A vascular plant inventory of Howell Wetlands, a nature preserve within the City of Evansville, Indiana.ABSTRACT. Howell Wetlands is a 9.3 hectare park located in the city of Evansville, Indiana. The park includes an oxbow lake and a bottomland hardwood plant community that is at the northern-most edge of its distribution. This study describes an inventory of flowering plant species collected during the growing season of 2004, as well as a list of plants collected in previous years. A total of 129 species was documented in this study. GPS coordinates were collected for each plant during the growing season of 2004 in order to facilitate continuing restoration efforts and are included on the voucher specimens. Despite the presence of invasive plants like Phragmites australis and Lonicera japonica, Howell Wetlands contains three species that merit special concern: Rubus enslenii (state endangered), Taxodium distichium (state threatened), and Passiflora incarnata (state rare). Keywords: Howell Wetlands, Indiana, flora, rare plants ********** Indiana once had 2.3 million hectares of wetlands. Today, only 15% of the original wetlands remains, the rest having been cleared for agriculture and urban development (Myers 1997). Indiana ranks 4th among the 50 states in the proportion of wetlands lost (Dahl 1990). Preservation of remaining wetland habitats is a top priority of state and federal agencies because they provide essential ecosystem services including flood control, water purification, and wildlife habitat (Myers 1997). The city of Evansville, Indiana, located in Vanderburgh County, is situated on the banks of the Ohio "'Banks of the Ohio'" is a nineteenth century murder ballad, in which Willie invites his young lover for a walk during which she rejects his marriage proposal. Once they are alone on the river bank, he murders her. River and still contains many acres of wetland habitat. Howell Wetlands, a 9.3 hectare wetland park was added to the City of Evansville Parks and Recreation Department in 1999 and is managed by Wesselman Nature Society. Howell Wetlands is one of only five urban wetland parks that exist in Indiana (City of Evansville 2005). This wetland community was much abused and various areas had been used as a dump before it became protected. Howell Wetlands now has walking trails and a park manager who provides educational programs and tours. The park has become a resource for the city of Evansville providing environmental education and habitat for a variety of wetland plants and animals (Fig. 1). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] In addition, it serves as a component of the "ecological internet" in that it is part of the greenspace in Evansville that provides corridors for plant and animal migration (Jackson 1997). Howell Wetlands now consists of an original core habitat that was left intact as well as a section of newly "restored" wetlands (Fig. 2). [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] In 1978 work began to clean up significant amounts of garbage, household sewage and oil from area homes and businesses. The Army Corps of Engineers contributed $485,000 to the project, which the City of Evansville matched. The original wetlands still in existence include an oxbow lake formed from the nearby Ohio River and associated bottomland hardwood forest. The reconstructed wetlands habitat was constructed on old farmland adjacent to the oxbow lake and consists of two lakes (created by the Army Corps of Engineers) as well as a wildflower meadow that was intended to display native Indiana prairie vegetation. Part of the intent of this study is to document plants in the original oxbow lake and bottomland hardwood forest section of the wetlands (Fig. 2). The list of plants and their precise locations compiled in this study will be used as a guide in the restoration of original vegetation in degraded areas of the park. Conservation of any nature preserve is aided by a comprehensive survey of biodiversity to provide baseline data on species present in order for managers to recognize decline of indigenous species as well as the spread of exotic invasive species. For the past 10 years, botany students from the University of Southern Indiana The University of Southern Indiana (USI) is a public university in Evansville, Indiana. This publicly-funded institution is rapidly growing and is the fastest growing comprehensive state university in Indiana. (USI) have inventoried the plant species of Howell Wetlands and deposited these specimens in the herbarium at USI. Until now, these collection records have only been maintained as an internal list, and no effort has been made to make them into a formal publication. The purpose of this study was to systematically sample, identify and publish vascular plant species at Howell Wetlands through the growing season of 2004. In addition, we wanted to make available the list of plants collected during previous surveys at this same site and vouchered in the USI herbarium (USIH). METHODS During the 2004 growing season, vascular plants were collected to document species in the original oxbow lake habitat of Howell Wetlands. Collections were made on a weekly basis beginning in April and ending in September. The specimens were pressed, identified, and mounted on herbarium paper. The primary reference books used for identification include Steyermark (1963), Deam (1940), Yatskievych (2000), and Radford et al. (1968). The current scientific name for each species was found using the USDA plants database. The voucher specimens are stored in the USIH. A GPS unit was used to document the specific location of each specimen collected. GPS coordinates were included on the voucher specimens in the USIH. The USDA plants database was used to determine which species were native or introduced and if they were threatened, rare, or endangered. A publication from the Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society was used to verify which exotic species were particularly invasive in Indiana. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The herbaceous plants that were collected and identified from Howell Wetlands during the years 1995, 1997, and 2004 are listed in the appendix. The list includes 129 species representing 105 genera and 58 families. Species that were collected previously, for which multiple herbarium specimens were found, are indicated with an asterisk (*). Species collected and identified by James Sanders in 1995 are indicated with the initials "JS" in the herbarium number. Species collected and identified by Jeremy Meuth in 1997 are indicated with the initials "JM" in the herbarium number. Howell Wetlands is a component of the Southern Bottomlands Natural Region (Homoya et al. 1985). This region is comprised of bottomland forest, swamps, ponds, and sloughs. These natural communities, while widespread in the southern United States, reach their northern most range in southern Indiana, and as such, contain flora components more closely associated with the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coastal Plain of the southern United States. Significant species collected from this study that are threatened, rare, or endangered are Taxodium distichum L., (S2) threatened in Indiana; Passiflora incarnata L., (S1) rare in Indiana; and Rubus flagellaris Willd., (S1) endangered in Indiana. These three species, while rare in the state, still have a widespread distribution south of Indiana. Even so, species at the edges of their range merit conservation concern because populations of these species may be genetically distinct from populations in the center of their ranges and may therefore hold a unique component of genetic diversity (Lesica & Allendorf 1995). In addition, when a species undergoes decline, many times it occurs from the center of the range outwards leaving only edge populations as reservoirs to provide for recovery (Furlow 1995). Invasive species in a natural area are always of concern, particularly if the area is located in an urban setting where adjacent properties provide many exotic species opportunity for invasion. Invasive species collected at Howell Wetlands include, Cirsium arvense L., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Melilotus officinalis L Melilotus officinalis L., n See melilotus. ., Glechoma hederacea L., Phragmites australis Cav. Steud., Lysimachia nurnmularia L., and Rosa multiflora Thunb. The invasive species most abundant at Howell Wetlands were Lonicera japonica Thunb. and Rosa multiflora Thunb. The presence of exotic species is not surprising considering the history of disturbance at Howell Wetlands. However, there is still a diverse native flora present at Howell Wetlands despite the presence of these exotic invaders. APPENDIX CATALOG OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF HOWELL WETLANDS Vascular plants collected from 1995 to 2004 by Jennifer J. Keller, James Sanders, and Jeremy Meuth, and not previously published are listed here. Each species report contains the following information: (1) scientific name; (2) common name; (3) the designation of native or exotic; (4) a designation of rare, threatened, or endangered if appropriate; (5) date of flowering; and (6) the USIH herbarium number. A "JS" number indicates the specimen was collected by James Sanders in 1995. A "JM" number indicates the specimen was collected by Jeremy Meuth in 1997. All other herbarium numbers indicate a specimen collected in 2004 by Jennifer Keller. Species collected by Jennifer Keller that were previously collected by Sanders or Meuth have a herbarium number preceded by an asterisk (*). Species are listed following the taxonomic scheme in the USDA plants database. DIVISION EQUISETOPHYTA Equisetaceae (Horsetail Family) Equisetum arvense L.: Field horsetail horsetail, any plant of the genus Equisetum [Lat.,=horse bristle], the single surviving genus of a large group (Equisetophyta) of primitive vascular plants. ; native; April; Ml. DIVISION PTERIDOPHYTA Aspleniaceae (Spleenwort Family) Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P.: Ebony spleenwort; native; JS21. DIVISION PINOPHYTA Cupressaceae (Cypress Family) Juniperus virginiana L.: Red cedar; native; JM15. Taxodiaceae (Redwood Family) Taxodium distichum (L.) L.C. Rich.: Bald cypress; native; threatened; T11. DIVISION MAGNOLIOPHYTA Aceraceae (Maple Family) Acer negundo L.: Boxelder; native; JS1. Acer saccharinum L.: Silver maple; native; JM1. Acer saccharum Marsh.: Sugar maple; native; JS2. Acer rubrum L.: Red maple; native; JM2. Alismataceae (Water-plantain Family) Sagittaria latifolia Willd.: Common arrowhead; native; marshy area; August; F56. Anacardiaceae (Sumac Family) Rhus copallinum L.: Shining sumac; native; JM12. Rhus glabra L.: Smooth sumac; native; growing along bank; June; *T10. Annonaceae (Custard-apple Family) Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal: Pawpaw pawpaw: see custard-apple; papaya. ; native; JM7. Apiaceae (Carrot Family) Chaeraphyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz: Wild chervil; native; April-May; F18. Cicuta maculata L.: Water hemlock; native; JM13. Daucus carota L.: Queen Anne's lace Queen Anne's lace or wild carrot, herb (Daucus carota) of the family Umbelliferae (carrot family), native to the Old World but naturalized and often weedy throughout North America. ; introduced; May-June; F30. Heracleum maximum Bartr.: Cow parsnip Parsnip, river, Canada Parsnip, river, c.150 mi (240 km) long, rising in central British Columbia, Canada, and flowing northwest to join the Finlay River at Williston Lake and form the Peace River. ; native; April; location; F13. Osmorhiza longistylis (Tort.) DC.: Anise root; native; April-May; F17. Sanicula canadensis L.: Black snakeroot; native; May; F22. Aquifoliaceae (Holly Family) Ilex opaca Ait.: American holly; native; JS8. Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family) Asclepias incarnata L.: Swamp milkweed; native; marshy area; July; *F42. Asclepias syriaca L.: Common milkweed; native; June; F32. Asteraceae (Aster Family) Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins.: White snakeroot white snakeroot, North American woods perennial (Eupatorium urticifolium) of the family Asteraceae (aster family), having a flat-topped cluster of small white flowers. It is of the same genus as the boneset and joe-pye weed. ; native; JM3. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.: Common ragweed; native; JM4. Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd.: Beggar ticks; native; September-October; growing in marshy area; F68. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.: Canada thistle; introduced; invasive; JS9. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.: Daisy fleabane fleabane, any plant of the genus Erigeron, widely distributed herbs of the family Asteraceae (aster family), especially abundant in temperate and mountainous regions of North America. ; native; May; F25. Erigeron pulchellus Michx.: Robin's plantain; native; April; F14. Eupatorium perfoliatum L.: Thoroughwort thoroughwort: see boneset. ; native; August; *F50. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.: Flat-topped gold-enrod; native; August-September; *F58. Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn.: Blue lettuce; native; August; sparse; F60. Packera glabella (Poir) C. Jeffrey: Butterweed but·ter·weed n. 1. A succulent annual or biennial plant (Senecio glabellus), native to the eastern United States and having pinnately divided leaves and bright yellow, radiate flower heads. 2. The horseweed. ; native; April; F15. Solidago Solidago North American plant genus in the family Asteraceae; contain an unidentified toxin. In some outbreaks there is suspicion that the poisoning is caused by a fungus growing on the plant but tests with the plant alone have proved its toxicity. canadensis L.: Tall goldenrod; native; September; F63. Solidago nemoralis Ait.: Field goldenrod goldenrod, any species of the large genus Solidago of the family Asteraceae (aster family), chiefly North American weedy herbs. They have small yellow flowers clustered, often in panicles, along a wandlike stem. ; native; JS10. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill: Spiny-leaved sow; introduced; July; F37. Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom: Wreath aster; native; September; F65. Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. & D. Love: White woodland aster; native; August; F52. Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney: Yellow ironweed ironweed Any of about 500 species of perennial plants constituting the genus Vernonia (family Asteraceae). Small herbaceous (nonwoody) species are found throughout the world; shrubs and trees are found primarily in tropical regions. ; native; August-September; F57. Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Trel.: Ironweed; native; August; growing in marshy area; *F55. Xanthium strumarium L.: Cocklebur cocklebur or clotbur, any species of the genus Xanthium, widely distributed, coarse annual plants of the family Asteraceae (aster family). ; native; JS12. Balsaminaceae (Touch-me-not Family) Impatiens capensis Meerb.: Spotted touch-me-not; native; May-June; *F31. Berberidaceae (Barberry Family) Berberis Berberis genus in the plant family Berberidaceae; contains berberine, a pyridine alkaloid; causes cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Called also barberries. thunbergii DC.: Japanese barberry barberry (bär`bĕr'ē), common name for the family Berberidaceae, and specifically for the spiny barberries (Berberis species). The family includes perennial herbs and shrubs found in the Northern Hemisphere. ; introduced; JM8. Podophyllum peltatum L.: Mayapple mayapple (māˈ·aˑ·p ; native; JS18. Betulaceae (Birch Family) Carpinus caroliniana Walt.: American hornbeam; native; JM14. Bignoniaceae (Trumpet-creeper Family) Bignonia bignonia (bĭgnō`nēə), common name for the family Bignoniaceae, a family of chiefly woody vines of the American tropics and also a few shrubs and trees. capreolata L.: Cross vine; native; JM6. Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau: Trumpet vine; native; May-June; *M3. Boraginaceae (Borage Family) Myosotis macrosperma Engelm.: Largeseed forget-me-not; native; April; F12. Brassicaceae (Mustard Family) Cardamine hirsuta L.: Bittercress; introduced; April; F4. Campanulaceae (Bellflower Family) Lobelia lobelia (lōbēl`yə), any plant of the genus Lobelia, annual and perennial herbs of tropical and temperate woodlands and moist places. Most lobelias have blue or purple flowers on a long (1–4 ft/30–122 cm), leafy stem. cardinalis L.: Cardinal flower; native; August; growing near water; *F44. Lobelia inflata L.: Indian tobacco; native; JM5. Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.: Venus looking-glass; native; May; F26. Caprifoliceae (Honeysuckle Family) Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Japanese honeysuckle; introduced; invasive; May; very abundant; V5. Lonicera sempervirens L.: Trumpet honeysuckle; native; April; V2. Sambucus canadensis (L.) R. Bolli: Common elderberry elderberry, n Latin names: Sambucus nigra, Sambucus canadensis; parts used: buds, fruit; uses: common cold, toothaches, headaches, diaphoresis, hay fever, sinus infections, epidermal irritations, lacerations, liver disorders, inflammation; ; native; June; T8. Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family) Cerastium fontanum Baumg.: Common mouse-ear chickweed chickweed: see pink. chickweed Either of two species of small-leaved weeds, in the pink family. Common chickweed, or stitchwort (Stellaria media), is native to Europe but widely naturalized. It usually grows to 18 in. ; introduced; April; F6. Dianthus armeria L.: Deptford pink; introduced; May; *F27. Stellaria pubera Michx.: Great chickweed; native; April-May; *F20. Commelinaceae (Spiderwort Family) Commelina communis L.: Dayflower dayflower: see spiderwort. ; introduced; September; location; F62. Tradescantia virginiana L.: Spiderwort spiderwort, common name for some members of the Commelinaceae, a family of tropical and subtropical succulent herbs found especially in Africa and the Americas. ; native; JM16. Convolvulaceae (Morning-glory Family) Ipomoea Ipomoea widespread genus of poisonous vines of the family Convolvulaceae; may contain various toxins including the indole alkaloid lysergic acid, furanoterpenes, indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine). Includes I. asarifolia (salsa), I. pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Mey.: Wild potato vine; native; July; V9. Cornaceae (Dogwood Family) Cornus florida L.: Dogwood; native; April; T1, T7. Cyperaceae (Sedge Family) Cyperus sp. L.: Sedge sedge, common name for members of the Cyperaceae, a family of grasslike and rushlike herbs found in all parts of the world, especially in marshes of subarctic and temperate zones. ; native; September-October; growing in marshy area; F69. Dioscoreaceae (Yam Family) Dioscorea villosa L.: Wild yamroot; native; JM17. Fabaceae (Pea Family) Apios americana Medik.: Groundnut groundnut, common name for several different genera of twining herbaceous, leguminous plants with geocarpie (underground fruits), chiefly the peanut. Groundnuts are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Rosales, family Leguminosae. ; native; August; F51. Cercis canadensis L.: Redbud; native; April; T5. Desmodium obtusum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC.: Stiff ticktrefoil; native; August; F53. Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC.: White-flowered ticktrefoil; native; August; *F61. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.: Yellow sweet clover yellow sweet clover melilotusofficinalis. ; introduced; invasive; May-June; F23, F28. Senna marilandica (L.) Link: Wild senna; native; August; F46. Strophostyles helvula (L.) Ell.: Trailing fuzzybean; native; August; V10. Trifolium campestre Schreb.: Large hop clover; introduced; April-May; F19. Fagaceae (Beech Family) Quercus coccinea Muenchh.: Scarlet oak; native; JS6. Quercus imbricaria Michx.: Shingle oak; native; JS5. Quercus velutina Lain.: Black oak; native; JS3. Quercus prinus L.: Chestnut oak; native; JS4. Fumariaceae (Fumitory Family) Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC.: Pale corydalis; native; April; F7. Gentianaceae (Gentian Family) Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh: Rosepink; native; JS20. Geraniaceae (Geranium Family) Geranium carolinianum L.: Cranesbill; native; May; F29. Hamamelidiaceae (Witch-hazel Family) Liquidambar styraciflua L.: Sweet gum; native; JM10. Iridaceae (Iris Family) Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bickn.: Blue-eyed grass; native; April-May; F16. Lamiaceae (Mint Family) Glechoma hederacea L.: Ground ivy; introduced; invasive; April; F2. Lamium purpureum L.: Dead nettle; introduced; April; F5. Prunella vulgaris L.: Heal-all; native; July; growing in wooded area; *F39. Scutellaria lateriflora L.: Mad-dog skullcap skull·cap n. See calvaria. skullcap, n Latin names: Scutellaria laterifolia, Scutellaria baicalensis; ; native; August, growing in marshy area; F48. Lauraceae (Laurel Family) Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees: Sassafras sassafras: see laurel. sassafras North American tree (Sassafras albidum) of the laurel family. The aromatic leaf, bark, and root are used as a flavouring, as a traditional home medicine, and as a tea. ; native; April; *T4. Lemnaceae (Duckweed Family) Lemna minor L.: Lesser duckweed; native; F70. Malvaceae (Mallow Family) Hibiscus moscheutos L.: Rose mallow mallow, common name for members of the Malvaceae, a family of herbs and shrubs distributed over most of the world and especially abundant in the American tropics. Tropical species sometimes grow as small trees. ; native; June-July; *F38. Menispermaceae (Moonseed Family) Menispermum canadense L.: Common moonseed; native; JM9. Oleaceae (Olive Family) Fraxinus americana L.: White ash; native; JS23. Onagraceae (Evening primrose Family) Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) Raven: Yellow sun-drops; native; August; F59. Ludwigia alternifolia L.: Seedbox; native; JM20. Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven: Floating primrose willow; native; September; growing in marshy area; F64. Oxalidaceae (Wood-sorrel Family) Oxalis stricta L.: Common yellow oxalis oxalis (ŏk`səlĭs) or wood sorrel, any species of the plant genus Oxalis. Most of the cultivated kinds are tropical herbs used as window plants. ; native; April-May; *F21. Passifloraceae (Passionflower Family) Passiflora incarnata L.: Purple passionflower passionflower, any plant of the genus Passiflora, mostly tropical American vines having pulpy fruits. Some species are grown in greenhouses for their large, unusual flowers of various colors; those seen by early Spanish settlers were interpreted as symbolic of ; native; rare; June; *F34. Passiflora lutea L.: Yellow passionflower; native; JM19. Phytolaccaceae (Pokeweed Family) Phytolacca americana L.: Pokeweed pokeweed or pokeberry, tall, bushy perennial herb (Phytolacca americana) native to North America but cultivated and naturalized in Europe. ; native; July; F41. Poaceae (Grass Family) Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould: Deertongue; native; May; M2. Hordeum jubatum L.: Foxtail; native; JS25. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.: Reed; native; invasive; JS22. Polygonaceae (Buckwheat buckwheat, common name for certain members of the Polygonaceae, a family of herbs and shrubs found chiefly in north temperate areas and having a characteristic pungent juice containing oxalic acid. Species native to the United States are most common in the West. Family) Polygonum Polygonum genus of toxic plants in the family Polygonaceae, called collectively smartweeds. Some cause nitrate-nitrite poisoning, some cause photosensitization; includes P. aviculare (wireweed), P. convolvulus (Fallopia convolvulus), P. esculentum, P. hydropiperoides Michx.: Water pepper; native; JM11. Polygonum pensylvanicum L.: Pinkweed; native; September; *F67. Polygonum punctatum Ell.: Water smartweed smartweed: see buckwheat. ; native; July; growing in marshy area; F43. Polygonum scandens L.: Climbing buckwheat; native; September; *F66. Portulacaceae (Purslane Family) Claytonia virginica L.: Spring beauty; native; April; F1. Primulaceae (Primrose Family) Lysimachia nummularia L.: Moneywort; introduced; invasive; May; F24. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Clematis terniflora DC.: Autumn clematis; introduced; August; F54. Ranunculus Ranunculus a very large plant genus of family Ranunculaceae; the buttercups. All of them should be regarded as potentially poisonous. The species listed below have been reported as causing poisoning in animals. abortivus L.: Small-flowered crowfoot; native; April; *F8. Rosaceae (Rose Family) Agrimonia parviflora Ait.: Agrimony agrimony (ăg`rĭmō'nē), any plant of the genus Agrimonia, perennials of the family Rosaceae (rose family) native to north temperate zones, to Brazil, and to Africa. They are found wild in the N and central United States. ; native; August; *F49. Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.: Shadbush shadbush, Juneberry, or serviceberry, any species of the genus Amelanchier of the family Rosaceae (rose family), chiefly North American shrubs or trees conspicuous in the early spring for their white blossoms. ; native; April; *V1. Geum canadense Jacq.: White avens avens Any of the low-growing, perennial flowering plants (approximately 50 species) of the genus Geum, in the rose family. Most occur in the northern or southern temperate zones or in the Arctic. ; native; JM22. Geum virginianum L.: Cream-colored avens; native; June-July; F35. Prunus Prunus a genus of trees in the family Rosaceae. The seeds of these trees contain cyanogenetic glycosides which are potentially poisonous. The fruit pulp appears to quite safe. The glycosides are amygdalin, prunasin, prulaurasin. sp. L.: Plum; April; T3. Prunus americana Marsh.: Wild plum; native; April; T2. Prunus virginiana L.: Chokecherry chokecherry: see cherry. chokecherry One of several varieties of shrub or small tree (Prunus virginiana) of the rose family, native to North America. ; native; April; T6. Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Mutt.: Multiflora rose; introduced; invasive; May; abundant; *V7. Rosa setigera Michx.: Prairie rose; native; May-June; V8. Rubus allegheniensis Porter: Blackberry; native; JM21. Rubus argutus Link: High-bush blackberry; native; May; V6. Rubus flagellaris Willd.: Dewberry; native; endangered; April; V3. Rubus occidentalis L.: Black raspberry; native; April-May; V4. Rubiaceae (Madder Family) Cephalanthus occidentalis L.: Buttonbush but·ton·bush n. A deciduous North American shrub (Cephalanthus occidentalis) having opposite leaves and spherical clusters of small white flowers. ; native; July; *T9. Diodia virginiana L.: Buttonweed; native; June; *F33. Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray: Shining bedstraw bedstraw: see madder. bedstraw Any low perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Galium, in the madder family, found in damp woods and swamps and along stream banks and shores. ; native; April; F11. Salicaceae (Willow Family) Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.: Eastern cottonwood; native; JS29. Salix nigra Marsh.: Black willow; native; JS30. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Mimulus
Solanaceae (Potato Family) Solanum Solanum a widespread plant genus of the family Solanaceae which contains a number of valuable crop plants but also some poisonous ones. Poisoning may be due to (1) the presence in the plant of toxic glycoalkaloids which cause diarrhea, (2) alkamines, e.g. carolinense L.: Horsenettle; native; June-July; *F36. Smilacaceae (Catbrier Family) Smilax smilax, common name for a florists' plant of two separate genera (Asparagus and Smilax), both of the family Liliaceae (lily family, although some botanists recognize smilax as a separate family, the Similacaceae). glauca Walt.: Sawbrier; native; JM18. Urticaceae (Nettle Family) Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw.: False nettle; native; July; *F40. Verbenaceae (Verbena verbena, common name for some members of the Verbenaceae, a family of herbs, shrubs, and trees (often climbing forms) of warmer regions of the world. Well-known wild and cultivated members of the family include species of the shrubby Lantana and of Family) Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene: Fogfruit; native; August; F45. Violaceae (Violet Family) Viola bicolor bicolor a coat color of two colors. In dogs, usually black with tan markings but may be other combinations such as ticking on a white background. In cats, more than two spots of color on the body, either white and one basic color, or white with one tabby color. Pursh: Johnny-jump-up; native; April; F9. Viola sororia Willd.: Common blue violet; native; April; *F3. Vitaceae (Grape Family) Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.: Virginia creeper; native; JS28. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to acknowledge and express our gratitude to Paul Bouseman, Botanical Curator at Mesker Park Zoo & Botanic Garden for including us in his conservation efforts. We would like to thank Tommy Donahue, Project Manager of Howell Wetlands for allowing us to do this study and for taking us by canoe to collect specimens located on an island. We would also like to extend our thanks to Eric Knox, Director of the Indiana University Herbarium for his time and assistance in identifying difficult species. We would like to acknowledge former USI students Jeremy Mueth and James Sanders, for their earlier research at Howell Wetlands. Manuscript received 5 February 2005, revised 25 March 2005. LITERATURE CITED City of Evansville Parks and Recreation Department. 2005. http://www.vanderburghgov.org/ home/index.asp?page=578. Evansville, Indiana. Dahl, T.E. 1990. Wetland losses in the United States, 1780's to 1980's. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 13 pp. Deam, C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. Dept. of Conserv., Wm. B. Burford Co. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1236 pp. Furlow, F.B. 1995. Life in the margins: Emphasis on local species diversity has over-shadowed an important aspect of reserve design. The American Naturalist 124:255-279. Homoya, M.A., D.B. Abrell, J.R. Aldrich & T.W. Post. 1985 The natural regions of Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 94: 245-268. Indiana Wetlands Conservation Plan. 1996. Indiana Department of Natural Resources The Indiana Department of Natural Resources is the agency of the U.S. state of Indiana charged with maintaining natural areas such as state parks, state forests, recreation areas, etc. . Indianapolis, Indiana. 75 pp. Jackson, M.T. 1997. The future of natural Indiana: Can we imagine it? Guide it? In The Natural Heritage of Indiana (M.T. Jackson, ed.). Indiana University Press. Bloomington, Indiana. 482 pp. Lesica, P. & F.W. Alendorf. 1995. When are peripheral populations valuable for conservation? Conservation Biology 9:753-760. Myers, E. 1997. An endangered natural resource: Wetlands. In The Natural Heritage of Indiana (M.T. Jackson, ed.). Indiana University Press. Bloomington, Indiana. 482pp. Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles & C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press The University of North Carolina Press (or UNC Press), founded in 1922, is a university press that is part of the University of North Carolina. External link
Steyermark, J.A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. 1728 pp. USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Louisiana. 70874-4490 USA. Yatskievych, K. 2000. Field Guide to Indiana Wildflowers. Indiana University Press. Bloomington, Indiana. 357 pp. Jennifer Keller, Edith Hardcastle and Scott A. Gordon: 8600 University Boulevard, Department of Biology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana 47712 USA |
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