An Assessment of Federal Environmental Health Training Resources.Abstract In 1988, the Health Resources and Services Administration The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) is an agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services whose goal is to improve access to health care for those without insurance. (HRSA HRSA Health Resources & Services Administration (US) HRSA Historical Radio Society of Australia HRSA Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety HRSA Hotel and Restaurant Suppliers Association (Canada) ) conducted a workshop to determine how many environmental health workers there were nationwide and what their training needs were. The workshop produced data on the level of training received, as well as on training needs projected for 1992. In 1988, the workshop found, a large majority of environmental health professionals had little or no formal training in their field. HRSA concluded that there was a shortfall in the number of trained environmental health professionals and allied workers. In 1996, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Noun 1. Department of Health and Human Services - the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with health and welfare; created in 1979 Health and Human Services, HHS (DHHS DHHS Department of Health & Human Services (US government) DHHS Dana Hills High School (Dana Point, California) DHHS Deaf and Hard of Hearing Services DHHS Deaf and Hard of Hearing Services ) Risk Communication and Education Subcommittee sub·com·mit·tee n. A subordinate committee composed of members appointed from a main committee. subcommittee Noun (RCES RCES Recurrent Corneal Erosion Syndrome RCES Ramsey County Emergency Services (Minnesota) RCES Remote Create/Edit Software RCES Rachel Carson Elementary School RCES Royal Commission on the Electoral System ) of the Environmental Health Policy Committee conducted a survey to update the HRSA data and review the status of recommendations made in the 1988 report. RCES's survey yielded information from 15 federal government agencies and departments. Separately from the survey, the subcommittee also sought information about employment figures for environmental health specialists. Although in 1995 the federal agencies and departments responding to the survey provided $72 million in support of programs for environmental health training, only 23 percent of projected environmental health training needs were being addressed. The need for more training of local and entry-level environmental health professionals was found to be critical. Moreover, RCES found no indication that federal agencies have developed an integrated, coordinated strategic plan for supporting the training of environmental health personne l. RCES also found no current information on the actual number of environmental health specialists in the U.S. workforce. Editor's note Editor's Note (foaled in 1993 in Kentucky) is an American thoroughbred Stallion racehorse. He was sired by 1992 U.S. Champion 2 YO Colt Forty Niner, who in turn was a son of Champion sire Mr. Prospector and out of the mare, Beware Of The Cat. Trained by D. : This special report was prepared by employees of the federal government, therefore, it is exempt from copyright protection under Title 17 of the U.S. Code A multivolume publication of the text of statutes enacted by Congress. Until 1926, the positive law for federal legislation was published in one volume of the Revised Statutes of 1875, and then in each sub-sequent volume of the statutes at large. . Introduction In 1988, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) estimated that the number of environmental health personnel in the U.S. workforce was 715,000. The estimate was based on information gathered from a workshop in which a broad sample of government agencies and private organizations participated [1]. Both public and private-sector organizations were taken into account, as well as technicians and operators. From these data, HRSA hypothesized that the federal government was not proactively taking steps to ensure training of workers at levels and in numbers in numbered parts; as, a book published in numbers. See also: Number that would provide for effective and comprehensive environmental programs; workshop participants indicated that an additional 121,000 professionals were needed in various environmental health specialty areas. HRSA's final report projected the number of environmental health specialists that would be needed in the future, as well as training needs for specific professional categories. These conclusions were supported by another nationwide study conducted by the National Environmental Health Association (NEHA NEHA National Environmental Health Association NEHA National Executive Housekeepers Association NEHA Northern Estates Homeowners Association (Indianapolis, Indiana) ) with funding from HRSA [2]. The purpose of the NEHA survey was to identify departments of environmental health, the services provided, the number of full- and part-time environmental health personnel, job titles, levels of responsibility, and educational and training needs. NEHA mailed questionnaires to 2,198 local health departments, 50 state health departments, and the District of Columbia District of Columbia, federal district (2000 pop. 572,059, a 5.7% decrease in population since the 1990 census), 69 sq mi (179 sq km), on the east bank of the Potomac River, coextensive with the city of Washington, D.C. (the capital of the United States). . All data were collected in 1987; they remain the only nationwide data on this subject. The response rate from the states was not sufficient for NEHA to estimate the number of environmental health professionals who work for state health departments. Among local health agencies, 931 responded to the questionnaire (a 42 percent response rate); they reported employment of 10,656 environmental health personnel. An extrapolation (mathematics, algorithm) extrapolation - A mathematical procedure which estimates values of a function for certain desired inputs given values for known inputs. If the desired input is outside the range of the known values this is called extrapolation, if it is inside then based on the approximately 40 percent of local health departments that responded to the NEHA survey would suggest that about 25,000 persons were employed in 1987 as environmental health practitioners in local health departments. This figure is much lower than the HRSA projection of 715,000 environmental health personnel. HRSA's figure, however, included personnel in organizations not sampled by HEHA (e.g., state and local environmental agencies), as well as 480,000 technicians and operators who worked in environmental programs. After the NEHA study, the National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO NACCHO National Association of County and City Health Officials ) surveyed their membership to develop an employment profile of environmental health specialists for 1992-1993. According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. NACCHO, about 72 percent of respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. provided information on the duties performed by environmental health specialists who work in local health departments. The primary duties of those specialists are given in Table 1 [3]. The data collected by HRSA, NEHA, and NACCHO constitute the best information available on the number of persons in the environmental health workforce and their primary duties. All three organizations concluded that the majority of environmental health specialists practice in local and state agencies, outside of health departments. More recently, the Columbia University Columbia University, mainly in New York City; founded 1754 as King's College by grant of King George II; first college in New York City, fifth oldest in the United States; one of the eight Ivy League institutions. Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research Health services research is the multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to health care, the quality and cost of health care, convened a workshop of environmental health groups and professionals to assess the state of environmental health and protection practice [4]. The workshop concluded there was a need for transition from solely regulatory functions to comprehensive and coordinated quality environmental services The various combinations of scientific, technical, and advisory activities (including modification processes, i.e., the influence of manmade and natural factors) required to acquire, produce, and supply information on the past, present, and future states of space, atmospheric, . Efficient and effective training would be needed. Given the HRSA, NEHA, and NACCHO findings, the Risk Communication and Education Subcommittee (RCES) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Environmental Health Policy Committee conducted a study in 1996 to identify both the number of environmental health practitioners in the U.S. workforce and the federal support available to meet their training needs. The primary method of study was a survey questionnaire that RCES developed and distributed to federal agencies and departments known to have environmental health responsibilities. Methods RCES pilot-tested and revised a preliminary version of the survey Then the self-administered questionnaire was mailed to approximately 40 senior managers in both DHHS and non-DHHS agencies and departments. (A copy of the questionnaire is available from the authors.) The senior managers either completed the survey or delegated the responsibility to environmental health professionals within their agencies or departments. The first question asked whether any environmental health training activities were conducted or funded during fiscal year 1995. Environmental health training was defined by the subcommittee as "organized programs to educate persons outside the Federal government so that they become environmental public health professionals (including both practitioners and researchers) or to enhance the knowledge and skills of persons already in these occupations." This question helped to verify whether recipients of the mailing were eligible to participate in the survey Those answering "yes" to this question were to complete the survey; those answering "no" were to answer no more questions and return the survey A follow-up communication clarified that the definition of "environmental health training" included training in occupational safety and health. The subcommittee also sought employment statistics from the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) A research agency of the U.S. Department of Labor; it compiles statistics on hours of work, average hourly earnings, employment and unemployment, consumer prices and many other variables. (BLS See Bureau of Labor Statistics. ). Of interest were employment data for the categories of environmental health specialist and occupational safety specialist. The response from BLS indicated that occupational categories for which they collect data were broader than the occupational titles of interest to the subcommittee [5]. The BLS further noted that more precise categories of environmental occupations were under development, but would not be implemented until the year 2000. Limitations The data in HRSA's 1988 report and RCES's 1996 survey are based on estimated numbers. Because not all the questionnaires were returned, RCES's survey results may underestimate the total number of environmental health personnel receiving federally sponsored training. Also, data on the number of persons employed as environmental health practitioners currently are confined con·fine v. con·fined, con·fin·ing, con·fines v.tr. 1. To keep within bounds; restrict: Please confine your remarks to the issues at hand. See Synonyms at limit. to estimates from 1987. Results Survey Findings on Training Of the 40 surveys mailed, 29 were returned to the subcommittee. Fifteen respondents provided information on specific environmental health training activities. These 15 responses came from agencies and departments of DHHS, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Labor, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), independent agency of the U.S. government, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1970 to reduce and control air and water pollution, noise pollution, and radiation and to ensure the safe handling and , and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), civilian agency of the U.S. federal government with the mission of conducting research and developing operational programs in the areas of space exploration, artificial satellites (see satellite, artificial), . A list of responding agencies and departments is given in the sidebar (1) A Windows Vista desktop panel that holds mini applications (gadgets) such as a calendar, calculator, stock ticker and Vonage phone dialer. It is the Windows counterpart to the Dashboard in the Mac. See Windows Vista and gadget. on page 24. Expenditures The total spent on environmental health training in fiscal year 1995 was $72,485,027. Seven percent was used to fund "intramural intramural /in·tra·mu·ral/ (-mu´r'l) within the wall of an organ. in·tra·mu·ral adj. Occurring or situated within the walls of a cavity or organ. " environmental health training (e.g., staff travel expenses), and 93 percent went to support environmental health training described as extramural extramural /ex·tra·mu·ral/ (-mur´il) situated or occurring outside the wall of an organ or structure. extramural situated or occurring outside the wall of an organ or structure. (e.g., contracts or grants). The high percentage of extramural support for environmental health training is, in the opinion of the subcommittee, laudable laud·a·ble adj. Healthy; favorable. , and it comports with recommendations of the 1988 HRSA report. Funding for environmental health training sponsored by the 15 respondents ranged from $10,000 to $33 million. The latter figure came from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is one of 27 Institutes and Centers of the National Institutes of Health (NIH),which is a component of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The Director of the NIEHS is Dr. David A. Schwartz. and principally reflected its Superfund worker training and basic research programs. The distribution of expenditures for the fiscal year 1995 is delineated de·lin·e·ate tr.v. de·lin·e·at·ed, de·lin·e·at·ing, de·lin·e·ates 1. To draw or trace the outline of; sketch out. 2. To represent pictorially; depict. 3. by type of training funded. More than half of the total expenditures was directed to continuing education continuing education: see adult education. continuing education or adult education Any form of learning provided for adults. In the U.S. the University of Wisconsin was the first academic institution to offer such programs (1904). (excluding certification and licensing programs) (Table 2). This represents a major federal commitment in continuing education for environmental health professionals. Thirteen agencies or departments funded at least some continuing education, and three funded certification training. Federal expenditures on entry-level training and certification or licensing programs were substantially less than expenditures on continuing-education and advanced-training programs for professionals (Table 2). Training Needs Assessment RCES compared HRSAs projected environmental health training needs for fiscal year 1992 to the training achieved in 1995, as identified in responses to the RCES questionnaire. It would have been preferable to compare actual occupational data for the year 1995 (e.g., for sanitarians), than to compare estimated employment figures, but the lack of data from BLS precluded such an analysis. The 1996 environmental health training survey obtained quantitative data on federal support of training for environmental public health professionals (Table 3). The data in Table 3 have special relevance to the determination of environmental health specialist training needs. Several key observations are as follows: * Measured by the percentage of individuals trained, some categories of environmental health professionals were relatively well funded by the responding federal agencies or departments. These categoties include medical professionals, occupational safety professionals, and industrial hygienists. * Other categories of environmental health professionals were relatively poorly funded. These categories include toxicologists, health physicists Below is a list of famous physicists. Many of these from the 20th and 21st centuries are found on the list of recipients of the Nobel Prize in physics. A
* For several important categories, the subcommittee found no indication of federal training support. In Table 3, training support for these categories is indicated by ND (i.e., no data). Environmental health categories that apparently did not receive support include water supply specialist, wastewater specialist, vector control Vector control is any method to limit or eradicate the vectors of vector born diseases, for which the pathogen (e.g. virusor parasite) is transmitted by a vector which can be mammals, birds or arthropods, especially insects, and more specifically mosquitoes. officer, housing specialist, solid waste specialist, air supply specialist, and environmental health manager/scientist. RCES has no data on whether professionals in these categories are receiving training funds from federal agencies and departments that did not participate in the survey. In fiscal year 1995, 68,234 individuals were trained in the identified fields of environmental health. HRSA's 1988 report indicated that in 1992, 297,450 persons would require training in environmental health, Therefore, approximately 23 percent of the 1992 projected professional workforce received some type of environmental health training in fiscal year 1995. The collected data have implications for local health departments. The primary duties performed by environmental health practitioners at local health departments include health education, food inspection, swimming pool inspection, occupational safety and health requests, environmental emergency response, and hazardous waste Hazardous waste Any solid, liquid, or gaseous waste materials that, if improperly managed or disposed of, may pose substantial hazards to human health and the environment. Every industrial country in the world has had problems with managing hazardous wastes. management (Table 1). The data indicate, however, that training for sanitarians, health educators, solid waste specialists, HAZMAT specialists, and injury control officers is less well funded than training for other environmental health categories (Table 3). This pattern suggests that the training needs of local environmental health personnel are not being adequately met. The 1988 HRSA report stated that approximately 40,000 members of the professional workforce (17 percent) were inadequately trained and that only 11 percent of the environmental employees in these occupations had any formal public health education. On the basis of these findings, HRSA developed a list of recommendations for training, educating, credentialing Credentialing is the administrative process for validating the qualifications of licensed professionals, organizational members or organizations, and assessing their background and legitimacy. , and using personnel. The RCES survey identified key contributions by federal agencies and departments, suggesting that approximately two-thirds of the recommendations made by HRSA in 1988 were being addressed in 1995. RCES found no information, however, to indicate that any agency or department had formally adopted HRSA's recommendations. Discussion RCES also met with representatives of NEHA, NACCHO, the Association of Schools of Public Health, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, and the Johns Hopkins Noun 1. Johns Hopkins - United States financier and philanthropist who left money to found the university and hospital that bear his name in Baltimore (1795-1873) Hopkins 2. School of Public Health to discuss the preliminary findings from the RCES survey. These officials all agreed that there is a lack of training for environmental health practitioners, particularly at the level of local government. Affected are local health departments, environmental agencies, and other local groups such as land use offices. Training is in short supply for entry-level environmental health practitioners, environmental technicians, and specialists. All the officials strongly endorsed increased federal support for environmental health certification programs. They also emphasized the importance of coordinating with state and local government, academia, and nongovernment organizations. At the same time, they pointed to the need to redefine Verb 1. redefine - give a new or different definition to; "She redefined his duties" define, delimit, delimitate, delineate, specify - determine the essential quality of 2. environmental health training. The importance of multidisciplinary approaches multidisciplinary approach A term referring to the philosophy of converging multiple specialties and/or technologies to establish a diagnosis or effect a therapy was stressed, as was the importance of greater collaboration between public and private organizations. RCES also met with representatives of academic institutions, who called for greater support of the 24 undergraduate environmental health programs accredited accredited recognition by an appropriate authority that the performance of a particular institution has satisfied a prestated set of criteria. accredited herds cattle herds which have achieved a low level of reactors to, e.g. by the E nvironmental Health Accreditation Council Accreditation Council may refer to:
Conclusion The 1988 HRSA study was based on the hypothesis that the federal government was not proactively taking steps to ensure adequate training of personnel. On the basis of 1988 survey results that indicated a shortfall of persons with training in environmental health, HRSA developed recommendations intended to help ensure the adequate training of environmental health personnel. RCES's 1996 survey of federal agencies and departments was developed as an update to the 1988 HRSA report. The RCES survey indicated that, overall, federal agencies and departments provided substantial funding for environmental health training in fiscal year 1995. A total of approximately $72 million was reported by 15 federal agencies and departments. Approximately 93 percent of these funds supported training of nonfederal employees. Data from the 15 participating agencies and departments suggest that 23 percent of environmental health training needs received funding in fiscal year 1995. RCES found no indication that federal agencies and departments have developed a coordinated, strategic plan for addressing the training needs of environmental health practitioners. The subcommittee further noted that there is a disconnect disconnect - SCSI reconnect between the distribution of training funds and the needs of environmental health practitioners who work in local government agencies. A more positive subcommittee finding is that about two-thirds of the recommendations in the 1988 HRSA report were being addressed in fiscal year 1995; however, RCES also found no indication that the recommendations had been formally adopted by any of the federal agencies or departments that participated in the survey. On the basis of these findings, the subcommittee recommends that high priority be given to the development of a coordinated, strategic plan for addressing the training needs of environmental health practitioners, particularly at local and state levels. This is especially important because of the critical role that environmental health personnel play in protecting the public's health, particularly on the local and state levels. RCES also recommends that HRSA take the lead in forming a task force to review the 1996 RCES survey results and to develop and initiate a plan for improving the training of environmental health specialists. Corresponding Author: Timothy Tinker, Dr.P.H., Chief of Communications and Research Branch, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry The United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, (ATSDR) is an agency for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that is directed by a congressional mandate to perform specific functions concerning the effect on public health of hazardous . REFERENCES (1.) Evaluating the Environmental Health Workforce (1988), Rockville, Md.: Health Resources and Services Administration. (2.) Stern, B.S., T.I. Johnson, and CJ. Wiant (1992), "Environmental Health Survey: A Nationwide Study," Journal of Environmental Health, 54(4):36-39. (3.) National Association of County and City Health Officials (1994), "1992-1993 National Profile of Local Health Departments," Annual Conference, Tucson, Arizona Tucson (pronounced /ˈtusɑn/, Spanish: Tucsón [tuk'son] . (4.) Bloom A., and K.M. Gebbie (1998), Preparing Currently Employed Public Health Environmental Professionals for Changes in the Health System, New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Columbia University School of Nursing. (5.) Frugoli, P. (1998), Memorandum to Tim Tinker, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (6.) Stern, B.S. (1998), Personal communication, Washington, D.C.: Health Resources and Services Administration.
Primary Duties Performed by Environmental Health Practitioners
in Local Health Departments During 1991 - 1993
Primary Duty Respondents (Percentage)
Health education 84
Food inspections and licensing 80
Inspections/licensing of swimming pools 68
Occupational safety and health requests 61
Environmental emergency responses 57
Hazardous waste management 42
Distribution of Environmental Health Training
Expenditures for Fiscal Year 1995
Type of Training Percentage of
Total Expenditures
Continuing education for an 52
environmental health discipline
not related to certification or
licensing (e.g., professional,
research, or technical)
Advanced training for environmental 32
health researchers
Entry-level training for environmental 10
health professionals
Certification or licensing training in
any environmental
health discipline (includes 5
professional, research, or technical)
Entry-level training for environmental 1
health technicians
Numbers of Nonfederal Professionals Trained in 1995, Compared
with HRSA's Projections for 1992 Workforce Needs [*]
Professional Category in 1996 Number Trained
RCES Survey in 1995
Medical/health professional 28,365
Occupational safety professional 18,857
Industrial hygienist 9,909
Environmental health administrator 2,293
Institutional environmental ND
health manager/scientist
Environmental toxicologist 756
Environmental epidemiologist 105
HAZMAT specialist 6,529
Sanitarian 817
Health physicist 384
Health educator 219
Land use specialist ND
Solid waste specialist ND
Housing specialist ND
Vector control officer ND
Injury control officer ND
Air supply specialist ND
Water supply specialist ND
Wastewater specialist ND
Academicians ND
TOTAL 68,234
Professional Category in 1996 Professional Category in
RCES Survey 1998 HRSA Report
Medical/health professional Occupational physician/nurse
Occupational safety professional Occupational safety professional
Industrial hygienist Industrial hygienist
Environmental health administrator Environmental health administrator
Institutional environmental Institutional environmental
health manager/scientist health manager/scientist
Environmental toxicologist Environmental toxicologist
Environmental epidemiologist Environmental epidemiologist
HAZMAT specialist HAZMAT specialist
Sanitarian Milk/food sanitarian
Health physicist Radiologic health specialist
Health educator Health educator
Land use specialist Land use specialist
Solid waste specialist Solid waste specialist
Housing specialist Housing specialist
Vector control officer Vector control officer
Injury control officer Injury control officer
Air supply specialist Air supply specialist
Water supply specialist Water supply specialist
Wastewater specialist Wastewater specialist
Academicians Academicians
TOTAL
Professional Category in 1996 HRSA-Projected Percentage of
RCES Survey Workforce in 1992 1992 Projection
Trained in 1995
Medical/health professional 38,000 75
Occupational safety professional 26,000 73
Industrial hygienist 14,000 71
Environmental health administrator ND ND
Institutional environmental 12,000 ND
health manager/scientist
Environmental toxicologist 3,500 22
Environmental epidemiologist 750 14
HAZMAT specialist 50,000 13
Sanitarian 11,000 7
Health physicist 14,000 3
Health educator ND ND
Land use specialist 3,500 ND
Solid waste specialist 4,000 ND
Housing specialist 4,000 ND
Vector control officer 4,000 ND
Injury control officer 500 ND
Air supply specialist 19,000 ND
Water supply specialist 44,000 ND
Wastewater specialist 47,000 ND
Academicians 2,200 ND
TOTAL 297,450 22.9
(*.)The 1996 survey did not include data for professional categories that
appear in boldface. Therefore, results for these categories cannot be
compared with those for other categories.
ND = no data.
Federal Agencies or Departments That Provided Data to the Risk Communication and Education Subcommittee * Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Health Education and Promotion * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. (CDC See Control Data, century date change and Back Orifice. CDC - Control Data Corporation ), National Center for Environmental Health, Environmental Health Hazard health hazard Occupational safety Any agent or activity posing a potential hazard to health. Cf Physical hazard. Evaluation Branch * CDC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, n.pr an institute of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. , Office of Extramural Coordination and Special Projects * Department of Energy (DOE), Environmental and Health Science Division * DOE, Office of Worker Safety and Health * Department of labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. agency established (1970) in the Dept. of Labor (see Labor, United States Department of) to develop and enforce regulations for the safety and health of workers in businesses that are engaged in interstate Training Institute * U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development * U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA FDA abbr. Food and Drug Administration FDA, n.pr See Food and Drug Administration. FDA, n.pr the abbreviation for the Food and Drug Administration. ), National Center for Toxicological Research The National Center for Toxicological Research is the branch of the United States Food and Drug Administration which conducts research to define biological mechanisms of action underlying the toxicity of products regulated by the FDA. It is located off Interstate 530 in Arkansas. * FDA, Office of Management Service * Indian Health Service The Indian Health Service (IHS) is an Operating Division (OPDIV) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services responsible for providing federal health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. , Office of Environmental Health and Engineering * National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA NASA: see National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA in full National Aeronautics and Space Administration Independent U.S. ), Office of Life and Microgravity mi·cro·grav·i·ty n. 1. An environment in which there is very little net gravitational force, as of a free-falling object, an orbit, or interstellar space. 2. Sciences and Applications * National Institutes of Health (NIH "Not invented here." See digispeak. NIH - The United States National Institutes of Health. ), National Cancer Institute, Cancer Training Program Branch * NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH, DHHS) ), Division of Extramural Research and Training * NIH, NIEHS, Worker Education and Training Branch * NIH, National Library of Medicine, Specialized Information Services See Information Systems. |
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