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A study of bones / Un estudio de huesos.


Abstract

This article describes a study of bones undertaken by 5-year-old children in a bilingual bi·lin·gual  
adj.
1.
a. Using or able to use two languages, especially with equal or nearly equal fluency.

b.
 school in Mexico City Mexico City
 Spanish Ciudad de México

City (pop., 2000: city, 8,605,239; 2003 metro. area est., 18,660,000), capital of Mexico. Located at an elevation of 7,350 ft (2,240 m), it is officially coterminous with the Federal District, which occupies 571 sq mi
. The article discusses the process and shows the results achieved by the children during the three phases of the project through photographs and other documentation of the children's work. The article concludes with reflections by the author and parents.

Background Information

Eton Eton (ē`tən), town (1991 pop. 3,559), Windsor and Maidenhead, central England, on the Thames River. It is known chiefly for

Eton College,
 School is a bilingual (Spanish-English) institution in Mexico City. The school's population mainly consists of Mexican Mexican

named after or originating in Mexico.


Mexican axolotl
see ambystomamexicanum.

Mexican beaded lizard
(Heloderma horridum
 children who do not speak English 1. English - (Obsolete) The source code for a program, which may be in any language, as opposed to the linkable or executable binary produced from it by a compiler. The idea behind the term is that to a real hacker, a program written in his favourite programming language is  at home. In the Early Childhood Department that serves children ages 2 to 6, children are instructed only in English. Our school becomes bilingual from 1st through 12th grade (ages 7-19). Because our young children are only just starting to be exposed to English, many teachers feel that it would be virtually impossible for them to hold discussions or ask questions in the language they are learning. However, this article indicates that project work can be done with young children who are schooled in a full immersion immersion /im·mer·sion/ (i-mer´zhun)
1. the plunging of a body into a liquid.

2. the use of the microscope with the object and object glass both covered with a liquid.
 program in a second language.

Emerging Project and Preliminary Planning

During September September: see month. , the kindergarten kindergarten [Ger.,=garden of children], system of preschool education. Friedrich Froebel designed (1837) the kindergarten to provide an educational situation less formal than that of the elementary school but one in which children's creative play instincts would be  children had been working on a theme about the human body. The children started telling personal stories about their experiences with doctors and getting hurt, and they expressed a special interest in accidents and broken bones This article or section has multiple issues:
* It does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by citing reliable sources.
* It needs to be expanded.

Please help [ improve the article] or discuss these issues on the talk page.
.

The teacher brought in several X-rays X-rays

X-rays, or roentgen rays, are electromagnetic waves in which periodically variable electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation.
, a pair of crutches, and some items such as knee braces See curly brace.  and air casts that the children could use for role-playing role-play·ing
n.
A psychotherapeutic technique, designed to reduce the conflict inherent in various social situations, in which participants act out particular behavioral roles in order to expand their awareness of differing points of view.
 activities. She wanted to see if the children's interest in this topic was intense enough to start an in-depth in-depth
adj.
Detailed; thorough: an in-depth study.


in-depth
Adjective

detailed or thorough: an in-depth analysis

 study. She explored whether she could invite an expert and whether it would be possible to visit an X-ray X-ray

Electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength (100 nanometres to 0.001 nanometre) produced by the deceleration of charged particles or the transitions of electrons in atoms.
 room at a clinic or a hospital. Everything fell into place, and the teacher decided to take on this topic to pursue a project.

[FIGURES 1-2 OMITTED]

Phase 1

The teacher and principal discussed the interests of the children and the conversations held by the children during role-play role-play
v.
To assume deliberately the part or role of; act out.

n.
Role-playing.
, which the teacher had recorded as she walked around the classroom with a notepad The text editor that comes with Windows. It is a very elementary utility, but gets the job done most of the time. See text editor and WordPad.

(text, tool) Notepad - The very basic text editor supplied with Microsoft Windows.
. Together they made a web to visualize the possibilities for developing the topic.

[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]

The principal came to the classroom and told a story about how she hurt her ankle. She explained why she needed to wear an air cast and demonstrated how to put it on.

[FIGURE 4 OMITTED]

Children started telling personal stories about their family members or friends breaking a bone. Teli, one of the girls in the class, told a story about breaking her collarbone col·lar·bone
n.
See clavicle.
 when she fell from a cart at the supermarket.

[FIGURE 5 OMITTED]

The children made memory drawings of their bones and then shared their drawings during a class meeting.

[FIGURES 6-8 OMITTED]

The children started asking questions about bones, and the teacher wrote them down and displayed them on a poster board in the classroom.

* How many bones do we have?

* What is inside our bones?

* How does the doctor know when a bone is broken?

* What things does a doctor use?

* Are people's bones the same as dogs' bones?

* What does an X-ray machine Noun 1. X-ray machine - an apparatus that provides a source of X rays
apparatus, setup - equipment designed to serve a specific function

fluoroscope, roentgenoscope - an X-ray machine that combines an X-ray source and a fluorescent screen to enable direct
 look like?

* How does an X-ray machine work?

* How does a cast get hard?

* Are there many colors of casts?

* What happens when a cast gets wet?

* How can a person take a cast off?

* What kind of shoes do you wear when you are wearing a cast on your foot?

* Do many children have broken bones?

* What animals have bones?

* How can we take care of our bones?

A girl brought an X-ray of her dog, and we compared it to an X-ray of human bones. We made a Venn diagram A graphic technique for visualizing set theory concepts using overlapping circles and shading to indicate intersection, union and complement. It was introduced in the late 1800s by English logician, John Venn, although it is believed that the method originated earlier.  to record the data.

[FIGURES 9-10 OMITTED]

The principal brought in some chicken bones, and the children looked at them using a magnifying glass magnifying glass: see microscope.

magnifying glass

traditional detective equipment; from its use by Sherlock Holmes. [Br. Lit.: Payton, 473]

See : Sleuthing
. Next, they shared their predictions of what they thought was inside bones, and they drew and labeled drawings of bones.

[FIGURES 11-12 OMITTED]

After a couple of days, we broke open the chicken bones and put them under a magnifying lens. The children carefully examined them and made an observational drawing. Later on, they compared their predictions to what they saw. They enjoyed this activity immensely, and when they shared their findings during group time, all the children laughed at their predictions.

[FIGURES 13-15 OMITTED]

One group of children was interested in finding out how many children at school had broken bones at that moment. They designed a form to conduct a survey, and they surveyed all the classrooms. They found out that one child had a broken arm.

[FIGURE 16 OMITTED]

Phase 2

In preparation for our field visit, the children predicted what they thought they were going to see at the clinic. The teacher displayed their predictions on a poster board in the classroom so that they could revise their predictions after the trip. Most of the children were particularly interested in seeing the X-ray machine. Before the trip, they made predictions as to how long the machine would be. The measurement was estimated by calculating the number of children that would make up the length of the machine.

[FIGURES 17-18 OMITTED]

When we arrived at the clinic, Teli's grandfather, a doctor who works there, was waiting for us in the parking lot. He first took us to visit the lab. There, children were able to look at blood samples through a microscope. Children recalled that bone marrow bone marrow, soft tissue filling the spongy interiors of animal bones. Red marrow is the principal organ that forms blood cells in mammals, including humans (see blood). In children, the bones contain only red marrow.  is inside their bones. The teacher commented that blood cells blood cells,
n.pl the formed elements of the blood, including red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).


blood cells

See erythrocyte and leukocyte. Platelets are classed separately.
 are produced inside our bones.

Some children made observational drawings of the microscope and what they saw.

[FIGURES 19-22 OMITTED]

Then, we proceeded to the Radiology radiology, branch of medicine specializing in the use of X rays, gamma rays, radioactive isotopes, and other forms of radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.  Department. The children had a chance to see a computer monitor where doctors look at X-rays. We saw images of how different bones look. Some children found this experience interesting and decided to take field notes.

[FIGURE 23 OMITTED]

Next, we went to see the X-ray machine. The doctor demonstrated how the machine worked and how he took X-rays.

[FIGURES 24-25 OMITTED]

The children were allowed to stay in the room for a while to make field sketches of the machine and the room itself and to take field notes.

[FIGURES 26-27 OMITTED]

Then, the children sat in the X-ray room, and the doctor answered the questions that they had dictated dic·tate  
v. dic·tat·ed, dic·tat·ing, dic·tates

v.tr.
1. To say or read aloud to be recorded or written by another: dictate a letter.

2.
a.
 to the teacher at school.

The children measured the X-ray table by lining up beside it to see whether their predictions matched the machine's real measurements. Carolina Carolina (kärōlē`nä), city (1990 pop. 177,806), Puerto Rico. Located 7 mi (11 km) SE of San Juan, it is a residential suburb of the capital, as well as a commercial and industrial center. , who had predicted that the machine would be 100 children long, said, "What I said at school was really silly, now I know that the machine is only nine children long."

[FIGURE 28 OMITTED]

After the visit, the children retold re·told  
v.
Past tense and past participle of retell.
 the story of their field experience. They recalled what they saw and compared their narration of the trip to the predictions made before the trip. They concluded that they did see sick people, doctors, nurses, and the X-ray machine, but they did not see doctors' offices or tools.

After retelling re·tell·ing  
n.
A new account or an adaptation of a story: a retelling of a Roman myth. 
 the story, children worked on journal entries that expressed what had interested them most during the visit.

[FIGURES 29-30 OMITTED]

The following day, as we held our morning meeting, we realized that we had a lot to do. Children and teachers suggested work that needed to be done. We formed several groups, and the children selected what they wished to work on.

Representing Knowledge

Writing a Thank-you thank-you
n.
An expression of gratitude: said their thank-yous and departed. 
 Letter to Teli's Grandfather (the doctor who took care of us at the clinic). A group of children talked about the visit and what they wanted to write about. Some of them wrote about the bones and X-ray machine, and others drew pictures.

[FIGURES 31-32 OMITTED]

Becoming Bone Experts. Some children were interested in finding out names of bones and their location in our body. They worked in pairs and labeled a diagram diagram /di·a·gram/ (di´ah-gram) a graphic representation, in simplest form, of an object or concept, made up of lines and lacking pictorial elements.  of the skeleton skeleton, in anatomy
skeleton, in anatomy, the stiff supportive framework of the body. The two basic types of skeleton found among animals are the exoskeleton and the endoskeleton.
 by looking for Looking for

In the context of general equities, this describing a buy interest in which a dealer is asked to offer stock, often involving a capital commitment. Antithesis of in touch with.
 information in books. Each of the children learned some names and shared his or her knowledge with the rest of the class at the end of the day when each group reported what the group had worked on during the session.

[FIGURE 33 OMITTED]

A group of bone experts wanted to find out the length of different bones and proceeded to measure them using Unifix cubes cubes

See QQQ.
. Some children measured the femur femur (fē`mər): see leg. , others the humerus humerus: see arm. , others the radius, and so on. The teacher demonstrated how they could use a ruler to measure the length of their bones.

[FIGURES 34-35 OMITTED]

The children found out which bones in the body are the smallest and the biggest as well as the number of bones that make up the human skeleton The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. Fused bones include those of the pelvis and the cranium. Osteocytes are present in the bone matrix. .

Children in one group made observational drawings by looking at photographs in books.

[FIGURES 36-37 OMITTED]

Building Bones. One group of children first drew a big plan of what they wanted to do, which showed the outside and the inside of the bone. They labeled the different parts of a bone and included words such as bone marrow and red blood cells Red blood cells
Cells that carry hemoglobin (the molecule that transports oxygen) and help remove wastes from tissues throughout the body.

Mentioned in: Bone Marrow Transplantation

red blood cells 
.

[FIGURE 38 OMITTED]

Next, the children decided which bone each wanted to build by looking at a diagram. The teacher wrote their names beside the bones they selected so that they would have a visual reference when working.

[FIGURE 39 OMITTED]

The children selected the things they needed and started building different bones. They used recyclable re·cy·cle  
tr.v. re·cy·cled, re·cy·cling, re·cy·cles
1. To put or pass through a cycle again, as for further treatment.

2. To start a different cycle in.

3.
a.
 materials for the outside and sponge for the inside. They later painted their creations and labeled them. This group of children worked for four sessions until their bones were completed.

[FIGURES 40-42 OMITTED]

Building an X-Ray Machine. Some children looked at the pictures of the X-ray machine taken during the field visit. They discussed them and made a list of things they needed in order to build the machine. Then they proceeded to number the pictures so that they could each be in charge of building a specific part. Next, they drew an enlarged floor plan of how the machine should look.

[FIGURES 43-44 OMITTED]

One child thought about the length of the machine and represented it with Unifix cubes. "I want the machine to be 48 Unifix cubes long." The teacher used a meter stick to measure the cubes that were lined up on the floor in order to model for the child how things can be measured in different ways. The child helped her, and the teacher said, "48 Unifix cubes is the same as 1.9 meters."

[FIGURE 45 OMITTED]

The children selected recyclable materials and started to work on their machine. They observed the pictures closely because they wanted it to resemble the "real thing" as closely as possible. They labeled the parts of the machine and wrote down each part's purpose. The children completed this piece of work after six sessions.

[FIGURES 46-48 OMITTED]

We were all amazed a·maze  
v. a·mazed, a·maz·ing, a·maz·es

v.tr.
1. To affect with great wonder; astonish. See Synonyms at surprise.

2. Obsolete To bewilder; perplex.

v.intr.
 by the resemblance Resemblance may refer to:
  • Resemblance: as in "you have a resemblance to your brother" (In the case of twins) see analogy and similarity.
  • Resemblance nominalism
  • Ludwig Wittgenstein's family resemblances.
 of the children's creation to a real X-ray machine.

[FIGURES 49-54 OMITTED]

New Questions Arise: Who Has Bones?

At the beginning of the work session, the teacher held a group meeting. Sharian had brought some human bones, and she wanted everyone to see them. Several children commented that their parents had animal bones at home. The teacher encouraged the children to bring the bones to class, and she added that the bones could be displayed for everyone to see. A discussion started about whether all animals had bones, and children mentioned some animals that did and some that did not. The teacher then asked if they thought fish had bones. One child collected the data of who thought fish did or did not have bones. She used tally marks Tally marks are an implementation of the unary numeral system. They are a form of numeral used for counting. They allow updating written intermediate results without erasing or discarding anything written down.  as she asked every child. Then she counted the tally marks in order to find out what most children thought. The teacher then asked,"How can we find out if a fish has bones?"

Ximena: "We can ask a vet vet

common idiomatic version of veterinarian.
."

Victor: "We can ask a doctor."

Valeria Valeria is a female given name dating back to the Latin verb valere. The male version is Valerius, Valerio or Valery. Valerian is also connected to the same root.

It is primarily used in Russian, Italian, Hungarian and Latin American Spanish.
: "We can get a fish and open it to see."

Most children seemed very interested in the last option, and the teacher agreed to try it out.

Some children made memory drawings of what they thought was inside a fish. One child was thinking to himself for quite a while. The teacher approached him and asked, "Eddy, is something wrong?" He shook his head to say no. "What do you think is inside a fish?" Eddy said, "a skeleton," so the teacher encouraged him to draw what he thought the fish's skeleton looked like, and the drawing in Figure 55 is what he came up with.

[FIGURE 55 OMITTED]

During the next work period, the children were able to find out firsthand first·hand  
adj.
Received from the original source: firsthand information.



first
 whether fish have bones by opening one in the science lab.

[FIGURES 56-57 OMITTED]

The children made observational drawings of the fish and wrote down the number of bones they counted.

[FIGURE 58 OMITTED]

As the children continued to talk about animal bones, they brought some from home and were able to share them with their classmates Classmates can refer to either:
  • Classmates.com, a social networking website.
  • Classmates (film), a 2006 Malayalam blockbuster directed by Lal Jose, starring Prithviraj, Jayasurya, Indragith, Sunil, Jagathy, Kavya Madhavan, Balachandra Menon, ...
. They also weighed animal bones and compared the data.

[FIGURES 59-60 OMITTED]

Some children decided to write a book about animals that have bones. They made it by drawing the animal's skeleton on an acetate acetate (ăs`ĭtāt'), one of the most important forms of artificial cellulose-based fibers; the ester of acetic acid. The first patents for the production of fibers from cellulose acetate appeared at the beginning of the 20th cent.  sheet and the animal on paper, and then they made them overlap o·ver·lap
n.
1. A part or portion of a structure that extends or projects over another.

2. The suturing of one layer of tissue above or under another layer to provide additional strength, often used in dental surgery.

v.
.

[FIGURES 61-63 OMITTED]

Several children were still insisting on finding answers to some of their previous questions that were unanswered so we decided it was time to ask an expert to come to our classroom. The teacher talked to an orthopedist orthopedist /or·tho·pe·dist/ (-pe´dist) an orthopedic surgeon.

or·tho·pe·dist or or·tho·pae·dist
n.
A specialist in orthopedics.
 and asked him to focus on answering the child's questions that she posed to him prior to his visit.

* What is a cast made of?

* What colors of casts are there?

* What happens if a cast gets wet?

* How do you get a cast off?

* How long does it take for a cast to get hard?

* How are bones held together?

* How can we take care of our bones?

* Why do we have bones?

* What is each part of the X-ray machine for?

[FIGURES 64-65 OMITTED]

The orthopedist placed a cast on a child's arm. The children looked at a clock to find out how much time it took for the cast to get hard. The orthopedist also explained how we can take care of our bones. He answered their questions, and they also got a chance to look at his tools.

[FIGURE 66 OMITTED]

A New Area of Interest: Taking Care of Our Bones

The day after the physician's visit, a child brought a helmet from home. He explained that he used it when he rode his bike and that it helped him take care of his skull. During the next few days, several children brought in diverse gear that protected their bones against injuries. They tried on the gear and used the equipment for role-play.

[FIGURE 67 OMITTED]

While the children were role-playing with the equipment, we were surprised by an unexpected visitor. She was one of our former preschool children who had a broken leg. We invited her into our classroom, and she shared her personal story with the children. She also allowed the youngsters to use her crutches.

[FIGURES 68-69 OMITTED]

Because the children's interest focused on how to take care of their bones, the teacher brought in several food items that contain calcium. They cooked macaroni macaroni: see pasta.  and cheese and tasted different dairy products dairy products dairy nplproduits laitier

dairy products dairy nplMilchprodukte pl, Molkereiprodukte pl 
.

[FIGURE 70 OMITTED]

A group of children decided to become calcium detectives, and they looked for the word calcium on labels and boxes of food products to determine whether they were good for their bones.

[FIGURES 71-72 OMITTED]

The calcium detectives thought that it would be a good idea to tell their classmates about products they could eat to make their bones strong. They designed "Strong Bone Menus," which they shared with their peers. The menus were later displayed in the classroom for everyone to see.

[FIGURE 73 OMITTED]

The whole class contributed to writing an original poem about bones, which all of the children learned.
I Have Bones

   There are bones in my arm.
   There are bones in my hands.
   There are bones in my leg
   and hips too.
   I have a skull in my head.
   I have ribs in my chest.
   When I go to sleep my bones grow.


[FIGURE 74 OMITTED]

Originally, the last line of the poem read "When I go to sleep my bones rest," but one of the children argued that while we sleep our bones grow. The rest of the class agreed to alter the words.

Getting Ready for the Bone Museum

Because the children had brought so many items related to the topic and had done so much work, the teacher started to wonder about how she could display everything. She came up with the idea of putting together a bone museum. The children received her suggestion with much enthusiasm, and they began to think about the work that needed to be done and the items that needed to be included. After a few discussions, they formed committees in order to divide the workload The term workload can refer to a number of different yet related entities. An amount of labor
While a precise definition of a workload is elusive, a commonly accepted definition is the hypothetical relationship between a group or individual human operator and task demands.
. The different groups were in charge of writing labels for the displays, designing the invitation, making a big sign with the title of the exhibit, taking care of snacks, and putting together the display cases.

[FIGURES 75-81 OMITTED]

Phase 3: The Bone Museum

After six weeks of intense and productive work, our children's parents came to school to share with their children all that the children had learned about bones and to see their work. The children sang a song and performed a dance about bones. Next, the teacher shared pictures and samples of work through a PowerPoint A presentation graphics program from Microsoft for Macintosh and Windows. It was the first desktop presentation program for the Mac and provides the ability to create output for overheads, handouts, speaker notes and film recorders.  presentation, which she had used to document the project since its beginning.

[FIGURE 82 OMITTED]

After the PowerPoint presentation, the Bone Experts shared their knowledge with their parents by answering the parents' questions. They were also able to ask the audience questions, and they had a lot of fun when their moms and dads did not know the answers.

[FIGURE 83 OMITTED]

Parents were then invited to visit the Bone Museum with their children.

[FIGURES 84-90 OMITTED]

Conclusion

I had tried to do several projects in our school during the previous years. My knowledge about the Project Approach was based on reading all the books I could find on this subject. I had heard a few lectures at the National Association for the Education of Young Children The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) is the largest nonprofit association in the United States representing early childhood education teachers, experts, and advocates in center-based and family day care.  (NAEYC NAEYC National Association for the Education of Young Children (Washington, DC) ) conferences, and I subscribed to the Project-L listserv. Because I am the principal of the Early Childhood Department at my school, it is my duty to motivate and instruct in·struct  
v. in·struct·ed, in·struct·ing, in·structs

v.tr.
1. To provide with knowledge, especially in a methodical way. See Synonyms at teach.

2. To give orders to; direct.

v.
 my teachers in order to provide the best education possible for our children. I knew that project work was the option I wanted them to follow. I tried to communicate my enthusiasm and my knowledge to my teachers as best as I could. A few teachers were successful, others were not, and some never concluded the projects they started. Many of my teachers argued that it was impossible to carry out project work in a second language with such young children, and they gave up even before trying. Our energy was renewed this year after Dr. Sylvia Sylvia may refer to:
  • a feminine given name of Latin origin, also spelled Silvia.
Persons
  • Sylvia Browne, a controversial American psychic.
  • Sylvia Likens
  • Sylvia Plath, American poet
 Chard came to teach a three-day workshop at our school. My teachers were excited, and I felt better prepared to guide them.

One of the teachers wanted to start doing project work right away, and together we carried out the Bone Project. At the beginning, our children had difficulty asking questions, and we wondered whether this difficulty was caused by the language barrier. However, as the study progressed, we understood that the children were not used to inquiring inquiring,
v to draw information from a client—whether by verbal questioning or physical examination—to assess the person's state of health.
 because most of the information had always been given to them. Once we did enough modeling, they started wondering and asking all sorts of questions. They would mix in words in Spanish Spanish, river, c.150 mi (240 km) long, issuing from Spanish Lake, S Ont., Canada, NW of Sudbury, and flowing generally S through Biskotasi and Agnew lakes to Lake Huron opposite Manitoulin island. There are several hydroelectric stations on the river.  if they did not have enough vocabulary in English, but they were able to express their thoughts and their ideas quite clearly. We now know that project work can certainly be carried out in a second language with young children.

Throughout the Bone Project, the kindergarten children were able to apply basic skills to solve real-life real-life  
adj.
Actually happening or having happened; not fictional: a documentary with footage of real-life police chases. 
 problems. They not only touched upon the requirements for their age and grade level, they surpassed our expectations of the knowledge they gained and the skills they acquired.

This project made a difference at our school because the children's self-motivation, excitement, interest, willingness to work hard, and their display of creativity and problem-solving problem-solving nresolución f de problemas;
problem-solving skills → técnicas de resolución de problemas

problem-solving n
 abilities amazed other teachers who were reluctant to try project work.

Families had not been informed that we were working in a different way. Nevertheless, all of them knew that something had changed because the interest their children showed for this topic was reflected at home. Some parents shared these comments with us after the conclusion of the project:
   As parents, we had always asked our son what he had done in
   school. His answer had always been the same--"nothing" or "I
   played"--up until the time when his class started learning about
   the topic of bones. We knew what he was doing at school right away
   because he would come home and talk about it. He got the whole
   family involved by sharing his knowledge and asking all kinds of
   questions. He spent time at home looking for meaningful things
   related to the project that he could take to school. Our son was
   extremely motivated, and we were amazed to see all that he had
   learned. (Fernando's parents)

   I've always enjoyed sharing what my child does at school, but I
   was truly surprised when I saw Ines and her classmates take on a
   topic from so many different perspectives. They applied many
   skills: musical, manual, analytical, deductive, observational,
   scientific, culinary, and linguistic. This is the kind of
   education I want for my child: learning by pursuing her interests
   and not by memorizing irrelevant facts. (Ines' mother)


Acknowledgments See About this product.  

I wish to express my gratitude Gratitude
agrimony

traditional symbol for gratitude. [Flower Symbolism: Flora Symbolica, 172]

Androcles

because he had once extracted a thorn from its paw, the lion refrained from attacking Androcles in the arena. [Rom. Lit.
 to Dr. Sylvia C. Chard for all that she has taught me and for her guidance and support, which enabled me to fully understand and fall in love with the Project Approach. I want to thank Ms. Ivette Alkon, the kindergarten teacher who had the vision and interest to pursue the study of this topic.

Yvonne Kogan (M.E.) is currently the principal of the Early Childhood Department of Eton School in Mexico City and has been for the past 13 years. Her interests include project work and children's artistic development.

Yvonne Kogan

Plan de Barrancas 96

Col. Lomas de Chapultepec

c.p. 11000

Mexico D.F.

Mexico

Email: yvonnekogan@att.net.mx

This article has been accessed 6,702 times through April 1, 2005.

Un estudio de huesos

Yvonne Kogan Colegio Eton, Ciudad de Mexico

Sinopsis

El presente articulo articulo /ar·tic·u·lo/ (ahr-tik´u-lo) [L.] at the moment, or crisis.

articulo mor´tis  at the point or moment of death.
 describe un estudio de huesos que realizaron ninos NINOS Pediatrics A clinical trial–Neonatal Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study which evaluated the effect of NO therapy–NOT in hypoxic respiratory failure–HRF in neonates. See Respiratory distress syndrome.  de 5 anos de edad en una escuela bilingue ubicada en la Ciudad de Mexico. El articulo describe el proceso y muestra los resultados que obtuvieron los ninos durante Durante, family: see Duran.  las tres fases del proyecto por medio de fotografias y otras formas en que se documento el trabajo de los ninos. El articulo concluye con reflexiones tanto Tanto may refer to several things. Please see:
  • Tantō - A Japanese weapon
  • Tanto, Stockholm - A district of Stockholm, Sweden.
See also: Tonto.
 de la autora como de los padres
This article is about the Roman Catholic priests' organization. For the article on military chaplains, see Padre.

Not to be confused with San Diego Padres.
 de los ninos.

Antecedentes

El Colegio El Colegio is a municipality and town of Colombia in the department of Cundinamarca.

    [
 Eton es una institucion bilingue (espanol-ingles) que se ubica en la Ciudad de Mexico. El alumnado de la escuela consiste principalmente de ninos mexicanos que no hablan ingles This article is about an American supermarket chain. For a town in Gran Canaria, see Playa del Inglés.

Ingles (NYSE: IMKTA) is a regional supermarket chain based in Asheville, North Carolina, where Robert "Bob" Ingle opened the first store in Asheville, NC in
 en casa. En el Departamento de Preescolar, que atiende a ninos de 2 a 6 anos de edad, la ensenanza se imparte exclusivamente en el idioma ingles. La ensenanza bilingue propiamente dicha comienza a partir de 1[degrees] de primaria y continua con·tin·u·a  
n.
A plural of continuum.
 hasta 6[degrees] de bachillerato (de los 7a los 19 anos de edad). Debido a que nuestros ninos mas pequenos apenas comienzan a estar expuestos al idioma ingles, muchos maestros consideran que seria virtualmente imposible para estos pequenos mantener discusiones o hacer preguntas en un lenguaje que estan aprendiendo. Sin embargo embargo (ĕmbär`gō), prohibition by a country of the departure of ships or certain types of goods from its ports. Instances of confining all domestic ships to port are rare, and the Embargo Act of 1807 is the sole example of this in , este articulo demuestra que se puede realizar el trabajo de proyecto con ninos pequenos que estan siendo educados bajo un programa de inmersion total en un segundo idioma.

Proyecto emergente y planeacion preliminar

Durante el mes de septiembre, los alumnos de kinder habian estado trabajando sobre el tema del cuerpo humano. Ellos empezaron a hablar sobre sus experiencias personales con los doctores y a relatar ocasiones en que se habian lastimado, expresando un interes particular por los accidentes y las fracturas de huesos.

La maestra trajo al salon Salon, annual exhibition of art works chosen by jury and presented by the French Academy since 1737; it was originally held in the Salon d'Apollon of the Louvre. By the mid-19th cent. the Salon had become an expression of conservative, established tastes in art.  de clases varias radiografias, un par de muletas y algunos otros articulos como rodilleras y ferulas neumaticas para que los ninos pudieran usarlas para hacer dramatizaciones. Ella queria ver si el interes de los ninos por este tema era lo suficientemente intenso como para iniciar un estudio a mayor profundidad del mismo. La maestra exploro la posibilidad de invitar a un experto al salon de clases, asi como la posibilidad de organizar una visita al departamento de radiologia de una clinica u hospital. Todo se dio como se esperaba y entonces, la maestra decidio abordar el estudio de este tema para desarrollar un proyecto.

Fase 1

La maestra y la directora hablaron sobre los intereses de los ninos y las conversaciones sostenidas por los ninos durante las dramatizaciones, mismas que la maestra habia anotado mientras recorria el salon de clases con un cuaderno de notas en la mano ma·no  
n. pl. ma·nos
A hand-held stone or roller for grinding corn or other grains on a metate.



[Spanish, hand, mano, from Latin manus, hand; see manner.]
. Juntas, ellas hicieron una red de conceptos para visualizar las maneras posibles de desarrollar el tema.

La directora fue al salon de clases y les conto como se habia lastimado el tobillo. Ella explico por que tuvo que usar una ferula Ferula

a plant genus in the family Apiaceae; contain coumarin and cause hemorrhagic diathesis; includes F. asafoetida, F. communis (giant fennel F. communis var. brevifolia).
 neumatica y les enseno como ponersela.

Los ninos comenzaron a relatar historias personales sobre familiares o amistades que se habian fracturado un hueso. Teli, una de las ninas del grupo, les conto a sus companeros sobre una ocasion en que se fracturo la clavicula clavicula /cla·vic·u·la/ (klah-vik´u-lah) [L.] clavicle.  cuando se cayo del carrito del supermercado.

Los ninos hicieron dibujos de memoria de sus huesos y luego mostraron sus dibujos a sus companeros durante una junta jun·ta  
n.
1. A group of military officers ruling a country after seizing power.

2. A council or small legislative body in a government, especially in Central or South America.

3. A junto.
 de grupo.

Los ninos empezaron a hacer preguntas sobre los huesos y la maestra anoto sus preguntas en una cartulina que despues pego Pego can refer to:
  • Pego, a Portuguese parish, located in the municipality of Abrantes.
  • Pego, a Spanish municipality located in the province of Alicante.
 en el pizarron del salon de clases.

* Cuantos huesos tenemos?

* Que hay adentro de nuestros huesos?

* Como sabe un doctor que un hueso esta roto?

* Que cosas usa un doctor?

* Los huesos de las personas Personas or personae are fictitious characters that are created to represent the different user types within a targeted demographic that might use a site or product.  son iguales a los huesos de los perros?

* Como es un aparato de rayos X?

* Como funciona un aparato de rayos X?

* Como se endurece un yeso?

* Hay muchos colores diferentes de yeso?

* Que pasa cuando se moja un yeso?

* Como se puede quitar un yeso una persona persona /per·so·na/ (per-so´nah) [L.] in jungian psychology, the personality mask or facade presented by a person to the outside world, as opposed to the anima, the inner being.

per·so·na
n.
?

* Que tipo de zapatos usamos cuando tenemos el pie enyesado?

* Cuantos ninos tienen huesos rotos?

* Cuales animales tienen huesos?

* Como podemos cuidar nuestros huesos?

Una nina trajo una radiografia de su perro y la comparamos con una radiografia de huesos humanos. Luego hicimos un diagrama de Venn para registrar See domain name registrar.  los datos.

La directora trajo algunos huesos de pollo y los ninos los observaron a traves de una lupa. Luego, ellos hablaron de sus predicciones en cuanto a lo que ellos pensaban que habia adentro de los huesos e hicieron y etiquetaron dibujos de huesos.

Despues de un par de dias, rompimos los huesos de pollo para abrirlos y los pusimos debajo de una lupa. Los ninos los examinaron cuidadosamente e hicieron un dibujo por observacion. Mas tarde, compararon sus predicciones contra contra

Member of a counterrevolutionary force that sought to overthrow Nicaragua's left-wing Sandinista government. The original contras had been National Guardsmen during the regime of Anastasio Somoza (see Somoza family). The U.S.
 lo que habian observado. Ellos disfrutaron enormemente esta actividad y cuando hablaron de sus hallazgos durante la junta de grupo, todos los ninos se rieron de sus predicciones.

Un grupo de ninos mostro interes por averiguar cuantos alumnos de la escuela tenian algun hueso roto en ese momento. Ellos disenaron una manera de hacer una encuesta y encuestaron a todos los grupos. Los ninos descubrieron que habia una nina en la escuela que tenia tenia /te·nia/ (te´ne-ah) pl. te´niae   taenia.

te·ni·a
n.
Variant of taenia.



tenia

pl. teniae [L.] a flat band or strip of soft tissue.
 el brazo roto.

Fase 2

Para prepararse para la visita, los ninos predijeron que era lo que ellos creian que iban a ver en la clinica. La maestra anoto las predicciones de los ninos en una cartulina que pego en el pizarron del salon para que ellos pudieran revisarlas a su regreso. La mayoria de los ninos mostraron un especial es·pe·cial  
adj.
1. Of special importance or significance; exceptional: an occasion of especial joy.

2.
 interes por ver un aparato de rayos X. Antes an·te  
n.
1. Games The stake that each poker player must put into the pool before receiving a hand or before receiving new cards. See Synonyms at bet.

2.
 de salir a la visita, ellos predijeron que tan larga Larga may refer to several villages in Romania:
  • Larga, a village in Dofteana Commune, Bacău County
  • Larga, a village in Samarineşti Commune, Gorj County
  • Larga, a village in Suciu de Sus Commune, Maramureş County
 seria la unidad de rayos X. Las medidas del aparato se estimaron calculando cuantos ninos se tendrian que alinear para abarcar la longitud de la unidad de rayos X.

Cuando llegamos a la clinica, el abuelo de Teli, un doctor que trabaja ahi, ya nos estaba esperando en el estacionamiento. Primero pri·me·ro  
n.
A gambling card game, popular in Elizabethan England.



[Alteration of Spanish primera, feminine of primero, first, from Latin
 nos llevo a visitar el laboratorio. Ahi, los ninos pudieron ver muestras de sangre a traves de un microscopio. Los ninos recordaron que lo que hay adentro de sus huesos es medula osea. La maestra comento que las celulas de la sangre se producen adentro de nuestros huesos.

Algunos ninos hicieron dibujos por observacion del microscopio y de lo que vieron a traves del mismo.

Luego, fuimos al Departamento de Radiologia. Los ninos tuvieron la oportunidad de ver el monitor de una computadora donde los doctores ven las radiografias. Tambien vimos imagenes de como se ven los distintos huesos. Esta experiencia desperto el interes de algunos ninos, quienes decidieron tomar algunas notas como parte de su trabajo en campo cam·po  
n. pl. cam·pos
A large grassy plain in South America, with scattered bushes and small trees.



[Spanish, field, from Latin campus.]
.

Luego, fuimos a ver el aparato de rayos X. El doctor nos enseno como funciona la unidad y como se toman to·man  
n.
A gold coin formerly used in Persia worth 10,000 dinars.



[Farsi tm
 las radiografias.

El doctor dejo que los ninos se quedaran un rato en la sala de rayos X para que pudieran hacer dibujos del aparato y de la sala misma y tambien para que pudieran hacer anotaciones sobre lo que habian observado.

Luego, los ninos se sentaron en la sala de rayos X y el doctor respondio las preguntas que ellos le habian dictado a la maestra en la escuela.

Los ninos midieron la mesa La Mesa (lə mā`sə), city (1990 pop. 52,931), San Diego co., S Calif., a suburb of San Diego; inc. 1912. It is a retail center and a popular residence for upper- and middle-income professionals in the San Diego area.  del aparato de rayos X alineandose junta a ella para ver si sus predicciones habian sido acertadas. Carolina, quien habia predicho que el aparato mediria 100 ninos de longitud, dijo: "Lo que dije en la escuela fue realmente tonto, ahora se que el aparato solo mide nueve ninos de largo Largo, town (1990 pop. 65,674), Pinellas co., W Fla., on the Pinellas peninsula and the Gulf Coast, across the bay from Tampa; settled 1853, inc. 1905. It is a packing, canning, and shipping center in a citrus fruit and fishing area. ".

Despues de la visita, los ninos contaron historias sobre las experiencias que tuvieron durante su practica de campo. Ellos hicieron una resena de lo que vieron y compararon su narracion de la visita con las predicciones que habian hecho antes de la misma. Llegaron a la conclusion que si vieron personas enfermas, doctores, enfermeras y el aparato de rayos X, pero que no vieron consultorios ni instrumentos.

Despues de la resena, los ninos hicieron anotaciones en un diario para expresar que fue lo que mas les intereso de la visita.

Al dia siguiente, durante nuestra junta de grupo de cada manana ma·ña·na  
adv.
1. Tomorrow.

2. At an unspecified future time.

n.
An indefinite time in the future.



[Spanish, from Vulgar Latin
, nos dimos cuenta que habia mucho por hacer. Los ninos y la maestra hicieron sugerencias respecto del trabajo que habia que realizar. Formamos varios grupos y los ninos escogieron en que querian trabajar.

Representacion de los conocimientos

Escribirle una nota no·ta  
n.
Plural of notum.
 de agradecimiento al abuelo de Teli (el doctor que nos atendio en la clinica). Un grupo de ninos hablo sobre la visita y sobre lo que querian escribir. Algunos escribieron sobre los huesos y el aparato de rayos X y otros hicieron dibujos.

Convertirse en expertos en huesos. Algunos ninos mostraron interes en averiguar los nombres de los huesos y el lugar en que se encuentran dentro del cuerpo. Ellos trabajaron en parejas y etiquetaron un diagrama del esqueleto, buscando en libros la informacion que necesitaban. Cada uno de los ninos se aprendio algunos nombres y compartio sus conocimientos con el resto del grupo al final del dia, cuando cada equipo reporto en que habia trabajado durante la sesion.

Un grupo de expertos en huesos quiso averiguar la longitud de diferentes huesos y se dieron a la tarea de medirlos usando cubos Unifix. Algunos ninos midieron el femur, otros midieron el humero, otros el radio y asi sucesivamente. La maestra les enseno como podian usar una regla para medir la longitud de sus propios PROPIOS, or PROPRIOS, Span. law. Certain portions of ground laid off and reserved when a town was founded in Spanish America, as the unalienable property of the town, for the purpose of erecting public buildings, markets, &c.  huesos.

Los ninos averiguaron cuales son los huesos mas pequenos y mas grandes que hay en el cuerpo, asi como cuantos huesos conforman el esqueleto humano.

Los ninos de un equipo hicieron dibujos por observacion de fotografias de esqueletos que encontraron en libros.

Construccion de huesos. Otro equipo de ninos primero dibujo un plano grande de lo que queria hacer. Este plano mostraba la parte interna y la parte externa de un hueso. Ellos etiquetaron las diferentes partes de un hueso, incluyendo palabras como medula osea y globulos rojos.

Luego, los ninos decidieron cual hueso querian construir, seleccionandolo de un diagrama que observaron. La maestra anoto sus nombres junto jun·to  
n. pl. jun·tos
A small, usually secret group united for a common interest.



[Alteration of junta.
 a los huesos que escogieron para que les sirviera de referencia visual mientras estuvieran trabajando.

Los ninos escogieron las cosas que necesitarian y comenzaron a construir diferentes huesos. Usaron materiales reciclados para construir la parte externa del hueso y esponja esponja

swamp cancer.
 para representar la parte interna de los huesos. Luego pintaron sus creaciones y las etiquetaron. Este equipo de ninos trabajo en esto durante cuatro cuat·ro  
n. pl. cuat·ros
A small guitarlike instrument of Latin America, usually having four or five pairs of strings.



[Spanish, from Latin quattuor, four; see quatrain.]
 sesiones, hasta que terminaron sus huesos.

Construccion de un aparato de rayos X. Algunos ninos observaron las fotografias que tomaron del aparato de rayos X durante su visita a la clinica. Ellos discutieron lo que observaron e hicieron una lista de las cosas que necesitarian para construir el aparato. Luego, numeraron las fotografias para que cada uno pudiera hacerse cargo de construir una parte especifica del aparato. Despues, dibujaron un enorme plano en el piso de como deberia ser el aparato.

Un nino penso en la longitud del aparato y la represento con cubos Unifix. "Yo quiero que la maquina sea de 48 cubos Unifix de largo". La maestra uso un metro para medir los cubos que estaban alineados en el piso con el fin de ensenarle a su alumno que las cosas se pueden medir de diferentes maneras. El nino le ayudo y la maestra dijo. "48 cubos Unifix es igual a 1.9 metros".

Los ninos seleccionaron materiales reciclables y se pusieron a trabajar en la construccion del aparato. Ellos observaron cuidadosamente las fotografias, porque querian hacerlo lo mas parecido posible a un "aparato de verdad". Ellos etiquetaron las partes del aparato de rayos X y tambien anotaron para que sirve cada parte. Los ninos terminaron su trabajo al cabo de seis sesiones.

Todos estabamos sorprendidos de la semejanza que guardaba la creacion de los ninos con un aparato de rayos X real.

Surgen nuevas preguntas: ?Quienes tienen huesos?

Al inicio de una sesion de trabajo, la maestra celebro una junta de grupo. Sharian habia traido algunos huesos humanos y ella queria que todos los vieran. Varios ninos comentaron que sus padres tenian huesos de animales en casa. La maestra les pidio a los ninos que trajeran los huesos a la escuela y agrego que podrian hacer una exhibicion de huesos para que todos los vieran. Luego empezaron a discutir si todos los animales tenian huesos y un nino dijo que algunos si y otros no. Entonces, la maestra les pregunto si ellos creian que los peces tenian huesos. Una nina recabo las opiniones de sus demas companeros, preguntandoles uno por uno si pensaban que los peces tenian huesos o no. Ella iba marcando rayas por cada respuesta afirmativa o negativa que le daban sus companeros. Luego, conto las rayas para ver que es lo que creia la mayoria de los ninos. Luego, la maestra pregunto: "?Como podemos averiguar si un pez tiene huesos?"

Ximena: "Le podemos preguntar a un veterinario".

Victor: "Le podemos preguntar a un doctor".

Valeria: "Podemos conseguir un pescado y abrirlo para ver si tiene huesos o no".

La mayoria de los ninos mostraron mucho interes por la ultima opcion y la maestra estuvo de acuerdo en probar esta alternativa.

Algunos ninos dibujaron lo que ellos pensaban que habia adentro de un pez. Un nino se quedo pensativo durante un rato. La maestra se acerco a el y le pregunto: "Eddy, ?te pasa algo?" El le contesto que no con la cabeza. "?Que crees tu que haya adentro de un pez?" Eddy dijo: "Un esqueleto". Entonces la maestra lo alento a que hiciera un dibujo de como creia el que era un esqueleto de pescado y el dibujo que se muestra en la Figura 55 es lo que hizo.

[FIGURA 55 OMITIR]

Durante el siguiente periodo de trabajo, los ninos pudieron constatar por ellos mismos si los peces tienen o no huesos, al abrir un pescado en el laboratorio de ciencias.

Los ninos hicieron dibujos por observacion del pescado y anotaron el numero de huesos que contaron.

Los ninos siguieron hablando sobre huesos de animales y algunos de ellos trajeron algunos huesos de casa para ensenarselos a sus companeros. Tambien pesaron los huesos de animales y compararon los datos.

Algunos ninos decidieron escribir un libro sobre animales que tienen huesos. Luego hicieron el libro dibujando el esqueleto del animal sobre un acetato y el animal en papel y colocando el acetato sobre el papel.

Varios ninos seguian insistiendo en encontrar las respuestas a algunas de las preguntas que plantearon al inicio del proyecto y que aun no habian sido respondidas, entonces decidimos que era momento de invitar a un experto para que viniera a darles una platica al salon de clases. La maestra hablo con un ortopedista y le pidio que se enfocara en responder las preguntas que los ninos habian planteado antes de su visita.

* ?De que esta hecho un yeso?

* ?Que colores de yesos hay?

* ?Que pasa si se moja un yeso?

* ?Como se quita un yeso?

* ?Cuanto tarda un yeso en endurecerse?

* ?Como se mantienen juntos los huesos?

* ?Como podemos cuidar nuestros huesos?

* ?Por que tenemos huesos?

* ?Para que sirve cada parte de un aparato de rayos X?

El ortopedista puso un yeso en el brazo de una nina. Los ninos miraron el reloj para averiguar cuanto tiempo tarda un yeso en endurecerse. El ortopedista tambien les explico como podemos cuidar nuestros huesos. El respondio todas sus preguntas y los ninos tambien tuvieron la oportunidad de ver los instrumentos del doctor.

Una nueva area de interes: Cuidando nuestros huesos

El dia despues de la visita del doctor, un nino trajo un casco de su casa. El explico que lo usaba cuando andaba en su bicicleta y que el casco le ayudaba a cuidar su craneo. Durante los proximos dias, varios ninos trajeron diversos articulos que protegian sus huesos de las fracturas. Ellos se los probaron y los usaron para hacer una dramatizacion.

Mientras los ninos hacian dramatizaciones con el equipo, nos sorprendio una visita inesperada. Ella era una anterior anterior /an·te·ri·or/ (an-ter´e-or) situated at or directed toward the front; opposite of posterior.

an·te·ri·or
adj.
1. Placed before or in front.

2.
 alumna de preescolar que se habia roto una pierna. La invitamos a pasar a nuestro salon de clases y ella compartio su historia con los ninos. Tambien dejo que algunos de ellos usaran sus muletas.

Debido a que el interes de los ninos se enfocaba en como cuidar de sus huesos, la maestra trajo a la escuela diversos alimentos que contienen calcio. Ellos cocinaron pasta While the only basic difference between these names is the shape of the pasta, each pasta is typically matched with a particular sauce based on cooking time, consistency, ability to hold sauce, ease of eating, etc.  con queso y probaron muchos productos lacteos diferentes.

Algunos ninos formaron un equipo y decidieron convertirse en detectives de calcio. Su tarea era buscar la palabra "La Palabra" is episode 128 of The West Wing. Plot
As Super Tuesday approaches, the three Democratic nominees battle it out to win California as the state legislature passes a contorversial anti-immigrant bill.
 calcio en las etiquetas y cajas de productos alimenticios para determinar si eran buenos para sus huesos.

Los detectives de calcio pensaron que seria una buena idea decirles a sus companeros de clases cuales productos podian comer com·er  
n.
1. One that arrives or comes: free food for all comers.

2. One showing promise of attaining success: a political comer.

Noun 1.
 para fortalecer sus huesos. Ellos disenaron "Menues para tener huesos fuertes", los cuales compartieron con sus companeros. Luego exhibieron los menues en su salon de clases para que todos pudieran verlos.

Todo el grupo El Grupo is a jazz fusion band founded by session musician and Toto guitarist Steve Lukather. The band also features Steve Weingart on keyboards, Oskar Cartaya on bass, and Joey Heredia on drums.  contribuyo a la redaccion de un poema original sobre huesos y todos los ninos se aprendieron el poema.
Yo tengo huesos

   Tengo huesos en mis brazos.
   Tengo huesos en mis manos.
   Tengo huesos en mis piernas y en mis caderas tambien los hay.
   Tengo un craneo en mi cabeza y costillas en mi pecho.
   Tengo huesos en mi cuerpo que crecen cuando duermo.


Originalmente, el ultimo ul·ti·mo  
adv. Abbr. ult.
In or of the month before the present one.



[Latin ultim (m
 verso ver·so  
n. pl. ver·sos
1. A left-hand page of a book or the reverse side of a leaf, as opposed to the recto.

2. The back of a coin or medal.
 del poema era "Cuando duermo mis huesos descansan", pero uno de los ninos argumento que nuestros huesos crecen mientras dormimos. El resto del grupo estuvo de acuerdo en hacerle cambios a este ultimo verso.

Preparativos para el montaje del Museo de Huesos

Debido a que los ninos habian traido de casa tantos articulos relacionados con el tema y habian trabajado tanto, la maestra comenzo a preguntarse como podrian montar una exhibicion que incluyera todo esto. Entonces se le ocurrio la idea de montar un museo de huesos. Los ninos acogieron su sugerencia con mucho entusiasmo y empezaron a pensar en lo que tendrian que hacer para montarlo y cuales articulos tendrian que incluir. Despues de unas cuantas discusiones, los ninos formaron comites COMITES. Persons who are attached to a public minister, are so called. As to their privileges, see 1 Dall. 117; Baldw. 240; and Ambassador.  para dividirse el trabajo. Los diversos equipos de trabajo que formaron se encargaron cada uno de escribir etiquetas para los articulos que se iban a exhibir, disenar una invitacion, hacer un letrero grande con el titulo de la exhibicion, encargarse de los bocadillos y armar los escaparates de exhibicion.

Fase 3: El Museo de Huesos

Despues de seis semanas de trabajo intenso y productivo, los padres de nuestros alumnos vinieron a la escuela para compartir con sus hijos todo lo que ellos habian aprendido sobre los huesos y para ver todo el trabajo que habian hecho.

Los ninos cantaron y bailaron una cancion sobre huesos. Luego, la maestra hizo una presentacion en PowerPoint con fotografias y muestras del trabajo de los ninos que habia ido preparando desde el inicio del proyecto para irlo documentando.

Despues de la presentacion en PowerPoint, los expertos en huesos compartieron sus conocimientos con sus padres, respondiendo a las preguntas que ellos les hacian. Los ninos tambien tuvieron la oportunidad de hacer preguntas al publico y les divertia mucho ver que sus mamas y papas

no se sabian algunas respuestas.

Conclusion

En anos anteriores, ya habia tratado de desarrollar diversos proyectos en nuestra escuela. Mis conocimientos sobre el Metodo de ensenanza por proyectos ("Project Approach") se basaban en la lectura de todos los libros que habia podido encontrar sobre este tema. Habia escuchado diversas ponencias durante las conferencias de la Asociacion Nacional para la Educacion de Ninos Pequenos ("National Association for the Education of Young Children" o NAEYC) y me inscribi al Project-L listserv (Project-L). Como soy la directora del Departamento de Preescolar de mi escuela, es mi deber motivar e instruir a mis maestras para poder brindar la mejor educacion posible a nuestros alumnos. Yo sabia que el trabajo por proyectos era la opcion que yo queria que ellos siguieran. Trate de comunicar mi entusiasmo y mis conocimientos de la mejor forma forma,
adj/n minor elements between the members of a botanical species.
 que pude a mis maestras. Unas cuantas maestras tuvieron exito en sus proyectos, otras no e incluso otras nunca terminaron los proyectos que iniciaron. Muchas de mis maestras argumentaban que era imposible desarrollar un proyecto en un segundo idioma con ninos tan pequenos y se dieron por vencidas antes de siquiera intentarlo. Nuestra energia se vio renovada este ano despues de que la Dra. Sylvia Chard vino a nuestra escuela a impartir un taller de tres dias de duracion. Mis maestras se emocionaron mucho y yo me senti mejor preparada para guiarlas.

Una de las maestras quiso empezar un proyecto de inmediato y juntas realizamos el Proyecto de Huesos. Al principio, nuestros alumnos tuvieron dificultades para hacer preguntas y nosotras nos preguntamos si estas dificultades pudieran ser a causa de la barrera del lenguaje. Sin embargo, a medida que fue avanzado el estudio, comprendimos que los ninos no estaban acostumbrados a hacer preguntas porque siempre se les habia dado la mayoria de la informacion. Despues de modelar el planteamiento de preguntas lo suficiente, ellos comenzaron a preguntarse y a hacer todo tipo de preguntas. Ellos entremezclaban palabras en espanol si no tenian suficiente vocabulario en ingles, pero fueron capaces de expresar sus pensamientos e ideas con bastante claridad. Ahora sabemos que el trabajo de proyecto ciertamente puede ser realizado en un segundo idioma con ninos pequenos.

A lo largo del Proyecto de Huesos, los ninos de kinder fueron capaces de aplicar habilidades basicas a la resolucion de problemas reales. No solo cumplieron con los requerimientos para su edad y grado escolar, sino que superaron nuestras expectativas en cuanto a los conocimientos y las habilidades que adquirieron.

Este proyecto motivo un cambio importante en nuestra escuela, porque la automotivacion, el entusiasmo, el interes y la disposicion a trabajar arduamente de los ninos, asi como la creatividad y las habilidades para resolver problemas que mostraron, asombraron a otras maestras que habian estado renuentes a intentar el trabajo de proyecto.

Los padres de los ninos no habian sido informados de que estabamos trabajando de una manera diferente. No obstante, todos ya adivinaban que algo habia cambiado porque el interes que mostraron sus hijos por este tema se vio reflejado en casa. Algunos padres compartieron estos comentarios con nosotros despues de que habia concluido el proyecto:
   Como padres, siempre le preguntabamos a nuestro hijo que habia
   hecho en la escuela. Su respuesta siempre habia sido la misma
   -"nada" o "jugue"- hasta que su grupo empezo a estudiar el tema de
   los huesos. De inmediato nos empezamos a enterar que habia hecho
   en la escuela porque llegaba a casa a contarnos. El involucro a
   toda la familia, compartiendo con nosotros lo que habia aprendido
   y haciendonos todo tipo de preguntas. En casa, pasaba largos ratos
   buscando cosas significativas que pudieran estar relacionadas con
   el proyecto para que pudiera llevarlas a la escuela. Nuestro hijo
   estaba sumamente motivado y todos quedamos asombrados al ver todo
   lo que aprendio. (Padres de Fernando)

   Siempre me ha gustado participar en lo que hace mi hija en la
   escuela, pero quede realmente sorprendida cuando vi a Ines y a sus
   companeros abordar un tema desde tantos puntos de vista
   diferentes. Ellos aplicaron muchas habilidades: musicales,
   manuales, analiticas, deductivas, de observacion, cientificas,
   culinarias y linguisticas. Este es el tipo de educacion que quiero
   para mi hija: aprender al averiguar mas sobre lo que le interesa y
   no mediante la memorizacion de datos irrelevantes. (Mama de Ines)


[FIGURAS 1-90 OMITIR]

Agradecimientos

Quiero expresar mi mas profundo agradecimiento a la Dra. Sylvia C. Chard, por todo lo que me ha ensenado y por su orientacion y apoyo, los cuales me permitieron no solo adquirir una comprension mas cabal, sino tambien enamorarme con el Metodo de ensenanza por proyectos ("Project Approach"). Quiero agradecer tambien a Miss Ivette Alkon, la maestra de kinder que tuvo la vision y el interes por abordar el estudio de este tema.

Acerca de la autora

Yvonne Kogan, Maestra en Educacion, es la directora del Departamento de Preescolar del Colegio Eton en la Ciudad de Mexico, cargo que ha desempenado durante los ultimos trece anos. Sus intereses incluyen el trabajo de proyecto y el desarrollo artistico de los ninos.

Yvonne Kogan

Plan de Barrancas 96

Col. Lomas de Chapultepec

C.P. 11000

Mexico D.F.

Mexico

Correo electronico: yvonnekogan@att.net.mx

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Author:Kogan, Yvonne
Publication:Early Childhood Research & Practice
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Date:Mar 22, 2003
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