A test of four western scales in a Singaporean service organisation.INTRODUCTIONOrganisations face "... constant pressure to improve results and stay competitive." (Dreher & Dougherty 2001: 3). To be more efficient and productive, organisations are leveraging on technology (Nankervis, Compton & Baird 2002), which enables organisations to adopt leaner structures to achieve 'more with less'. Each employee, therefore, holds greater responsibility than before, and hence, is likely to be of greater value to the organisation (Dreher & Dougherty 2001). Unlike easily replicated technology, the intellectual capacity of employees could be a continual source of competitive advantage (Yeung & Ready 1995, Teagarden & Von Glinow 1997). A major challenge for organisations is how to manage employees more effectively and efficiently so that they continue to engage in suitable behaviours to achieve organisational goals. Hence, there has been considerable interest and consequently, research into organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) (e.g. Moorman 1991, Schappe Schap´pe n. 1. A silk yarn or fabric made out of carded spun silk. 1998, Williams, Pitre & Zainuba 2000), which has been described as discretionary individual behaviour beyond job requirements that is not explicitly recognised through the organisation's reward structure (Organ 1988). It has been argued that OCB can be encouraged through job satisfaction (Organ 1988, Moorman 1991, Schappe 1998), management of leader-subordinate relationships (Liden & Graen 1980, Bolino 1999) and organisational justice perceptions (Moorman 1991, Bhal 2006) in order to maximise employee working potential, which can be utilised as a source of competitive advantage. This research note tests the validity and reliability of the four Western measures of organisational citizenship, job satisfaction, organisational justice and leader-subordinate relationships in a Singaporean setting through factor analyses and reliability assessments. METHODOLOGY Site and Sample The site for the study was a service organisation in Singapore. Respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. were 565 full time employees in a cross section of positions, with varying management responsibilities. The sample represented approximately 25 per cent of the 2,200 employees that were part of the studied organisation. A brief demographic profile of the respondents is presented in Table 1, which shows four main features. A first feature is that over two thirds of the sample were males (67.4 per cent). A second interesting feature of the sample was that 78.2 per cent of the respondents were between 25 to 45 years of age, with the 25 to 34 age group making up almost half the total number of respondents (49.4 per cent), and only 9.9 per cent were 46 years of age or older. This observation suggested a relatively young workforce, consistent with the finding that 63.9 per cent of respondents had been in the organisation for less than 10 years. Table 1 presents two more interesting elements. A third interesting feature of the sample was the education levels of the respondents. The cohort cohort /co·hort/ (ko´hort) 1. in epidemiology, a group of individuals sharing a common characteristic and observed over time in the group. 2. represented an equal number of participants with secondary (50.9 per cent) and post secondary education (49.1 per cent), respectively. The basic education requirement at the time of recruitment was a secondary education qualification; thereby indicating that the organisation was either hiring better educated employees or employees were upgrading their education level in order to continue in the studied organisation. A fourth feature of the sample was the relative seniority of employees in terms of their management responsibilities. Senior officers constituted 26.5 per cent of the sample respondents while junior officers represented 73.5 per cent of the sample. Senior officers in the studied organisation had executive level management responsibilities (akin to senior managers) where junior officers had first line management responsibilities (akin to supervisory managers). Procedure The study adopted two conscious strategies. The first was to obtain a reasonable sample from the identified population (i.e. a Singapore organisation). A series of discussions and meetings with a senior manager from the identified organisation affirmed af·firm v. af·firmed, af·firm·ing, af·firms v.tr. 1. To declare positively or firmly; maintain to be true. 2. To support or uphold the validity of; confirm. v.intr. the support for the suggested research. It had been observed from previous research that the use of networks or guanxi greatly assisted in data collection especially from Eastern contexts where the academic-industry nexus was not as ingrained in·grained adj. 1. Firmly established; deep-seated: ingrained prejudice; the ingrained habits of a lifetime. 2. as evidenced in Western contexts (Chatterjee & Pearson 2002, Ananthram 2008). It was hoped that this conscious strategy of employing the guanxi phenomenon would provide an acceptable response rate. A second deliberate methodology was the adoption of a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques. Increasingly scholars are arguing for the use of context relevance research especially in non Western settings through the use of a more interpretive in·ter·pre·tive also in·ter·pre·ta·tive adj. Relating to or marked by interpretation; explanatory. in·ter  pre·tive·ly adv. or collaborative
approach by combining quantitative and qualitative techniques (Adler
Campbell & Laurent 1989, Graham & Gronhaug 1989, Teagarden, et
al. 1995). As the research proposed to adopt Western designed and tested
instruments in an Eastern setting there was a belief that benefits could
be afforded by employing a quantitativequalitative design. Indeed, a
supplementary qualitative component of the research methodology
conducted by this study entailed gaining a first hand interpretation of
the quantitative results using a focus group session. Eight participants
who were representative of the sample quantitative respondents were
invited to attend a focus group session to explain some patterns
observed from the results of the quantitative analyses. Given that the
focus group session was utilised only as a means to provide validation See validate. validation - The stage in the software life-cycle at the end of the development process where software is evaluated to ensure that it complies with the requirements. to, and/ or clarification of the quantitative findings, no qualitative analysis Qualitative Analysis Securities analysis that uses subjective judgment based on nonquantifiable information, such as management expertise, industry cycles, strength of research and development, and labor relations. was conducted. The interviewer made notes at the focus group sessions. One of the features of this study was the adoption of a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques from the data collection phase of the study to the data analyses stage. These two research strategies were communicated to the study organisation and respondents were intimated of the study and its importance to the organisation at various information sessions. Data were collected through an anonymous survey utilising questionnaires. These questionnaires were distributed to respondents through the heads of their work units. Respondents were given a week to complete the questionnaire. A note was attached to the questionnaire to inform respondents of the purpose of the study and that participation in the study was voluntary. The note also included instructions for respondents to consider how they were personally affected and to consider their immediate supervisor when assessing all statements in the questionnaire. Respondents were also informed that the organisation would be provided with the research findings. However, it was made clear that the respondents' identities would remain confidential. The researcher's contact details were provided for respondents to seek clarification or further information. These conscious strategies resulted in a total 600 questionnaires being distributed with 565 completed questionnaires being returned, resulting in a response rate of 94 per cent. Measures Western developed instruments to measure organisational justice, management of leader-subordinate relationships, job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour were utilised for this study. Respondents were asked to evaluate a series of statements on a seven point Likert scale Likert scale A subjective scoring system that allows a person being surveyed to quantify likes and preferences on a 5-point scale, with 1 being the least important, relevant, interesting, most ho-hum, or other, and 5 being most excellent, yeehah important, etc ranging from 1 = 'strongly disagree' to 7 = 'strongly agree'. Organisational Justice Organisational justice was measured using an 18 item adapted from Niehoff and Moorman (1993). Three dimensions of organisational justice were evaluated, distributive justice DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. That virtue, whose object it is to distribute rewards and punishments to every one according to his merits or demerits. Tr. of Eq. 3; Lepage, El. du Dr. ch. 1, art. 3, Sec. 2 1 Toull. n. 7, note. See Justice. (four items), procedural justice Procedural justice is a term used in the discussion of the administration of justice and legal proceedings. The related though not synonymous terms due process (U.S.), fundamental justice (Canada), procedural fairness (Australia) and natural justice (other Common law jurisdictions) (six items), and interactional justice (eight items). Niehoff and Moorman (1993) reported that the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for each of the three dimensions was at least 0.74. Management of Leader-Subordinate Relationship The uni Uni (  `nē), fl. c.2325 B.C., Egyptian official of the VI dynasty. His career is known through his private inscription. dimensional 11 item leader-member exchange (LMX LMX Leader Member ExchangeLMX L Multiplex (telephony) LMX Lightronics Multiplex LMX Lan Manager for Unix ) instrument, adapted from Liden and Maslyn (1998) was utilised by this study to measure the management of leader-subordinate relationship. Empirical studies Empirical studies in social sciences are when the research ends are based on evidence and not just theory. This is done to comply with the scientific method that asserts the objective discovery of knowledge based on verifiable facts of evidence. published in the literature have reported Cronbach alpha reliabilities ranging from 0.78 to 0.93 (Liden & Maslyn1998, Ishak 2005). Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction was measured using an 18 item uni dimensional scale developed by Brayfield-Rothe (1951) and later adapted by Moorman (1991). Both these studies adopted a five point Likert scale which was converted by this study to a seven point scale to be consistent with the scales used in assessing the other nominated nom·i·nate tr.v. nom·i·nat·ed, nom·i·nat·ing, nom·i·nates 1. To propose by name as a candidate, especially for election. 2. To designate or appoint to an office, responsibility, or honor. variables. Brayfield-Rothe (1951) and Moorman (1991) reported reliability scores of 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. Organisational Citizenship Behaviour A reduced version of the 34 item scale measuring OCB developed by Van Dyne dyne (dīn), unit of force in the cgs system of units, which is based on the metric system; an acceleration of 1 centimeter per second per second is produced when a force of 1 dyne is exerted on a mass of 1 gram. , Graham and Dienesch (1994) was used by this study which reported an overall reliability of 0.95. A total of 11 items were removed from the original scale as it was believed these items were inappropriately worded for the study organisation. The reduced 23 item scaled was intended to measure three dimensions of OCB; namely; loyalty, compliance, and participation. Analysis The study data from the 565 Singaporean respondents were assessed using SPSS A statistical package from SPSS, Inc., Chicago (www.spss.com) that runs on PCs, most mainframes and minis and is used extensively in marketing research. It provides over 50 statistical processes, including regression analysis, correlation and analysis of variance. and employing component analysis and the Varimax option with Kaiser normalisation 1. (data processing) normalisation - A transformation applied uniformly to each element in a set of data so that the set has some specific statistical property. For example, monthly measurements of the rainfall in London might be normalised by dividing each one by the total . A three-step multivariate factor analysis was employed to determine construct validity construct validity, n the degree to which an experimentally-determined definition matches the theoretical definition. , and Cronbach's alpha Cronbach's  (alpha) has an important use as a measure of the reliability of a psychometric instrument. It was first named as alpha by Cronbach (1951), as he had intended to continue with further instruments. coefficient coefficient /co·ef·fi·cient/ (ko?ah-fish´int)1. an expression of the change or effect produced by variation in certain factors, or of the ratio between two different quantities. 2. was used to examine construct reliability. In the first step, factor analysis was initially conducted with the 18 item organisational justice and 11 item LMX scales. Four factors were expected (three for organisational justice and one for LMX) and four were obtained. However, the three factor organisational justice scale converged into two factors and the uni dimensional LMX scale loaded onto two factors indicating that the Singaporean respondents had a different perception of the constituents of these two scales as compared to Western respondents from earlier reported studies. Discussions with a cohort of eight respondents (at qualitative feedback sessions) suggested that they perceived organisational justice and relationship with managers to be uni dimensional. A recommendation at the feedback sessions was that items one, two, three, and four measuring organisational justice and items four and five measuring relationship with managers (LMX) be deleted Deleted A security that is no longer included on a specified market. Sometimes referred to as "delisted". Notes: Reasons for delisting include violating regulations, failing to meet financial specifications set out by the stock exchange and going bankrupt. as these items were confusing con·fuse v. con·fused, con·fus·ing, con·fus·es v.tr. 1. a. To cause to be unable to think with clarity or act with intelligence or understanding; throw off. b. and difficult to understand. Based on this feedback a second round of factor analysis that forced all 23 items (reduced 14 item organisational justice scale and reduced nine item LMX scale) onto two factors was conducted. Forcing the items into two factors revealed two distinct factor loadings with the 14 items measuring organisational justice loading onto one factor (eigen value 9.1) and the nine items measuring relationship with managers loading onto the second factor (eigen value 7.2). In the second step of the overall analysis, factor analysis was conducted with the 19 item job satisfaction scale and the 23 item organisational citizenship scale. Four factors were expected and nine emerged suggesting once again that these Western developed instruments evoked e·voke tr.v. e·voked, e·vok·ing, e·vokes 1. To summon or call forth: actions that evoked our mistrust. 2. different responses when tested in an Eastern context. A second round of factor analysis forcing the items onto four factors resulted in the items loading onto more than one factor. The sample cohort of eight respondents (at qualitative feedback sessions) once again explained that their perception of job satisfaction and organisational citizenship was two distinct, but uni dimensional constructs. The cohort elucidated that they were not able to cluster items onto different organisational citizenship factors as their perception of the variable was that they all contributed to varying levels of organisational citizenship behaviour. Hence, a third round of factor analysis was conducted forcing the items into two factors. Some overlapping was observed and items 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14 and 16 measuring job satisfaction, and items 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20 and 21 measuring organisational citizenship were deleted. A fourth round of factor analysis resulted in both satisfaction being measured using eight items with an eigen value of 4.3 and organisational citizenship measured with nine items and an eigen value of 3.8. Owing to owing to prep. Because of; on account of: I couldn't attend, owing to illness. owing to prep → debido a, por causa de the concerns of contextuality, another round of factor analysis was conducted with all the retained items measuring the four variables in order to ascertain the validity of the factors as part of the third step. Four distinct factors emerged with eigen values of 9.6 (organisational justice), 6.4 (relationship with managers), 4.6 (job satisfaction) and 4.1 (organisational citizenship). These uni dimensional factors are reported in Table 2 along with their Cronbach alpha coefficients which suggested that the adopted scales had high robustness. DISCUSSION No published research has simultaneously considered the evaluations for validity and reliability for the four variables; namely' organisational citizenship, job satisfaction, organisational justice and leader-subordinate relationships in a single study, in a Singaporean setting. Hence, this study has the potential to give confidence to other researchers to employ the four assessed variables in other non Western contexts. Given that the study employed Western instruments in an Eastern setting (i.e. a Singaporean service organisation), a deliberate research method of adopting a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques was employed from the data collection stage to the analyses of the results in order to maintain contextual relevance. The findings from the factor analyses and reliability analyses reveal interesting findings. It was evident from the quantitative-qualitative methodology adopted by this study that the Singaporean respondents viewed all four variables as uni dimensional constructs. While the variables of 'leader-subordinate relationships' and 'job satisfaction' have been reported in the literature as uni dimensional, the other two variables of 'organisational citizenship' and 'organisational justice' have been reported in the Western literature as having distinct factors. This unexpected finding is perhaps, attributed to the nature of the organisation and sample. Feedback from the cohort of respondents (at the feedback sessions) alluded to the fact that the Singaporean service organisation was a strong cultured top down hierarchical management style organisation where managers and employees perceived organisational citizenship and organisational justice to be unique and independent. The feedback sessions suggested that the 'organisational justice' items were perceived by the respondents as a degree of trust towards their supervisor whereas the 'organisational citizenship' items were perceived by the study participants to be an indicator of loyalty towards the organisation. Another contributing factor towards these uni dimensional perceptions could be attributed to national culture (Farh, Zhong & Organ (2004). It might be argued that employee perceptions of organisational citizenship and organisational justice would be very different in a high power distance society such as Singapore compared to a lower power distance Western society. Indeed, employees from a high power distance society are more likely to perceive themselves as being powerless to influence outcomes and retaliate covertly cov·ert adj. 1. Not openly practiced, avowed, engaged in, accumulated, or shown: covert military operations; covert funding for the rebels. See Synonyms at secret. 2. to perceived injustice Injustice American concentration camps 110,000 Japanese-Americans incarcerated during WWII. [Am. Hist.: Van Doren, 487] Bassianus murdered after being falsely accused. [Br. Lit. , thereby attributing organisational justice to trust related factors. These contentions further ground the importance of contextual relevance while adopting Western instruments and testing them in non Western settings. Perhaps this is best achieved through the adoption of a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques--right from the data collection phase through to the interpretation of the study findings and analyses of results. For this study, the high Cronbach alpha scores for each uni dimensional variable provide some degree of confidence in the applicability of these variables for hypotheses testing. CONCLUSION One of the salient features of the study was its practical relevance as it concerns how organisations can influence the extent of OCB among its employees. The knowledge of whether leader-subordinate relationship, organisational justice and job satisfaction affects OCB could shift organisations' focus from the search for an ideal compensation system towards activities or policies that contribute to shaping employees' perception of the organisation and their supervisors. These include, enactment of fair procedures and employee participation. The potential findings from the interactions among the assessed variables could also assist organisations determine training and development activities for supervisors or would be supervisors, particularly in the area of relationship building and communication. In addition, technology has made organisations more borderless, making it possible for the organisation and its employees to be located in different countries, such as the outsourcing (1) Contracting with outside consultants, software houses or service bureaus to perform systems analysis, programming and datacenter operations. Contrast with insourcing. See netsourcing, ASP, SSP and facilities management. of call centres to an offshore location. It has also increased the prevalence of flexible work, such as 'work-from-home'. With such changes to the employment landscape with various reforms being implemented by the Singapore Government (MOM 1999, 2005, 2006), contemporary organisations may become more remote to employees, making it difficult for employees to identify with their employing organisation. Their only contact with the organisation may, therefore, be through the supervisor whom they contact. Organisational justice may, therefore, be perceived plainly as supervisor justice. This research note highlights the importance of contextual relevance and the use of a quantitativequalitative research design to mitigate mit·i·gate v. To moderate in force or intensity. mit  i·gation n. some of the problems encountered with adopting Western
developed instruments in non Western settings. Indeed, a paradigm that
incorporates both quantitative and qualitative inputs affords some
degree of confidence in interpreting the results so as to minimise any
misunderstandings that could result owing to the confusion created by
cultural nuances. In the future, researchers might adopt similar
techniques when conducting research in different contexts in an
endeavour to accommodate the effects of cultural nuances.
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Work-life harmony report--Findings and recommendations for employers on how to use work-life strategies to optimize optimize - optimisation business performance. Singapore: Quality Workplace Department, Ministry of Manpower. MOM (2006). Labour market, Second Quarter 2006. Singapore: Manpower Research and Statistics Department, Ministry of Manpower [on-line]. Moorman, R. H. (1991) Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviours: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(6), 845-855. Nankervis, A., Compton, R., & Baird, M (2002). Strategic human resource management (4th ed.). Australia: Thomson. Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behaviour. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527-556. Organ, D. W. (1988). A re-statement of the satisfaction-performance hypothesis. Journal of Management, 14(4), 547-557. Schappe, S. (1998). The influence of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and fairness perceptions on organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Psychology, 132(3), 227-290. Teagarden, M. B., & Von Glinow, M. BA. (1997). Human resource management in cross-cultural contexts: Emic practices versus epic philosophies. Management International Review, 37(1), 7-20. Teagarden, M. B., Von Glinow, M. A., Bowen, D. E., Frayne, C. A., Nason, S., Huo, Y. P., Milliman, J., Arias, M. E., Butler, M. C., Geringer, J. M., Kim, N., Scullion scul·lion n. A servant employed to do menial tasks in a kitchen. [Middle English sculyon, probably from Old French escouvillon, dishcloth, diminutive of escouve, , H., Lowe, K. B. & Drost, E. A. (1995). Toward a theory of comparative management research: An idiographic id·i·o·graph·ic adj. Relating to or concerned with discrete or unique facts or events: History is an idiographic discipline, studying events that cannot be repeated. Adj. 1. case study of the best international human resources The fancy word for "people." The human resources department within an organization, years ago known as the "personnel department," manages the administrative aspects of the employees. management project. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1261-1287. Van Dyne, L., Graham J. W., & Dienesch, R M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct redefinition Noun 1. redefinition - the act of giving a new definition; "words like `conservative' require periodic redefinition"; "she provided a redefinition of his duties" definition - a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol , measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 765-802. Williams, S., Pitre, R., & Zainuba, M. (2000). Does mood influence organizational citizenship behaviour intentions? An experimental manipulation of affective affective /af·fec·tive/ (ah-fek´tiv) pertaining to affect. af·fec·tive adj. 1. Concerned with or arousing feelings or emotions; emotional. 2. states. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 8(2), 49-59. Yeung, A M., & Ready, D. A. (1995). Developing leadership capabilities of global corporations: A comparative study in eight Nations. Human Resource Management, 34(4), 529-547. Mabel Yeo is a manager at a Singaporean service organisation. She holds a Masters degree in Human Resource Management from the Singapore Human Resources Institute (SHRI SHRI State Health Registry of Iowa (cancer registry) ). Her research interests include human research management practices and policies in South East Asia East Asia A region of Asia coextensive with the Far East. East Asian adj. & n. . Email : mfwyeo@gmail.com Subramaniam Ananthram, PhD is a Lecturer in Management at the School of Management, Curtin Business School at Curtin University of Technology. His research interests include global strategy, global mindset mind·set or mind-set n. 1. A fixed mental attitude or disposition that predetermines a person's responses to and interpretations of situations. 2. An inclination or a habit. development and cross cultural issues impacting on management in services. Email: S.Ananthram@curtin.edu.au
Table 1 Demographic profile of respondents (N = 565)
Demograhpic Variables Categories %
Gender Male 67.4
Female 32.6
Age (in years) Less than 25 11.9
25-34 49.4
35-45 28.8
46 and above 9.9
Education Below 5 'O' Level 32.6
5 'O' Level or more 18.3
Diploma 'A' Level 25.8
Degree 23.3
Level in the organisation Senior officers 26.5
Junior officers 73.5
Years in service Less than 5 31
5 to 10 32.9
11 to 15 14.3
16 or more 21.8
Table 2 Principal component factor analysis and Cronbach reliability
estimates
Item Descriptions Factors
1 2 3 4
Eigenvalues 9.6 6.4 4.6 4.1
Percentage of variance 23.9 16.0 11.5 10.3
explained
Cumulative percentage of 23.9 39.9 51.4 61.7
variance explained
Cronbach alpha 0.97 0.94 0.87 0.82
reliabilities
Job Satisfaction
JS1 My job is like a hobby .088 .269 .696 .014
to me.
JS2 My job is usually inte- .132 .372 .677 -.091
resting enough to keep
me from getting bored.
JS5 I enjoy my work more .181 .051 .659 .014
than my leisure time.
JS7 I feel fairly well satis- .258 .170 .467 -.037
fied with my present job.
JS12 I feel that I am happier .225 .090 .693 -.167
in my work than most
other people.
JS13 Most days I am enthusia- .242 .194 .672 -.251
stic about my work.
JS15 I like my job better than .289 .139 .651 -.183
the average worker does.
JS17 I find real enjoyment in .289 .186 .712 -.190
my work.
Organisational citizenship
OC3 I do not tell outsiders -.142 -.102 -.287 .522
this is a good place to
work.
OC4 I do not defend the orga- -.103 -.091 -.292 .593
nisation when employees
criticise it.
OC7 I avoid extra duties and -.101 -.082 -.129 .738
responsibilities at work.
OC8 I do not work beyond what -.074 -.085 -.069 .711
is required.
OC14 I do not meet all dead- -.032 -.131 -.039 .638
lines set by the
organisation.
OC17 I sometimes waste orga- -.136 .058 -.153 .640
nisational resources.
OC19 Sometimes I miss work for .001 -.078 .058 .458
no good reason.
OC22 I do not pursue additio- -.060 -.084 .033 .689
nal training to improve
performance.
OC23 I have difficulty coope- -.085 -.057 -.046 .683
rating with others on
projects.
Organisational justice
OJ5 Job decisions are made by .664 .094 .267 -.121
the management in an
unbiased manner.
OJ6 My supervisor makes sure .802 .226 .147 -.108
that all employee job
concerns are heard before
decisions are made.
OJ7 To make job decisions, my .830 .147 .174 -.103
supervisor collects
accurate and complete
information.
OJ8 My supervisor clarifies .777 .227 .128 -.108
decisions and provides
additional information
when requested by
employees.
OJ9 All job decisions are .787 .120 .234 -.059
applied consistently
across all affected
employees.
OJ10 Employees are allowed to .663 .168 .212 -.030
challenge or the appeal
job decisions made by
management.
OJ11 When decisions are made .779 .379 .196 -.098
about my job, my kindness
supervisor treats me with
and consideration.
OJ12 When decisions are made .734 .385 .185 -.149
about my job, my and
supervisor treats me with
respect dignity.
OJ13 When decisions are made .698 .316 .155 -.091
about my job, my super-
visor is sensitive to my
personal needs.
OJ14 When decisions are made .765 .375 .204 -.147
about my job, my super-
visor deals with me in a
truthful manner.
OJ15 Concerning decisions made .775 .392 .225 -.100
about my job, my super-
visor discusses the
implications of the
decisions with me.
OJ16 My supervisor offers .771 .419 .204 -.110
adequate justification
for decisions made about
my job.
OJ17 When making decisions .782 .393 .197 -.100
about my job, my super-
visor offers explanations
that make sense to me.
OJ18 My supervisor explains .749 .417 .213 -.087
very clearly any decision
made about my job.
Leader-subordinate relationship
RM1 I like my supervisor very .310 .801 .189 -.141
much as a person.
RM2 My supervisor is the kind .272 .793 .197 -.101
of person one would like
to have as a friend.
RM3 My supervisor is a lot of .327 .738 .191 -.101
fun to work with.
RM6 My supervisor would .318 .656 .134 -.043
defend me to others in
the organisation if I
made an honest mistake.
RM7 I do work for my super- .215 .613 .174 -.093
visor that goes beyond
what is specified in my
job description.
RM8 I am willing to apply .234 .591 .332 -.191
extra efforts, beyond
those normally required,
to further the interests
of my work group.
RM9 I am impressed with my .423 .747 .181 -.108
supervisor's knowledge of
his/her job.
RM10 I respect my supervisor's .471 .716 .152 -.161
knowledge of and
competence on the job.
RM11 I admire my supervisor's .444 .755 .178 -.138
professional skills.
Notes: a. JS = job satisfaction, OC = organisational citizenship,
OJ = organisational justice, and RM = relationship with managers.
b. Sample size N = 565. c. Extraction method: principal component
method; Rotation method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalisation converged
in six iterations.
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