Printer Friendly
The Free Library
14,557,981 articles and books
Member login
User name  
Password 
 
Join us Forgot password?

African women, gender and the NEPAD. (Gender).


The New Partnership for Africa's Development New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is an economic development program of the African Union. The NEPAD was adopted at the 37th session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in July 2001 in Lusaka, Zambia.  (NEPAD NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development ) is formulated from a neo-liberal economic perspective and based on a modernist approach to development. A body of critical literature addressing both neo-liberalism and modernism modernism, in religion, a general movement in the late 19th and 20th cent. that tried to reconcile historical Christianity with the findings of modern science and philosophy. , particularly as they impact upon African women, already exists. The NEPAD makes no attempts to respond to such critique.

NEPAD's 'appeal to African peoples' urges us, as African citizens, to 'regain confidence' and support our 'mobilisation' to achieve the NEPAD's goals. This ignores the fact that our mobilisation n. 1. Mobilization.

Noun 1. mobilisation - act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action; "mobilization of the country's economic resources"
mobilization
 around issues addressed by the NEPAD are still stifled--particularly in the rural areas where African state control is strong--by some of the AU's member states and that Africans continue to pay high prices for attempts at such mobilisation in those states.

There is some recognition of the need to address women's needs and existing gender gaps in the region's development through the implementation of the NEPAD. In the NEPAD, for example, African leaders are urged to take responsibility for (among other things) 'promoting the role of women in society and economic development' through 'education and training,' 'access to credit' and 'assuring women's participation in political and economic life.'

However, there is only a limited recognition of the systemic barriers and discrimination faced by African women in every sector addressed by the NEPAD. Emphasis is placed on the need for self-development and self-improvement of African women rather than on the need for African states to remove these systemic barriers and address systemic discrimination against African women. The NEPAD is thus essentially premised upon the Women in Development (WID WID Width
WID Widow(er)
WID Women In Development
WID World Institute on Disability
WID What It Do?
WID Writing in the Disciplines (academia)
WID When It's Done
) rather than the Gender and Development (GAD Gad, in the Bible, son of Jacob and Zilpah and eponymous founder of one of the 12 tribes of Israel. Its allotment was half of Gilead; this was the land best suited to the pastoral life, which Gad, like Reuben, continued after the years in Egypt. ) approach to gender mainstreaming in development.

The NEPAD also includes some full IDGs which explicitly relate to African women, such as eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by4he year 2005, reducing maternal mortality rates maternal mortality rate Epidemiology The number of pregnancy-related deaths/100,000 ♀ of reproductive age; the number of maternal deaths related to childbearing divided by number of live births–or number of live births + fetal deaths/yr.  by the year 2005; reducing maternal mortality rates by three quarters by the year 2015; and ensuring access to reproductive health Within the framework of WHO's definition of health[1] as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene  services by the year 2015.

However, the actions proposed under the second sectoral priority, human resources The fancy word for "people." The human resources department within an organization, years ago known as the "personnel department," manages the administrative aspects of the employees. , which covers education and health, are gender-blind and have nothing to do with these International Development Goals (IDGs) It is unclear therefore how implementation of the will assist in achieving these IDGs.

Generally the actions proposed are not based on a gender analysis of the problem being addressed and therefore do not include actions specifically setting gender objectives, targets and indicators. It is therefore likely that, the implementation of such actions will not address existing gender gaps in the sectors addressed and indeed, may compound or deepen deep·en  
tr. & intr.v. deep·ened, deep·en·ing, deep·ens
To make or become deep or deeper.


deepen
Verb

to make or become deeper or more intense

Verb 1.
 these gender gaps.

More specifically, with respect to the three conditions for sustainable development Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfilment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. The linkage between environment and development was globally recognized in 1980, when the International Union , under the basket on peace, security and political governance, the actions proposed focus on the revival of the former OAU's mechanism for the prevention, management and resolution of conflict. The need to mainstream gender within the structure, mandate and operations of this mechanism is ignored, as is the need formally clarify the link between this mechanism and the former OAU's committee on women and peace.

Under the basket on economic governance, the focus is on developing partnerships with the private sector, with no distinction being made between the African private sector. and the external private sector. No mention is made of small and medium size enterprises, within which African women are dominant, and of the ways in which they could benefit from being involved in the implementation of the NEPAD. And little attention is paid to the need to address and fundamentally reform the underlying macroeconomic mac·ro·ec·o·nom·ics  
n. (used with a sing. verb)
The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors.
 framework through concrete gender-responsive recommendations and tools.

Under the basket on sub-regional and regional development approaches, the focus is on the provision of regional 'public goods and services In economics, economic output is divided into physical goods and intangible services. Consumption of goods and services is assumed to produce utility (unless the "good" is a "bad"). It is often used when referring to a Goods and Services Tax. ,' with implementation being placed within the hands of African Ministries of Finance and Treasuries. African women's participation and representation in these institutions is low and no recommendations are made to ensure that gender will be effectively addressed during implementation.

With respect to the sectoral priorities, under the basket for infrastructure, The focus is on large-scale development projects (for example, the building of dams to address water supply) with no recommendations to ensure that basic community participation principles are adopted in all stages of such project. and that environmental assessment are pre-requisite for such projects.

Under the basket for human resources, no attention is paid to the link between existing macroeconomic frameworks and policies and the deterioration de·te·ri·o·ra·tion
n.
The process or condition of becoming worse.
 in access to education and health. The roles of African women in health provision is not recognised or addressed. No specific attention is paid to poverty among African women and the link between the household, micro and macro economies is not made.

Under the basket on agriculture, there is no recognition of African women's roles as primary producers. And the need to assure African women's access to and control over land (and benefits from land) as an economic resource is not addressed.

Under the basket on culture, sketchy actions are proposed which do little to address the acknowledgement of African culture as being part of Africa's comparative advantage. A return to 'traditional' African cultures is urged rather uncritically in view of the prevailing use of culturally nationalistic arguments made to justify and legitimise Verb 1. legitimise - make legal; "Marijuana should be legalized"
decriminalise, decriminalize, legalise, legalize, legitimate, legitimatise, legitimatize, legitimize
 African women's inequality. No mention is made of the need to re-interpret African cultural documentation from a gender-responsive perspective.

Finally, implementation is to fall under the authority of the Heads of State implementation committee of the now AU. There are no female Heads of State in Africa. And there is therefore need to ensure that women are effectively included in the implementation mechanism and that implementation mechanism's structure, mandate and operations effectively take gender into account.

The intention of the NEPAD to address the developmental needs of African women is noted. But unfortunately, that intention is not well reflected in the NEPAD's proposed actions. It is therefore unclear how the NEPAD's proposed actions can indeed achieve the stated objectives and goals vis a vis African women. In general, in the few places that African women are specifically mentioned, it is in the context of interventions and strategies at the micro- rather than macro-level. There is no attention paid to the need to fundamentally re-orient the economic development approach and strategies currently adopted by most African states to address developmental gender gaps. For the NEPAD to be truly relevant to African women, there is therefore an urgent need for a clear mechanism for African women's representation within the implementation mechanisms, mandates and operations of the NEPAD. A clear mechanism for African civil society (and women's) engagement with the NEPAD and the development of gender-specific objecti ves and corresponding actions, with clear gender targets and indicators.

L. Muthoni Wanyeki is the Executive Director of the African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET)

Femmes Africaines, Genre et Nepad

Par L. Muthoni Wanyeki

Le NEPAD est formule a partir d'une perspective economique neo--liberale et basee sur une approche moderniste de developpement. Un corps de literature critique abordant le neo--liberalisme et le modernisme, particulierement en ce qui concerne son impact sur les femmes africaines, existe Le NEPAD ne fait aucune effort de repondre a une telle critique.

L'appel que le NEPAD lance aux peuples africains nous invite, en tant que citoyens africains, a regagner confiance' et a soutenir notre 'mobilisation' pour realiser les buts du NEPAD. C'est ignorer le fait que notre mobilisation autour des questions abordees par le NEPAD se trouve toujours suffoquee -- surtout Sur`tout´

n. 1. A man's coat to be worn over his other garments; an overcoat, especially when long, and fitting closely like a body coat.

Noun 1.
 dans les regions rurales ou le controle des Etats africains est forte An application development system for enterprise client/server environments from Sun. It was folded into the Sun Studio compiler and tool suite, which is based on the open source Netbeans IDE.  -- par certains des Etats membres de I'UA et que les Africains continuent de payer des prix eleves pour des tentatives d'une telle mobilisation dans ces etats.

L'on note, dans la mise en oeuvre du NEPAD, une certaine reconnaissance de la necessite d'examiner les besoins de femmes ainsi que les inegalites entre les sexes qui existent ex·is·tent  
adj.
1. Having life or being; existing. See Synonyms at real1.

2. Occurring or present at the moment; current.

n.
One that exists.

Adj. 1.
 dans la region. A titre titre

titer.
 d'example, les leaders africains sont invites, dans le NEPAD, a assumer la responsabilite (entre autres) de 'favoriser le role des femmes dans la societe et le developpement economique' par l'education, la formation, l'acces au credit, et a 'assurer la participation des femmes dans la vie politique et economique.'

Cependant l'on remarque re·marque  
n.
1. A small mark or sketch engraved in the margin of a plate to indicate its stage of development prior to completion.

2. A print or proof from a plate carrying such a mark.
 aussi, dans chaque secteur traite par le NEPAD, une identification limitee d'obstacles auxquelles les femmes africaines sont confrontees, ainsi qu' une discrimination systemique. L'accent est mis sur le besoin d'auto - emancipation Ask a Lawyer

Question
Country: United States of America
State: Maryland

I am 17 years old and would like to know if I would be able to file for minor emancipation.
 et d'auto - amelioration a·me·lio·ra·tion  
n.
1. The act or an instance of ameliorating.

2. The state of being ameliorated; improvement.

Noun 1.
 des femmes africaines au lieu LIEU, place. In lieu of, instead, in the place of.  qu'il le soit sur la necessite pour les Etats africains de relever ces barrieres systemiques et de s'attaquer la discrimination systemique contre les femmes africaines. L'on peut conclure que le NEPAD est essentiellement base sur la theorie d'integration de Genre au Developpement FED (Femmes en Developpement) plutot que sur celle Celle (tsĕl`ə), city (1994 pop. 73,670), Lower Saxony, N Germany, on the Aller River. Its manufactures include food products, electronic components, chemicals, and textiles. Wax processing and horse breeding are important locally.  Genre et le developpement (GAD).

Le NEPAD comprend egalement certains IDG IDG International Data Group
IDG Integrated Drive Generator
IDG Installation Design Guide
IDG Internet Discussion Group
IDG Inset Dielectric Guide
IDG International Dangerous Goods (mail, shipping) 
 qui sont explicitement relatifs aux femmes africaines, telles que l'elimination des disparites de genre dans l'enseignement primaire et secondaire en l'annee 2005, la reduction des taux de mortalite maternelle par trois quarts d'ici l'an 2015, et l'assurance de l'acces aux services de sante reproducteurs d'ici l'annee 2015.

Cependant, les actions proposees dans le cadre (company) CADRE - The US software engineering vendor which merged with Bachman Information Systems to form Cayenne Software in July 1996.  de la deuxieme priorite sectorielle, les ressources humaines, qui couvrent l'education et la sante, sont insensibles au genre et n'ont rien a faire avec ces IDG. Les moyens permettant la realisation de ces IDG par la mise en oeuvre du NEPAD n'est donc pas claire.

D'une facon generale les actions proposees ne sont pas basees sur une analyse de genre du probleme soumis l'examen et donc ne comprennent pas des actions mettant specifiquement en place des objectifs, des cibles et des indicateurs de genre. II est donc probable que la mise en oeuvre de telles actions ne traiterait pas des inegalites de genre existantes dans les secteurs traites et en realite, pourrait bien plutot compliquer ou approfondir ces inegalites.

Plus specifiquement, en ce qui concerne trois conditions pour le developpement durable, qui sont la paix, la securite et la gouvernance politique, les actions proposees mettaient l'accent sur la renaissance "La Renaissance" is the national anthem of the Central African Republic., adopted upon independence in 1960. The words were written by the then Prime Minister, Barthélémy Boganda.  du mecanisme de l'ancienne OUA pour la prevention, la gestion et la resolution de conflits. La necessite d'integrer le genre dans la structure, le mandat et les operations de ce mecanisme est ignoree, au meme titre que la necessite de clarifier formellement le lien lien, claim or charge held by one party, on property owned by a second party, as security for payment of some debt, obligation, or duty owed by that second party.  entre ce mecanisme et le comite de l'ancienne OUA sur les femmes et la paix.

Dans le cadre de la gouvernance economique, l'accent est mis sur le developpement de partenariats avec le secteur prive, et aucune distinction n'est faite entre, le secteur prive africain et le secteur prive externe ex·tern or ex·terne  
n.
A person associated with but not officially residing in an institution, especially a nonresident physician on a hospital staff.
. Les secteurs domines par les femmes tels que les moyennes et petites entreprises ne sont pas du tout Tout

To promote a security in order to attract buyers.


tout

To foster interest in a particular company or security. For example, a broker might tout a security to a client in the hope that the client will purchase the security.
 mentionnes, ni des moyens par lesquels les femmes pourraient beneficier de leur implication dans le NEPAD. D'autre part, l'on prete peu d'attention la necessite de traiter et de reformer fondamentalement le cadre macro-economique par des recommandations et des outils concrets qui soient sensibles au genre.

En ce qui concerne l'aspect des approches de developpement au niveau regional et sous regional, l'accent est mis sur la provision de 'biens et services' au niveau regional, et la mise en oeuvre est placee sous la responsabilite de Ministeres africains des Finances et de Tresorerie. La participation et la representation des femmes africaines dans ces institutions sont negligeables, et des recommandations permettant d'assurer la consideration effective du genre dans cette mise en oeuvre ne sont pas faites.

En ce qui concerne les six Les Six is a name, inspired by The Five, given in 1923 by critic Henri Collet in an article titled ‘Les cinq russes, les six français et M. Satie’ (Comoedia  priorites sectorielles, dans le cadre de l'infrastructure, l'accent est mis sur l'elaboration des projets de grande envergure (par exemple, la construction des barrages pour assurer l'approvisionnement en eau). Cependant, aucune mention n'est faite de recommandations visant l'adoption des principes de base relatifs a la participation communautaire dans toutes les etapes de ces projets ainsi que la conduite de l'evaluation environnementale avant des projets de ce genre.

Dans le cas des ressources humaines, aucune attention n'est pretee au lien entre les cadres des politiques macro economiques existantes et la deterioration de l'acces a l'education et a la sante. Les roles des femmes africaines dans la dispensation DISPENSATION. A relaxation of law for the benefit or advantage of an individual. In the United States, no power exists, except in the legislature, to dispense with law, and then it is not so much a dispensation as a change of the law.  des soins de sante ne sont ni identifies ni examines. Aucune attention specifique n'est pretee a la pauvrete des femmes africaines; en outre ou·tré  
adj.
Highly unconventional; eccentric or bizarre: "outré and affected stage antics" Michael Heaton.
 , le rapport The former name of device management software from Wyse Technology, San Jose, CA (www.wyse.com) that is designed to centrally control up to 100,000+ devices, including Wyse thin clients (see Winterm), Palm, PocketPC and other mobile devices.  qui existe entre les micro et macro-economies et les menages n'est pas fait.

Dans le domaine de l'agriculture, ile role des femmes africaines comme productrices primaires n'est pas reconnu. Et la necessite de leur assurer l'acces a / et leur controle sur laterre (et sur les avantages de la terre La Terre (The Earth) is a novel by Émile Zola, published in 1887. It is the fifteenth novel in Zola's Rougon-Macquart series. The action takes place in a rural community in La Beauce, an area of northern France.  comme ressource economique. n'est pas examinee.

Dans le domaine de la culture, des actions inefficaces sont proposees qui ne font pasgrand chose pour aborder la question de la reconnaissance de la culture africaine comme faisant partie de l'avantage comparatif africain. Un retour aux cultures africaines 'traditionnelles' est recommande tout fait alsement face l'usage predominant d'arguments nationalistes avances pour justifier et legitimer l'inegalite des femmes africaines. Le besoin de re-interpreter la documentation culturelle de' l'Afrique sur la base d'une perspective sensible au genre n'est pas mentionne.

En conclusion, Ia mise en ceuvre est confiee l'autorite du Comite Executif des Chefs d'Etat de la nouvelle Union Africaine. II serait donc convenable con·vene  
v. con·vened, con·ven·ing, con·venes

v.intr.
To come together usually for an official or public purpose; assemble formally.

v.tr.
1.
 de veiller ce que les femmes soient effectivement integrees dans le mecanisme de mise en ceuvre, et que la structure, le mandat et les operations de ce mecanisme tiennent effectivement compte du genre. L'on prend note de l'intention du NEPAD de traiter de besoins de developpement des femmes. Malheureusement, cette intention n'est pas bien refletee dans les propositions daction du NEPAD. Ce n'est donc pas possible de clairement envisager les voies et moyens qul permettraient au NEPAD de realiser effectivement les buts et objectifs qui y sont fixes pour les femmes africaines.

Dans l'ensemble, les femmes africaines ne sont mentionnnees que dans quelques contextes relatifs aux interventions et strategies relevant du niveau microeconomique et pas de celui macro-economique. La necessite fondamentale de re-orienter les approches et strategies de developpement economique adoptees actuellement par plusieurs etats africains dans le traitement des inegalites entre les sexes ne recoit aucune attention.

Pour que le NEPAD soit vraiment approprie pour les femmes africaines, il est urgemment necessair d'instituer un mecanisme clair en termes de representation des femmes africaines l'interieur des mandats, operations et mecanismes de Ia mise en ceuvre du NEPAD. ll'serait aussi convenable d'etablir un mecanisme de collaboration clair pour les organisations de Ia societe civile, (sans oublier celles des femmes) avec le NEPAD; il faudrait enfin elaborer des objectifs et actions de genre specifiques avec des cibles et indicateurs de genre clairs.

L.Muthoni Wanyeki, Directrice Executive de FEMNET
COPYRIGHT 2002 African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET)
No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder.
Copyright 2002, Gale Group. All rights reserved. Gale Group is a Thomson Corporation Company.

 Reader Opinion

Title:

Comment:



 

Article Details
Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
Author:Wanyeki, L. Muthoni
Publication:Our Rights
Date:Jan 1, 2002
Words:2422
Previous Article:African Gender activists and NEPAD - initial responses. (Responses).
Next Article:Popularizing NEPAD among women in Africa.



Related Articles
Gender balance in the African Union. (News Clippings).(Brief Article)
New Partnership for African Development. (Editorial).
Assessment of Gender Orientation of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). (Assessment).
African Gender activists and NEPAD - initial responses. (Responses).
Popularizing NEPAD among women in Africa.
What's new? Femnets programmes & projects.
Editorial.(increasing participation of women in African Union)
Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa/Declaration Solennelle sur L'Egalite entre les sexes en Afrique.
The African Women's Caucus on the role of men and boys.
Advocacy programme/programme de plaidoirie.(NEWS FROM FEMNET SECRETARIAT/NOUVELLES DU SECRETARIAT DE FEMNET)

Terms of use | Copyright © 2009 Farlex, Inc. | Feedback | For webmasters | Submit articles