Adolesan yasta koroner baypas yapilan ve LDL aferez tedavisi uygulanan homozigot ailevi hiperkolesterolemi olgusu/ A case with homozygote familial hypercholesterolemia treated with LDL apheresis and coronary bypass in adolescence period.Giris Ailevi hiperkolesterolemi (AH), dusuk dansiteli lipoprotein lipoprotein (lĭp'əprō`tēn), any organic compound that is composed of both protein and the various fatty substances classed as lipids, including fatty acids and steroids such as cholesterol. (LDL LDL - ["LDL: A Logic-Based Data-Language", S. Tsur et al, Proc VLDB 1986, Kyoto Japan, Aug 1986, pp.33-41]. ) reseptor genindeki mutasyon sonucu olusan, otozomal dominant gecisli bir hastaliktir (1). Homozigot AH 1/1 milyon siklikta gorulmekte olup agir hiperkolesterolemi, ksantomlar ve koroner arter hastaligna bagli mortalitenin siklikla 30 yasindan once gorulmesi ile karakterizedir (2). Burada homozigot AH nedeniyle adolesan yasta koroner arter hastaligi gelisen ve bu nedenle baypas operasyonu yapilan, sonrasinda LDL aferez tedavisi uygulanan bir olgu, LDL aferezin etkinligini tartismak amaciyla sunulmustur. Olgu sunumu On uc yasinda kiz hasta, her iki el, dirsek, diz ve ayak bileklerinde bulunan ksantomatoz deri lezyonlan nedeniyle basvurdu. Lezyonlarmin ilk kez 5 yasinda basladigi ve son 2-3 yilda artis gosterdigi ogrenildi. Uc kardesi saglikli olan hastanin ebeveynleri arasinda birinci dereceden akraba evliligi vardi. Ailede benzer sikayet, erken kalp krizi gecirme oykusu yoktu. Fizik muayenede; vucut agirligi 41 kg (%25), boyu 152 cm (%25) idi. Ekstremitelerin ozellikle ekstansor yuzlerinde yaygin ksantomlar ve her iki goz kapaginda ksantalezma disinda patolojik bulgu saptanmadi (Resim 1). Laboratuvar incelemelerinde, hemoglobin 11.9 gr/dl, MCV MCV mean corpuscular volume. MCV abbr. mean corpuscular volume Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) A measure of the average volume of a red blood cell. 80 fl, hematokrit %35, lokosit 8300/m[m.sup.3], trombosit 426.000/m[m.sup.3], alanin aminotransferaz 8 U/L U/L Upload U/L Uplink U/L Universal/Local U/L Units/Litre , aspartat aminotransferaz 18 U/L, BUN 8 mg/dL, kreatinin 0,5 mg/dL, kolesterol (K) 801 mg/dl, dusuk yogunluklu lipoprotein (LDL)-K 706 mg/dl, cok dusuk yogunluklu lipoprotein (VLDL VLDL very-low-density lipoprotein. ß-VLDL , beta VLDL a mixture of lipoproteins with diffuse electrophoretic mobility approximately that of ß-lipoproteins but having lower density; they are remnants derived from )-K 23.8 mg/dl, yuksek yogunluklu lipoprotein (HDL (Hardware Description Language) A language used to describe the functions of an electronic circuit for documentation, simulation or logic synthesis (or all three). Although many proprietary HDLs have been developed, Verilog and VHDL are the major standards. )-K 70.8 mg/dl, trigliserid 119 mg/dl bulundu. Aile taramasinda anne total-K 516 mg/dl, LDL-K 443 mg/dl, baba total-K 252 mg/dl, LDL-K 185 mg/dl olarak saptandi. Prekordial bolgede egzersizle gelen gogus agrisi tarifleyen olgunun ekokardiyografisinde koroner arter cikisinda duzensizlikler ve aort kapaklarinda ksantomatoz degiisiklikler saptandi. Koroner anjiyografide sol koroner arterin bifurkasyon bulgesi ve sol on inen dali uzerinde yaygin aterom plaklarma uyan lezyonlar, %70'e varan darliklar gpruldu (Resim 2). Bu nedenle ikili koroner baypas operasyonu yapildi ve ilac tedavisi olarak dusuk kolesterollu diyet, antiagregan dozda salisilik asit, atorvastatin atorvastatin /ator·va·stat·in/ (ah-tor?vah-stat´in) an antihyperlipidemic agent that acts by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, used as the calcium salt in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and other forms of dyslipidemia. 40 mg/gun, kolestiramin 24 gr/gun ve niacin niacin: see coenzyme; vitamin. niacin or nicotinic acid or vitamin B3 Water-soluble vitamin of the vitamin B complex, essential to growth and health in animals, including humans. 1.5 gr/gun dozlarinda baslandi. Uc aylik medikal tedavi ile kolesterol duzeylerinde sadece %21 oraninda dusus gorulmesi uzerine LDL afereze baslandi. Bu uygulama ile total-K duzeyinde %63'luk dusus safandi (Tablo 1). LDL aferez islemi kaskad filtrasyonu yontemiyle yapildi. Islem sirasinda olgumuza premedikasyon uygulanmadan, direkt damara girildi (mediflon iv cannula cannula /can·nu·la/ (kan´u-lah) a tube for insertion into a vessel, duct, or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. can·nu·la or can·u·la n. pl. 14x2.1x45 mm, India). Hastadan alman plazma, plazma pompasindan gecirilerek, plazma ayiracina (Evaflux 5A20, Plazma fraksinatoru, Kuraray Co. Ltd, Japan) aktarildi. Plazma ayiracinin yuzey alani 2 [m.sup.2], koruyucu materyali polikarbonat recine, etken uzunlugu 280 mm, dolum hacmi 140 ml idi. Plazma ayiracinda yuksek molekul agirlikli maddeleri iceren plazma bolumu ayrilarak hastaya kapali sistemde geri verildi. Tartisma Ailevi hiperkolesterolemi otozomal dominant gegisli, LDL reseptor genindeki mutasyonlara bagli gelijen kalitsal bir hastaliktir. Heterozigot ve homozigot olmak uzere iki formu vardir. Heterozigot formda total-K duzeyi 2-3 kat artmaktadir ve 50 yas civarinda koroner arter hastaligi gelismektedir. Homozigotformda ise, total-K duzeyi 4-6 kat artmakta ve genellikle 500 mg/dl uzerinde olup koroner arter hastaligi 5-30 yaslar arasinda ortaya cikmaktadir (2, 4). Olgumuzda kolesterol duzeyinin 500 mg/dl uzerinde olmasi, ksantomlarm 5 yasinda gelismesi, ailede 1. dereceden akrabalik olmasi ve ebeveynlerde hiperkolesterolemi bulunmasi nedeniyle homozigot AH tanisi konulmustur. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Ailevi hiperkolesterolemi tedavisinde baslangicta kolesterolden fakir fakir (fäkēr`, fā`kər), [Arab.,=poverty], in Islam, usually an initiate in a Sufi order. The title fakir is borne with the understanding that poverty is the need to be in relation to God. diyet, egzersiz programi, statinler ve diger kolesterol dusurucu ilaclar uygulanmaktadir. Ancak bu tedavilere yanit azdir, cunku LDL-K dusurucu ilaclar genellikle hepatik LDL reseptor sayisini artirarak etki gostermektedir (5). Porto-kaval sant operasyonu ve karaciger transplantasyonu gibi cesitli alternatif tedaviler de denenmistir, ancak tatmin edici sonuclar almamamistir (6). Gunumuzdeki standart tedavi LDIL aferezdir. Bu yontemle gecici olarak LDL-K duzeylerinde %50'nin uzerinde dusus saglanabilmekte ve ateroskleroz gelisimi geciktirilebilmektedir. Aferez sonrasi kolesterol duzeyleri tekrar artmaya baslar ve 12-14 gunde tedavi oncesi duzeye doner. Bu nedenle 1-2 hafta araliklarla tekrarlanmalidir. LDL aferezle koroner arter hastaligi gelisme riskini artiran LDL, lipoprotein-a gibi yuksek molekul agirlikli maddeleri iceren plazma bolumunun secilerek azaltilmasi ya da tamamen ortadan kaldirilmasi safanir (3, 7). Kalp koruyucu kolesterol olan HDL'de de dusme olabilmektedir. Olgumuzda aferez sonrasi total-K ve LDL-K'de %63, HDL-K'de %67 oramnda dusus gozlenmistir (Tablo 1). Ksantomlar ise lipid dusurucu tedavi ile gerileyebilmekte, ancak nadiren tamamen kaybolmaktadir (8). Olgumuzda ilk aferez sonrasi ksantomlarda kismi bir yumusama gozlenmistir. LDL aferezin yan etkileri nadirdir. 34 hasta uzerinde yapilan bir calisma sonucu en sik gorulen yan etkiler halsizlik (%1.5), bulantikusma (%1.2), hipotansiyon (%0.73) ve gogus agrisi (%0.58) olarak raporlanmistir (9). Olgumuzda afereze ait yan etki gozlenmemistir. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Sonuc Homozigot AH'de erken yasta koroner arter hastaligi riski nedeniyle erken tam ve tedavi cok onemlidir. Yuksek LDL-K duzeyleri bircok olguda diyet ve ilac tedavisi ale kontrol altina almamamaktadir. LDL aferez etkin ve pratik bir yontemdir. Tedaviye ateroskleroz gelismeden olabildigince erken donemde baslanilmasi, koroner arter hastaligi riskinin azaltilmasinda son derece onemlidir. Kaynaklar (1.) Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Farese R. Disorders of lipid metabolism: primary disorders of hyperlipidemia hyperlipidemia /hy·per·lip·id·emia/ (-lip?i-de´me-ah) elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, etc. . In: Larsen P, editor. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 10th edition. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003. p. 1668-77. (2.) Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Familial hypercholesterolemia familial hypercholesterolemia n. 1. See type II familial hyperlipoproteinemia. 2. See hypercholesterolemia. familial hypercholesterolemia Metabolic disease A common– . In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, editors. The Metabolic Basis of Disease. 6th edition. New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : McGraw-Hill Book Co; 1989. p. 1215-51. (3.) Bosch T, Lennertz A, Schmidt B, Fink E, Keller C, Toepfer M et al. DALI apheresis apheresis (əfĕr`əsĭs), or hemapheresis (hē'məfĕr`əsĭs), any procedure in which blood is drawn from a donor or patient and a component (platelets, plasma, or white blood in hyperlipidemic patients: Biocompatibility biocompatibility the quality of not having toxic or injurious effects on biological systems. biocompatibility 1. The extent to which a foreign, usually implanted, material elicits an immune or other response in a recipient 2. , efficacy and selectivity of direct adsorption adsorption, adhesion of the molecules of liquids, gases, and dissolved substances to the surfaces of solids, as opposed to absorption, in which the molecules actually enter the absorbing medium (see adhesion and cohesion). of lipoproteins Lipoproteins The packages in which cholesterol and triglycerides travel throughout the body. Mentioned in: Lipoproteins Test lipoproteins (lip´ōprō´tēns), n. from whole blood. Artificial Organs artificial organs, n.pl the devices used to support life because of the failure or limited capacity of the human organ. The most effective is the artificial kidney, which consists of a set of tubes that pass the blood through a dialysate solution where 2000; 24: 81-90. (4.) Gurkan F, Ulgen MS, Haspolat K. Ailevi homozigot hiperkolesterolemili olgularve kardiyovaskOler degerlendirme. Dicle Tip Dergisi 2000;27:35-40. (5.) Makino H. Harada-Shiba M. Long-term effect of low-density lipoprotein low-density lipoprotein n. Abbr. LDL A lipoprotein that contains relatively high amounts of cholesterol and is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. apheresis inpatients with homozygous ho·mo·zy·gous adj. Having the same alleles at one or more gene loci on homologous chromosome segments. Homozygous Identical genes controlling a specified inherited trait. familial hypercholesterolemia. Ther Apher Dial 2003; 7: 397-401. (6.) Bilheimer D. Portocaval shunt and liver transplantation in treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. Artheriosclerosis 1989; 9: 1158-63. (7.) Thompson GR. LDL apheresis. Atherosclerosis 2003; 167: 1-13. (8.) Bhatnagar D. Diagnosis and screening for familial hypercholesterolemia: finding the patients, finding the genes. Ann Clin Biochem 2006; 43: 441-56. (9.) Sachais BS, Katz J, Ross J, Rader DJ. Long term effects of LDL apheresis in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia Hypercholesterolemia Definition Hypercholesterolemia refers to levels of cholesterol in the blood that are higher than normal. Description Cholesterol circulates in the blood stream. It is an essential molecule for the human body. . J Clin Apher 2005; 20: 252-5. Esma Altinel, Semra Cetinkaya (*), Cengiz Kara (*), Utku Arman Orun (**), Hakan Aydin (***), Ali Kutsal (***) Dr. Sami Ulus Cocuk Sagligi ve Hastaliklari Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Cocuk Saghgi ve Hastalhklari, (*) Cocuk Endokrinoloji, (**) Cocuk Kardiyoloji ve (***) Kardiyovaskuler Cerrahi Bolumleri, Ankara, Turkiye
Tablo 1. Basvuru kolesterol degerleri, uc aylik medikal tedavi ve LDL
aferez uygulamasi ile kolesterol duzeylerindeki degisiklikler
Basvuru Medikal Aferez Aferez Aferez
deger- tedavi oncesi sonrasi sonrasi
leri ile dusus
degisim oranlari
oranlari, %
%
Total-K (normal 801 21.4 630 230 63.5
deger 125-205 [arrow down]
mg/dl)
LDL-K (normal 706 21.9 552 201 63.6
deger 68-136 [arrow down]
mg/dl)
VLDL-K (normal 23 86 43 11 74.5
deger 1-23 [arrow up]
mg/dl)
HDL-K (normal 70 25.8 52 17 67.4
deger 37-70 [arrow down]
mg/dl)
Trigliserid 119 10 131 56 57.3
(normal deger [arrow up]
39-120 mg/dl)
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