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African languages in the information age/Les langues Africaines dans l'age de l'information.


African languages African languages, geographic rather than linguistic classification of languages spoken on the African continent. Historically the term refers to the languages of sub-Saharan Africa, which do not belong to a single family, but are divided among several distinct  should join English and French as languages of choice on the Internet if the continent is to participate effectively in the information society. A Fund should also be established to help in the production and maintenance of these languages on the Internet as a means of accelerating the number of Africans accessing Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs).

Making these proposals, a group of African linguistics and technology experts attending a recent African Regional Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS WSIS World Summit on the Information Society
WSIS Who Should I Start? (fantasy football)
WSIS Waste Stream Information Sheet
WSIS White Smoke Identification System (US Navy) 
) in Accra, Ghana, said they have already developed special characters that can now help these languages be used on cyberspace Coined by William Gibson in his 1984 novel "Neuromancer," it is a futuristic computer network that people use by plugging their minds into it! The term now refers to the Internet or to the online or digital world in general. See Internet and virtual reality. Contrast with meatspace. . They argue that the use of languages such as English in international communication has played a big role in the development of the Western countries because their citizens understand technology as it is instructed in a language they best understand.

African countries too will experience unprecedented development in economic, social, political and technological spheres if they use their mother tongues mother tongue
n.
1. One's native language.

2. A parent language.


mother tongue
Noun

the language first learned by a child

Noun 1.
 on the Internet. But some information experts from America and Europe are opposing the idea arguing that African languages do not have economic power and therefore cannot be a force to reckon with to settle accounts or claims with; - used literally or figuratively.
to include as a factor in one's plans or calculations; to anticipate.
to deal with; to handle; as, I have to reckon with raising three children as well as doing my job s>.

See also: Reckon Reckon Reckon
 when used on the Internet for transactions. They further claim that Africa has over 200 languages, with some having characters and sounds in their alphabet that are not recognizable in the coding system Noun 1. coding system - a system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages
code - a coding system used for transmitting messages requiring brevity or secrecy
 of the Internet. Therefore, the continent should continue expressing itself through appropriate languages in social and economic development.

African leaders are also to blame as much as the West for creating hindrances in the use of African languages on the Internet according to according to
prep.
1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.

2. In keeping with: according to instructions.

3.
 Professor Mwasoko from the University of Dar-es-Salaam.

Speaking at the WSIS meeting in Accra, Professor Salam Diakite, Director of Research and Documentation, African Academy of Languages The African Academy of Languages (Fr.: Académie Africaine des Langues, or ACALAN) is a Pan-African organization founded in 2001 by Mali's then-president Alpha Oumar Konaré, under the auspices of the African Union, for the harmonization of Africa's many spoken languages. , said the only way to make African languages accepted in cyberspace is to transact An earlier e-commerce system for the Web from Open Market that included order capture and secure order fulfillment using credit cards, ecash and other payment systems. It included customer service and subscription administration capabilities as well as an integrated database for reporting  business in those languages. In Kenya, for instance, information on tourism and tea products should be in local languages or in Swahili, which Microsoft is going to launch officially on the Internet between April and May 2005. If this happens, people from Europe and America will have no choice but to learn how to use these languages on the Internet. But this can only occur if the Unicode consortium The Unicode Consortium, the non-profit organization that coordinates Unicode's development, has the ambitious goal of eventually replacing existing character encoding schemes with Unicode and its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, as many of the existing schemes  accepts special characters and sounds found in certain African dialects. Based in the USA, and with organizations such as Microsoft and International Business Machines (IBM (International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY, www.ibm.com) The world's largest computer company. IBM's product lines include the S/390 mainframes (zSeries), AS/400 midrange business systems (iSeries), RS/6000 workstations and servers (pSeries), Intel-based servers (xSeries) ) as members, Unicode Standard defines how characters and sounds of different languages are represented in modern software products and standards.

Addressing participants at the Accra conference, Mark Lange, senior attorney at Microsoft, a leading computer software developer, said that they support the idea of African languages on the Internet but only if African countries put in place proper standards.

Currently, there are plans to put in place an African Standardization standardization

In industry, the development and application of standards that make it possible to manufacture a large volume of interchangeable parts. Standardization may focus on engineering standards, such as properties of materials, fits and tolerances, and drafting
 and Certification Centre where those who want to use their vernacular languages on the Internet will have to get certification. Welcoming the idea of the centre, Dr Solomon Atnafu of the Department of Computer Science at the University of Ethiopia believes the use of vernacular languages will make it possible for people who cannot use English or French on the computer, to do so in their own languages.

Concurring con·cur  
intr.v. con·curred, con·cur·ring, con·curs
1. To be of the same opinion; agree: concurred on the issue of preventing crime. See Synonyms at assent.

2.
 with him, Dr Shem Ochuodho, a computer expert from Kenya, said any attempt to address over 80 percent of Africans who live in the rural areas on how to achieve the Millennium Development Goals “MDG” redirects here. For other uses, see MDG (disambiguation).

The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that 192 United Nations member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015.
 (MDGs), could, among other things, be achieved by using their languages on the Internet.

According to linguistics, this is not a problem because the alphabet of African languages is already in place and can be used to make computer programs or communication through the Internet. The only problem is the existence of a few words from certain African languages whose sounds cannot be accepted by the computer and for such cases, special characters have been developed but are yet to be accepted by Unicode. The characters will be officially submitted to the committee of ISO (1) See ISO speed.

(2) (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, www.iso.ch) An organization that sets international standards, founded in 1946. The U.S. member body is ANSI.
 standardization once accepted by Unicode to be added to their list as pre-composed African characters, mapped into computer keyboards, and font types developed for the language. In addition, a dictionary of the African languages will have to be developed to aid those people who are going to have problems expressing themselves in these languages.

So far, less than one percent of African languages have developed these requirements and are now on the cyberspace. Examples are Amharic used in Ethiopia and some South African local languages. In the case of Amharic, a Content Management System is in place allowing the use both Amharic and English on the computer.

Whereas these two countries have made headway head·way  
n.
1. Forward movement or the rate of forward movement, especially of a ship.

2. Progress toward a goal.

3. The clear vertical space beneath a ceiling or archway; clearance.

4.
 in placing their local languages on the Internet, other African countries face a double challenge as they have to find ways of ensuring that their people speak and use local languages when communicating economic, social and political issues.

As a first step, the conference recommended that each African country should introduce the teaching of an examinable African language alongside English or French from the primary school level up to the university. The African Union African Union (AU), international organization established in 2002 by the nations of the former Organization of African Unity (OAU). The AU is the successor organization to the OAU, with greater powers to promote African economic, social, and political integration,  is expected to take up the issue, and impress upon member states to implement the recommendation. To accelerate this, the AU is to declare 2006 the year of African languages.

Meanwhile, information and communication experts have warned that Africans can only use their languages on the Internet if their people have access to computers and Internet facilities, especially those in the rural and poor urban areas. The content on the Internet should also be appropriate for their needs, with education on how to use the gadgets targeting both in and out of school children and youths. Computers have to be positioned in primary and secondary schools, with special computer training programmes for teachers and other people in the rural areas being put in place.

Similarly, in areas where there is no electricity connection, solar panels or generators, have to be installed to power computers or any other ICTs apparatus.

Arthur Okwemba African Woman and Child (AWC (Association for Women in Computing, San Francisco, CA, www.awc-hq.org) A membership organization, founded in 1978, dedicated to the advancement of women in computing. It publishes newsletters, hosts seminars and annual conferences and recognizes distinguished women in the field with its ) Feature Service

Arthur Okwemba is a Reporter with the African Woman and Child (AWC) Feature Service

LES LANGUES AFRICAINES DANS L'AGE DE L'INFORMATION

Les langues africaines devraient etre considerees comme langues privilegiees de l'Interner au meme titre titre

titer.
 que l'anglais et le francais si l'on veut que le continent puisse participer efficacement dans la societe de l'information. Il conviendrait egalement d'instituer un fonds pour soutenir la production et le maintien de ces langues sur Interner, ce qui permettrait d'accelerer le nombre d'Africains qui accedent aux technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC).

En faisant ces propositions, un groupe d'experts africains en linguistique et en technologie participant a une recente Conference regionale preparatoire au Sommet Mondial Mondial can refer to:
  • Mondial (amusement ride manufacturer), a Dutch manufacturer of amusement rides.
  • Mondial (motorcyle manufacturer), an Italian motorcycle manufacturer.
 sur la Societe de l'Information (SMSI SMSI sommet mondial de la société de l'information
SMSI Strong Metal-Support Interaction
SMSI Simplified Message Service Interface
) a Accra, Ghana, a declare qu'ils avaient deja concu des caracteres specifiques pouvant aider aujourd'hui a l'utilisation de ces langues dans le cyber (1) From "cybernetics," it is a prefix attached to everyday words to add a computer, electronic or online connotation. The term is similar to "virtual," but the latter is used more frequently. See virtual.  espace. Ils soutiennent que l'utilisation des langues tel que l'anglais dans la communication internationale a joue un grand role dans le developpement des pays occidentaux parce que leurs citoyens comprennent la technologie puisque formulee dans une langue langue  
n.
Language viewed as a system including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation of a particular community.



[French, from Old French; see language.]
 qu'ils comprennent le mieux.

Les pays africains connaitront un developpement dans les domaines economique, social, politique et technologique s'ils utilisent leurs langues maternelles sur Interner. Mais certains specialistes de l'information d'Amerique et d'Europe slopposent a l'idee en presentant l'argument comme quoi les langues africaines n'ont pas de pouvoir economique et ne peuvent donc pas constituer une force avec laquelle compter si elles etaient utilisees sur Interner pour des transactions. Ils pretendent en outre ou·tré  
adj.
Highly unconventional; eccentric or bizarre: "outré and affected stage antics" Michael Heaton.
 que l'Afrique possede plus de 200 langues, dont certaines ont des alphabets avec des sons et caracteres qui ne sont pas reconnus dans le systeme des codes de l'lnternet. Par consequent, le continent devrait continuer a s'exprimer a travers des langues qui conviennent au developpement social et economique.

Selon le Professeur Mwasoko de l'Universite de Dar-es-Salaam, les dirigeants africains sont autant a blamer que l'Occident pour avoir entrave l'utilisation des langues africaines sur Internet. Prenant la parole a la reunion La Reunion may refer to:
  • La Reunion (Dallas), a communal settlement near present-day Dallas, Texas
  • Réunion, an island in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar
 du SMSI a Accra, le Directeur de la Recherche La Recherche is a monthly French language popular science magazine covering recent scientific news. It is published by the Société d'éditions scientifiques (the Scientific Publishing Group), a subsidiary of Financière Tallandier.  et la Documentation a l'Academie Africaine des Langues, le

Professeur Salam Diakite a declare que le seul moyen de faire accepter les langues africaines dans le cyberespace est d'effectuer des transactions commerciales dans ces langues. Au Kenya par exemple, l'information sur les produits du tourisme et du the devait se transmettre en langues locales ou en swahili, langue que Microsoft lancera officiellement sur Interner entre avril et mai cette annee. Dans une telle eventualite, les partenaires d'Europe et d'Amerique n'auront pas d'autre choix que d'apprendre comment utiliser ces langues sur Interner.

Mais cela ne peut se produire que si des caracteres et sons speciaux de certains dialectes africains sont acceptes par le consortium Unicode. Base aux USA, et ayant en son sein des organisations membres comme Microsoft et IBM (International Business Machines), Unicode Standard definit comment les caracteres et sons des differentes langues doivent etre representes dans les produits et standards des logiciels modernes.

S'adressant aux participants a la conference d'Accra, le juriste principal a Microsoft Mark Lange, un promoteur principal de logiciels d'ordinateurs, a declare qu'ils soutiennent l'idee de l'introduction de langues africaines sur Interner si seulement les pays africains mettent des standards convenables en place. Actuellement, des plans sont mis en train pour instituer un Centre de normalisation 1. (data processing) normalisation - A transformation applied uniformly to each element in a set of data so that the set has some specific statistical property. For example, monthly measurements of the rainfall in London might be normalised by dividing each one by the total  et de certification ou ceux qui souhaiteraient utiliser leurs langues vernaculaires sur Interner devraient obtenir un certificat. Soutenant l'idee de la creation d'un tel centre, Dr Solomon Atnafu du Departement des sciences informatiques a l'universite d'Ethiopie croit que l'utilisation des langues vernaculaires permettra aux personnes ne s'exprimant pas en anglais ou en francais sur l'ordinateur de le faire dans leurs propres langues.

Appuyant la meme idee, Dr Shem Ochuodho, un specialiste en informatique Kenyan a declare que toute tentative de tenir compte des plus de 80 pour cent d'Africains vivant dans les regions rurales dans la realisation des Objectifs de Developpement du Millenaire (ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) A contract manufacturer that uses its own designs and intellectual property (IP). See contract manufacturer. ) pourrait, entre autres, devenir effective en utilisant leurs langues sur Interner. Du point de vue de la linguistique, cela ne pose pas de probleme car l'alphabet des langues africaines est deja en place et peut etre utilise pour elaborer des programmes informatiques ou effectuer des communications par Internat. Le seul probleme c'est l'existence de quelques mots de certaines langues africaines dont les sons ne peuvent etre acceptes par l'ordinateur et pour ces cas des caracteres speciaux ont ete concus mais ne sont pas encore acceptes par l'Unicode. Ces caracteres seront officiellement soumis au comite de normalisation de ISO des que Unicode aura approuve leur ajout sur sa liste comme caracteres africains pre-composes, qu'il les aura etablis sur les claviers Claviers is a village in southeastern France. It is located in the province of Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, and within the département of Var. It is approximately 60 km west of Cannes. It has a population of 600.  des ordinateurs, et que des Que.D (aka Q.Diesel) is a hip hop artist from Detroit, Michigan. He is known for his affiliation with Slum Village and world renowned producer and artist J Dilla, who also happens to be his cousin. He has released several twelve inch white labels with various record labels in the U.  types de caracteres typographiques auront efe concus pour ces langues. D'autre part, un dictionnaire de langues africaines devra etre mis au point pour aider les personnes qui auront des difficultes a s'exprimer dans ces langues.

Jusqu'ici, moins d'un pour cent de langues africaines remplissent ces conditions et sont deja sur l'espace Interner. A titre d'exemples, on peut citer l'amharique d'Ethiopie et certaines langues sud africaines locales. En ce qui concerne l'amharique, un systeme de gestion de contenus est mis en place qui permet l'utilisation sur ordinateur de l' Amharique et de l'anglais.

Bien que ces deux pays aient reussi a placer leurs langues locales sur Interner, d'autres pays africains font face a un double defi en ce qu'ils doivent trouver des moyens de s'assurer que leurs peuples parlent et utilisent les langues locales pour communiquer sur les quesfions economiques, sociales et politiques.

Comme premiere etape, la conference a recommande que chaque pays africain instaure l'enseignement d'une langue pouvant etre etudiee aux cotes de l'anglais et du francais de l'ecole primaire a l'universite. L'Union africaine est tenue de prendre en mains ce probleme, et d'amener ses Etats membres a appliquer les recommandations. Pour accelerer ce processus, l'UA doit donc declarer l'annee 2006 l'annee des langues africaines.

En attendant, les experts des domaines de l'information et des communications ont lance la mise en garde en garde  
interj.
Used to warn a fencer to assume the position preparatory to a match.



[French : en, on + garde, guard.]

Adj. 1.
 selon laquelle les africains ne pourront utiliser leurs langues sur Interner que si l'acces aux equipements informatiques et d'Internat est assure pour leurs peuples, en particulier ceux des regions rurales et urbaines pauvres. Le contenu d'Interner devrait aussi etre adapte a leurs besoins, et il faut organiser des formations visant les enfants scolarises et non-scolarises sur la manipulation des equipements. Les ordinateurs doivent etre places dans les ecoles primaires et secondaires, et des programmes de formation en informatique pour les enseignants et d'autres personnes des regions rurales doivent etre mis en place. De la meme maniere, dans les lieux sans electricite, des panneaux solaires ou des generateurs doivent etre installes sur les ordinateurs centraux ou tout Tout

To promote a security in order to attract buyers.


tout

To foster interest in a particular company or security. For example, a broker might tout a security to a client in the hope that the client will purchase the security.
 autre appareil des TIC.

Par Arthur Okwemba--Femme et enfant africains (AWC) Service d'actualite
COPYRIGHT 2005 African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET)
No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder.
Copyright 2005, Gale Group. All rights reserved. Gale Group is a Thomson Corporation Company.

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Author:Okwemba, Arthur
Publication:Femnet News
Geographic Code:1USA
Date:Jan 1, 2005
Words:2151
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