berry                E
Encyclia tampensis                   Butterfly Orchid              CE
Ernodea littoralis                   Beach Creeper                  T
Hexalectris spicata                  Crested Coralroot              E
Lantana depressa                     Pineland Lantana               E
Myrcianthes fragrans (= Eugenia
  simpsonii)                         Simpson Stopper                T
Opuntia stricta                      Shell Mound Prickly
                                       Pear Cactus                  T
Osmunda cinnamomea                   Cinnamon Fern                 CE
Peperomia humilis                    Pepper (no common
                                       name)                        E
Scaevola plumieri                    Inkberry                       T
Tillandsia balbisiana                Inflated (Reflexed)
                                       Wild Pine                    T
Tillandsia utriculata                Giant Wild Pine;
                                       Giant Air Plant              E
Verbena maritima                     Coastal Vervain                E
Verbena tampensis                    Tampa Vervain                  E

* Historically (but not recently) found at the Refuge

Key: E = Endangered T = Threatened SSC = Species of Special Concern
CE = Commercially Exploited

Table 2. Refuge Partners

Brevard Zoo
California Turtle and Tortoise Society
Caribbean Conservation Corporation
Columbus Zoo
Defenders of Wildlife
Disney Corporation
Florida Affinity, Inc.
Florida Defenders of the Environment
Friends of the Cart Refuge
Greenpeace
Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute
Indian River Land Trust
International Fund for Animal
  Welfare
Marine Resources Council
national, Florida, and local Audubon
  societies
national, Florida, and local Sierra
  clubs
National Wildlife Federation
The Nature Conservancy
New York Turtle and Tortoise Society
Ocean Conservancy
RK Mellon Foundation
The Sea Turtle Center
Sea Turtle Preservation Society
Sea Turtle Survival League
The Wilderness Society

For more information about the Archie Cart NWR, contact the Refuge Manager, Paul Tritaik at 772/562-3909. ext. 244. Cheri M. Ehrhardt, AICP, is the Natural Resource Planner at the Merritt Island NWR Complex.