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Afterword.


The Programme of Action of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development The United Nations coordinated an International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt from 5-13 September 1994. Its resulting Programme of Action is the steering document for the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).  held in Cairo calls on governments not only to "... promote much greater community participation in reproductive health-care services," (UN 1995, Paragraph 7.9) but also to work toward "... advancing gender equality and equity and the empowerment of women ... [as] cornerstones of population- and development-related programmes" (UN 1995, Principle 4).

The interventions by the Belize Family Life Association and the Pakistani government were designed with an eye toward tracking results, and both projects have produced abundant, nuanced documentation indicating that individuals are absorbing new values about gender as it applies to themselves and the world around them. Nevertheless, the assessment of community-based efforts to change gender relations is still in its infancy.

Programs and researchers assessing project effects are seeking to measure changes in meaningful indicators of gender equity at the levels of the individual, couple, family, community, and society. They face a constellation of challenges in this task. First, relevant outcome indicators--such as communication and decision-making about sexuality, ease of movement, freedom from violence, control over resources, and public leadership--are typically shaped by more than one effort, policy, or cultural trend. Programs that wish to posit about causality need a new generation of methods that make their contribution visible. Moreover, many of the most potent and lasting outcomes may take years to become manifest in a quantifiable way.

Following are some examples of community-based, gender-sensitive empowerment programs that are currently undertaking new approaches to evaluation:

* Girls' Power Initiative, an education and social-support project in Nigeria, has designed a participatory evaluation focusing on behavioral markers of newly acquired assertiveness, for example, "I can express myself in public," and "I can now mention any part of the body, like the vulva vulva /vul·va/ (vul´vah) [L.] the external genital organs of the female, including the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and vestibule of the vagina. ."

* In India, the First Time Parents Project is fostering social cohesiveness and gender sensitization sensitization /sen·si·ti·za·tion/ (sen?si-ti-za´shun)
1. administration of an antigen to induce a primary immune response.

2. exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity.
 (along with providing information and services); the program aims to increase the ability of married girls to communicate with their husbands and to act on their own behalf in a range of areas, including sexual and reproductive health.

* Project H, a collaborative evaluation of community-based programs promoting gender-equitable attitudes among young men in Latin America, is measuring how attitude shifts correlate with changes in condom use and violent behavior.

* The Ishraq project promotes literacy, life skills, and recreational activities among girls in rural Egypt. Progress toward the long-term goal of changing norms regarding girls' roles is being assessed by measurable shifts in such outcomes as their mobility and time use, their knowledge of key health and rights issues, their functional literacy, and their social connectedness.

Traditional population programs have invested over decades in the development of outcome indicators that reflect progress toward their goals. Similar investments are needed--in long-term experimental interventions and in a range of evaluation approaches--to ensure that community-based empowerment programs can generate lessons that help us meet the mandate of Cairo.

Resumen en Espanol

En la actualidad muchos programas reconocen que los trabajadores comunitarios juegan un papel complicado y trascendente como agentes del cambio social. Esta edicin de Quality/Calidad/ Qualite comparte la experiencia de dos programas tradicionales de planificacion familiar basados en clinicas que encontraron nuevas maneras de trabajar en sus comunidades.

En varios sentidos estos dos programas, y las iniciativas que Ilevaron a cabo, no podrian ser mas diferentes. La Belice Family Life Association (BFLA) es una ONG ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale
ONG Organización No Gubernamental
ONG Organização Não-Governamental (Brazil)
ONG Organizzazione Non Governativa (Italian) 
 de tamano mediano en un pequeno pais caribeno. La BFLA practicamente no tenia tenia /te·nia/ (te´ne-ah) pl. te´niae   taenia.

te·ni·a
n.
Variant of taenia.



tenia

pl. teniae [L.] a flat band or strip of soft tissue.
 experiencia en el trabajo comunitario cuando su gerencia decidio organizar grupos de discusion sobre temas como violencia, enfermedades de transmision sexual, y el embarazo entre adolescentes. Ademas de ayudar a que hombres y mujeres se "escuchen" entre si, el personal del proyecto aprendio a trabajar con duenos de prostibulos, administradores de escuelas y funcionarios politicos gracias a esta iniciativa. Los dialogos publicos han conducido a cambios en la comunicacion de muchas parejas en cuanto a su propia relacion, y a un aumento en las visitas por planificacion familiar a la clinica. Ademas, han transformado la mision de la BFLA y el perfil de la organizacion--tanto en las comunidades locales como al nivel nacional.

El segundo caso tiene que ver con el gobierno de Pakistan, el cual maneja un enorme programa de planificacion familiar con metas concretas y una red de trabajadoras comunitarias al nivel de aldea. El programa y la red funcionan desde hace mucho tiempo y estan profundamente arraigados. El gobierno trabajo con el Population Council para proveer capacitacion en comunicacion con un enfoque en la problematica del poder social en el hogar, la sociedad y en los sistemas de provision de servicios. La capacitacion hizo que las trabajadoras comunitarias estuvieran al mismo nivel que doctores de mucha trayectoria en el momento de cuestionar el poder social. Los trabajadores comunitarios comenzaron a interpretar su trabajo, y sus vidas en general, dentro de un contexto social mas amplio, y tambien empezaron a relacionarse mas respetuosamente con sus propias clientes. Hoy dicha capacitacion se esta implementando en otras regiones y esta ayudando a mejorar la calidad del intercambio que miles de trabajadoras comunitarias tienen con decenas de miles de clientes.

A pesar de las grandes diferencias entre una ONG en Belice y el gobierno de Pakistan, estas dos experiencias comparten algunos supuestos fundamentales: 1) el poder influye en las relaciones sociales; 2) la falta de poder de las mujeres es un obstaculo importante en cuanto a su capacidad de proteger su propia salud sexual o reproductiva; 3) las trabajadoras comunitarias pueden ayudar a que las mujeres amplien su "zona de influencia", tanto Tanto may refer to several things. Please see:
  • Tantō - A Japanese weapon
  • Tanto, Stockholm - A district of Stockholm, Sweden.
See also: Tonto.
 en el hogar como en el sistema de provision de servicios; y, 4) la capacitacion para trabajar al nivel comunitario debe incluir el personal en todos Ios niveles, incluso la alta gerencia y Ios formuladores de politicas.

Resume en Francais

Nombreux sont les programmes qui reconnaissent maintenant le role complexe et puissant puis·sance  
n.
Power; might.



[Middle English, from Old French, from poissant, powerful, present participle of pooir, to be able; see power.
 que les animateurs sociaux peuvent jouer comme agents de changement social d'ensemble. Cette edition de Quality/Calidad/Qualite presente les experiences de deux programmes de planification familiale operant operant /op·er·ant/ (op´er-ant) in psychology, any response that is not elicited by specific external stimuli but that recurs at a given rate in a particular set of circumstances.

op·er·ant
adj.
, comme le veut le modele traditionnel, a partir d'une clinique, qui se sont efforces de travailler dans la communaute d'une maniere differente.

A bien des egards, les deux programmes mis en exergue--et les initiatives menees par leurs responsablessont completement differents. L'association belizienne pour la vie familiale (BFLA, Belize Family Life Association) est une ONG de taille taille: see tallage.  moyenne operant dans un petit pays des Caraibes. La BFLA n'avait presque pas d'experience anterieure dans le domaine du travail TRAVAIL. The act of child-bearing.
     2. A woman is said to be in her travail from the time the pains of child-bearing commence until her delivery. 5 Pick. 63; 6 Greenl. R. 460.
     3.
 communautaire quand ses responsables ont decide d'organiser des groupes de discussion publique sur des sujets tels que la violence, les maladies sexuellement transmissibles et la grossesse chez chez  
prep.
At the home of; at or by.



[French, from Old French, from Latin casa, cottage, hut.]

chez
prep

at the home of [French]
 les adolescentes. Le personnel du projet a non seulement aide les hommes et les femmes a se preter une ecoute mutuelle, il a aussi appris a travailler avec les proprietaires de maisons de prostitution, les administrateurs scolaires et les elus. Les debats publics ont suscite un changement dans la maniere dont de nombreux couples communiquent au sujet de leur relation ; ils ont entraine l'augmentation du nombre de consultations de planification familiale, et transforme la mission ainsi que le profil de la BFLA a la fois dans les collectivites locales et a l'echelon national.

La deuxieme etude e·tude  
n. Music
1. A piece composed for the development of a specific point of technique.

2. A composition featuring a point of technique but performed because of its artistic merit.
 de cas relate l'experience du gouvernement pakistanais qui gere un programme national de planification familiale de taille enorme mais solidement etabli et etroitement cible, base sur un systeme de travailleurs ruraux existant de longue date. Le gouvernement a collabore avec le Population Council pour fournir une formation en communication qui mettait l'accent sur la facon dont le pouvoir social s'exerce au sein du foyer, dans la societe ainsi que dans les systemes de prestation de services. Au cours de la formation, travailleurs ruraux et medecinschefs se sont vus places sur un pied d'egalite dans le cadre de la remise remise v. to give up something, sometimes used in quit-claim deeds.


REMISE. A French word which literally means a surrendering or returning a debt or duty.
     2.
 en question du pouvoir social. Les travailleurs ruraux ont commence a considerer leur travail, ainsi que leur propre vie, dans un contexte social plus large, et a faire preuve de plus de respect envers leurs propres clients. L'intervention, en cours d'elargissement a d'autres regions, a ameliore la qualite des interactions que des milliers de travailleurs ont avec des dizaines de milliers de clients.

Malgre les differences profondes qui existent entre l'ONG belizienne et le gouvernement pakistanais, les deux etudes de cas ont en commun les idees essentielles suivantes : 1) Les relations sociales sont basees sur une relation de pouvoir ; 2) le manque man·qué  
adj.
Unfulfilled or frustrated in the realization of one's ambitions or capabilities: an artist manqué; a writer manqué.
 de pouvoir social des femmes les empeche de veiller a leur propre sante sexuelle et reproductive ; 3) les travailleurs ruraux peuvent efficacement aider les femmes a elargir leur zone d'influence aussi bien a la maison qu'au niveau du systeme de prestation de services; 4) la formation des animateurs sociaux doit etre completee par celle Celle (tsĕl`ə), city (1994 pop. 73,670), Lower Saxony, N Germany, on the Aller River. Its manufactures include food products, electronic components, chemicals, and textiles. Wax processing and horse breeding are important locally.  du personnel a tous les niveaux, y compris les cadres superieurs et les decideurs.

Reference

United Nations. 1995. "Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, Egypt, 5-13 September 1994." UNDoc.A/CONF:171/13/Rev.1. New York: UN.
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Author:Haberland, Nicole
Publication:Quality/Calidad/Qualit
Geographic Code:1USA
Date:Jan 1, 2004
Words:1501
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