Americans Who Are Religious and Older People Are Happier.

Only 35 Percent of Americans are Very Happy According to a New National "Happiness" Index

ROCHESTER, N.Y. -- This spring, The Harris Poll([R]) has asked Americans about nine areas in their lives that contribute to their overall happiness, and has created a National Happiness Index with the intention of tracking changes in happiness in the United States over time. This year's index stands at 35 (out of a possible 100).

Following are some of the findings of a Harris Poll of 2,513 adults surveyed online between March 11 and 18, 2008 by Harris Interactive([R]). This survey was conceived and developed by Harris Interactive and was not commissioned by any organization. Harris Interactive worked closely with MBA students at the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University in developing the survey questions and in the analysis of the results.

Religion

People who describe themselves as "very religious" are among the happiest of people. Those who say they are "very religious" come in ten points higher than America as a whole on the Happiness Index (45% compared to 35% are considered "very happy"). In contrast, just over one-quarter (28%) of people who describe themselves as "not religious" were measured at that level of happiness.

A similar difference is noted among people who say they "pray or study religion at home" on a daily basis compared to less often. Over four in ten people (43%) who engage in "daily" prayer or religious study are very happy. In comparison, just over one-quarter (28%) of people who "never" pray or study religion at home have a comparable happiness level.

Ethics

Ethics also appears to affect happiness levels. Just under four in ten people (37%) who are "never or rarely pressured to act unethically" are very happy according to the Index. Only about one-quarter (26%) who are pressured to act unethically "all the time" or "often" are very happy according to the Index.

Age

Older people tend to be happier according to the Happiness Index. Less than one in three (29%) in the 18 to 24 age bracket are very happy according to the survey, compared to almost one-half (47%) of people age 65 and older. The survey results also show a clear trend in increasing happiness between those two age groups.

Other Findings

The various components of the Happiness Index also reveal some issues relevant to national politics and people's personal finances. While some of the findings from the happiness survey will be discussed in greater detail in The Harris Poll #47, to be released April 23, 2008, some highlights are:

* Almost three-quarters (73%) of people say they feel their "voice is not heard in national decisions that affect (them)."

* Almost four in ten Republicans (39%) are very happy compared to about one-third of Independents (34 percent) and Democrats (33%).

* About two-thirds of Americans (65%) say they "frequently worry about (their) financial situation."

* More people without any credit card debt are very happy (38%) than people who have any amount of credit card debt (32%).

So What?

Although this data does not establish causal relationships among the various factors studied, it does raise some provocative possibilities. One possible explanation of the correlation between religion, ethics, and happiness, could be that people who struggle with personal relationships, financial pressures, and other stressful challenges feel more ethically pressured, more unhappy, and more disillusioned with religion. On the other hand, another plausible explanation is that people find relief and happiness in their religious faith despite such challenges and frustrations in life. It's also possible that people who practice their religion faithfully have a better developed ethical framework, feel more confident in unethical environments (or perhaps avoid unethical pressures altogether), and experience greater happiness as they live according to their convictions.

The trend of increasing happiness with age is also interesting. One explanation could be that younger people are more pressured with finances, time, and relationships. This might be due to a perceived or real need to establish their independence. Potentially satisfying relationships with family, friends, and God may suffer as a result. Another possibility might be changing expectations and perceptions with age, which would affect how older people assess their sources of unhappiness and happiness. Finally, maybe happiness does not really increase with age. Perhaps the age-related differences noted in the data are instead related to fundamental differences in each generation's attitudes, values, or environment. For example, maybe the circumstances in which younger people are currently being raised are fundamentally more stressful, less religious, and less ethical than for previous generations.

Methodology

This Harris Poll([R]) was conducted online within the United States between March 11 and 18, 2008 among 2,513 adults (aged 18 and over). Figures for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, region and household income were weighted where necessary to bring them into line with their actual proportions in the population. Propensity score weighting was also used to adjust for respondents' propensity to be online. Because the sample is based on those who agreed to participate in the Harris Interactive panel, no estimates of theoretical sampling error can be calculated. A full methodology and data tables will be made available at www.harrisinteractive.com.

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Q805, 810, 815, 820, 1340

About Harris Interactive

Harris Interactive is a global leader in custom market research. With a long and rich history in multimodal research, powered by our science and technology, we assist clients in achieving business results. Harris Interactive serves clients globally through our North American, European and Asian offices and a network of independent market research firms.

About the BYU Marriott School

The Marriott School of Management is located at Brigham Young University, the largest privately owned, church-sponsored university in the United States. The school has nationally recognized programs in accounting, business management, public management, information systems and entrepreneurship. The school's mission is to prepare men and women of faith, character and professional ability for positions of leadership throughout the world. Approximately 3,000 students are enrolled in the Marriott School's graduate and undergraduate programs.

Harris Interactive Inc. 4/08