A review on potentiality of medicinal plants as the source of new contraceptive principles. (Review).Summary Recently, a review has already been made on the synthetic contraceptive agents whereas this review embraces the natural contraceptives upto year 2001 with 355 references. It also includes the isolation of their active principles, methods of analysis of active ingredients through TLC TLC total lung capacity; thin-layer chromatography. TLC abbr. 1. thin-layer chromatography 2. , HPLC HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography. HPLC high performance liquid chromatography. HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography Lab instrumentation A highly sensitive analytic method in which analytes are placed , their side effects Side effects Effects of a proposed project on other parts of the firm. and pharmacological action. Key words: Medicinal plants, Anti-fertility activity, Adverse effects, TLC-autobiography Introduction The population explosion is one of the major problems of present era in the world. The increment of population raises so many sufferings like lack of food, water, energy and raw material supply, decline in mortality etc. before human beings and it also has increased the life expectancy Life Expectancy 1. The age until which a person is expected to live. 2. The remaining number of years an individual is expected to live, based on IRS issued life expectancy tables. . In view of above discussion, scientists have started to tackle this serious problem by developing the effective contraceptives. The term contraceptives refers to those chemical substances that inhibit either the sperms production and sperm motility in males or prevent the formation of ovum and produce some changes in the endometrium endometrium /en·do·me·tri·um/ (-me´tre-um) pl. endome´tria the mucous membrane lining the uterus. en·do·me·tri·um n. pl. , rendering it non-receptive to a fertilized ovum in females (Haller, 1965; Pincus, 1965a, b; Pincus and Bialy bi·a·ly n. pl. bia·lys A flat, round baked roll topped with onion flakes. [After Bialystok.] Noun 1. , 1965; Tyler, 1967). The adverse effects (Borell, 1970; Kannel, 1979; Takacs, 1979; Blashkova et al. 1981) caused by oral and injectible contraceptives are increased blood transminase, cholesterol levels, indigestion, weight gain, headache, depression, fatigue, hypermenorrhea and intermenorrheal bleeding (not exceeding by 8%). These also disturb the metabolism of lipid, protein, carbohydrates, enzymes and vitamins (Zaeslein-Buthe, 1971; Bingel and Benoit, 1973a, b; Spellacy, 1974). One of the most challenging pursuits in the realm of pharmaceutical and medical sciences is the search for newer and more potent drugs with little toxic effects, self-administrable, less expensive and completely reversible. Much of these properties are observed in the drugs of plant origin. During the latter part of this century, the practice of herbalism herbalism /her·bal·ism/ (er´-) (her´bal-izm) the medical use of preparations containing only plant material. has become mainstream throughout the world. This is due in part to the recognition of the value of traditional medical systems, particularly of Asian origin, and the identification of medicinal plants from indigenous pharmacopeias. In the Western world, in particular, the developing concept that 'natural' is better than 'chemical' or 'synthetic' has led to the evolution of Neo-Western herbalism. In the US, often guised as food or food supplements, known as nutriceuticals, these formulations are readily available for those that wish to self-medicate (Lewis, 2001). Among the three ways of controlling population i.e. Abortion, Sterilization or Contraception, the contraceptive way of birth control is one of the most popularizing ways nowadays and different types of contraceptive devices are being used which are: 1. Mechanical devices -- diaphragm, cervical cap cervical cap n. A small, rubber, cup-shaped contraceptive device that fits over the uterine cervix to prevent the entry of sperm. , intrauterine intrauterine /in·tra·uter·ine/ (-u´ter-in) within the uterus. in·tra·u·ter·ine adj. Within the uterus. Intrauterine Situated or occuring in the uterus. devices (IUD IUD Definition An IUD is an intrauterine device made of plastic and/or copper that is inserted into the womb (uterus) by way of the vaginal canal. One type releases a hormone (progesterone), and is replaced each year. ). 2. Physiological devices -- oral pills. 3. Surgical devices -- tubectomy/vasectomy. In females these devices act upon any of the reproductive organ/physiological aspect like, they may 1. Be anti-ovulatory. 2. Affect the union of ova and sperm. 3. Be abortifacient abortifacient /abor·ti·fa·cient/ (ah-bor?ti-fa´shent) 1. causing abortion. 2. an agent that induces abortion. a·bor·ti·fa·cient adj. Causing or inducing abortion. . 4. Show anti-implantation activity. 5. Have effect on the uterus. Male contraceptive (Sharma et al. 2001) are mainly directed towards: 1. Development of antispermatogenic agents to suppress sperm production. 2. Prevention of sperm maturation. 3. Prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens vas deferens: see reproductive system; vasectomy. . 4. Prevention of sperm deposition. A few TLC systems (Beyermann and Roeder, 1967; Roeder, 1967; Szekacs and Kiembala, 1970) viz. 1. Ethyl Acetate -- Cyclohexane cyclohexane (sī'kləhĕk`sān), C6H12, colorless liquid hydrocarbon. It is a cyclic alkane that melts at 6°C; and boils at 81°C;. It is nearly insoluble in water. -- Acetone acetone (ăs`ĭtōn), dimethyl ketone (dīmĕth`əl kē`tōn), or 2-propanone (prō`pənōn), CH3COCH3 (v/v 25:75:10) 2. Ethyl Acetate -- Cyclohexane (v/v 54:46) 3. Choloroform -- Acetone (v/v 90:10) were found suitable for the separation and identification of contraceptives. The reagents used for identification were [H.sub.3][PO.sub.4] - MeOH (v/v 1:1) and [SbCl.sub.3] or [SbCl.sub.5] - AcOH (v/v 1:1) The quantitative determination was carried out by spectrophotometry spectrophotometry Branch of spectroscopy dealing with measurement of radiant energy transmitted or reflected by a body as a function of wavelength. The measurement is usually compared to that transmitted or reflected by a system that serves as a standard. with the aid of calibration curve. The components after extracting with [CHCl.sub.3] from silica gel were identified by their [R.sub.f] values. After evaporating the solvent, the residue was dissolved in 20 ml Acetone -- Pyridine pyridine (pĭr`ĭdēn) or azine (ăz`ēn), C5H5N, colorless, flammable, toxic liquid with a putrid odor. It melts at −42°C; and boils at 115.5°C;. (v/v 10:1) mixture containing 0.1 ml nujol/100 ml. The solution is evaporated on mirror and analysis was carried out by IR reflective spectrography spec·tro·graph n. 1. A spectroscope equipped to photograph or otherwise record spectra. 2. A spectrogram. spec and calculated by calibration curve. This combined procedure was found most appropriate and very sensitive to identify and for separating upto 0.01-1 mg. Johnston (1981) used HPLC for determination of oral contraceptive formulations. The procedure involves a simple solvent extraction Solvent extraction A technique, also called liquid extraction, for separating the components of a liquid solution. This technique depends upon the selective dissolving of one or more constituents of the solution into a suitable immiscible liquid solvent. followed by analysis on silica gel column with cyclohexane and 2-propanol as the mobile phase. The various reviews (Jackson, 1959; Misra et al. 1961; Siegfried, 1966; Malhi and Trivedi, 1972; Orzechowski, 1972; Brondegnard, 1973; Hardman, 1974; Farnsworth et al. 1975; Kholkute et al. 1976b; San Martin Casamada, 1976; Bingel and Farnsworth, 1980; Woo et al. 1981; Farnsworth and Waller, 1982; Zhu, 1982; Bhargava, 1986c; Kong et al. 1986; Xie et al. 1986; Wong, 1987; Xu et al. 1987a) have been given on medicinal plants and their active principles for fertility regulation but the present review refer only natural contraceptives up to year 2001. The medicinal plants with their chemical substances are being summarized in the appendix (see page 245). DISCUSSION In addition to those plants listed, various other plant extract and plant products have also been used to control the fertility in either sex. Korkhov et al. (Korkhov and Mats, 1983) summarised the contraceptive preparations of plant origin. Davis (1978) reported the composition containing an ovicide ovicide /ovi·cide/ (o´vi-sid) an agent destructive to the eggs of certain organisms. ovicide an agent destructive to the ova of certain organisms, usually helminths and arthropods. podophylotoxin in the form of savin savin a neurotoxic war gas similar to organophosphorus insecticides but considerably more toxic, as demonstrated in the Tokyo subway massacre in 1995. or savin oil, stilbestrol stil·bes·trol n. DES. stilbestrol a synthetic estrogen used in the treatment of female animals for infertility and bitches for urinary incontinence. and apiole made into tablets and when taken orally, it controls extrauterine extrauterine /ex·tra·uter·ine/ (-u´ter-in) outside the uterus. ex·tra·u·ter·ine adj. Located or occurring outside the uterus. pregnancy. Bagros (1979) mentioned that aqueous solution of tannin tannin, tannic acid, or gallotannic acid, astringent vegetable product found in a wide variety of plants. Sources include the bark of oak, hemlock, chestnut, and mangrove; the leaves of certain sumacs; and plant galls. (1-1%) has power to coagulate human cervical mucus cervical mucus Gynecology A viscous fluid that plugs the cervical os, and prevents sperm and bacteria from entering the uterus; at midcycle, under estrogenic influence, CM becomes thin, watery, and stringy, and allows free passage of sperm into the uterus. , seminal fluid seminal fluid n. Semen, especially its fluid component without spermatozoa. and other mucin type of glycoprotein glycoprotein (glī'kōprō`tēn), organic compound composed of both a protein and a carbohydrate joined together in covalent chemical linkage. . According to Bagros (1976) supposition were formulated from tannin ethers, benzalkonium chloride benzalkonium chloride /ben·zal·ko·ni·um chlo·ride/ (ben?zal-ko´ne-um) a quaternary ammonium compound used as a surface disinfectant and detergent, topical antiseptic, and antimicrobial preservative. , carboxymethyl cysteine cysteine (sĭs`tēn), organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. Only the l-stereoisomer participates in the biosynthesis of mammalian protein. and excipients in sufficient quantities. It acts as a barrier for sperm penetration and thus enhanced the possibility for contraception purposes. Alkaloids alkaloids, n alkaline phytochemicals that contain nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring structure. They can have powerful pharmacological effects and are more often used in traditional medicine than in herbal treatments. (Coutinho, 1971; Trifunac and Bernstein, 1982) were described as short-term contraceptives. Coronaridine.HCl (Mehrotra and Kamboj, 1978) (30 mg/kg) given orally to rats on day 1-5 post-coitum prevented pregnancy. Only low order antifertility activity were found for isoflavones (Moersch et al. 1967) related to genistein in mice. Gallegos (1983) reported that the zoapatle was traditional remedy for fertility control. Chow et al. (1980) observed that cytochalasin-A, was most effective spermicide spermicide /sper·mi·cide/ (sper´mi-sid) an agent destructive to spermatozoa.spermici´dal sper·mi·cide n. An agent that kills spermatozoa, especially as a contraceptive. while cytochalasin-B had little or no effect on sperm motility even at 0.1%. In vitro experiments (Brown-Wood man and White, 1977) on human sperms indicated that quinine quinine (kwī`nīn', kwĭnēn`), white crystalline alkaloid with a bitter taste. Before the development of more effective synthetic drugs such as quinacrine, chloroquine, and primaquine, quinine was the specific agent in the treatment of . HCl is spermicidal sper·mi·cide n. An agent that kills spermatozoa, especially one used as a contraceptive. Also called spermatocide. sper enough for use in an intracervical device that it blocks sperm metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle: see Krebs cycle. tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle or citric-acid cycle Last stage of the chemical processes by which living cells obtain energy from foodstuffs. . (3R) Classequinone (Guerra et al. 1985) when administered to rats at 200 [micro]g/100 g i.p. on the 4th day of gestation, inhibit implantation and caused abortion in 32.3% of implanted embryos. Sander (1940) reported a great spermatocidal efficiency of higher unsaturated fatty acids, which have originated from animal and plant fats and oils. Astedt et al. (1977) reported estradiol as an oral contraceptive without causing thromboembolic thromboembolic pertaining to or emanating from thromboembolism. thromboembolic meningoencephalitis see hemophilosis. thromboembolic parasitism see thromboembolic colic. incidents. Sanyal (Sanyal, 1956b; Sanyal and Sarkar Sarkar could mean:
Li Keliang et al. (1995) reported that latex or polyurethane containing nonoxynol, iodophor iodophor (īō´d  fôr),n a loose chemical compound of iodine with certain organic compounds; e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone. and an appropriate amount of distilled water, is used as contraceptive. Shlenker et al. (1993) reported methods of making biocide biocide (bī`əsīd'), synonym for pesticide. containing latex articles (condom) which acts as a chemical barrier against the transmission of disease causing microbes. According to Roland (1993) the use of latex rubber condom reduces the probability of HIV HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), either of two closely related retroviruses that invade T-helper lymphocytes and are responsible for AIDS. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS in the United States. infection by roughly a factor of three. Recent biochemical approaches to post testicular testicular /tes·tic·u·lar/ (tes-tik´u-lar) pertaining to a testis. tes·tic·u·lar adj. Of or relating to a testicle or testis. testicular pertaining to the testis. epididymal epididymal emanating from or pertaining to the epididymis. epididymal inflammation see epididymitis. epididymal segmental aplasia a defect in mesonephric development in which part of the epididymis is missing. contraception include the work of Cooper and Yeung (1999). According to these biochemists, targeting a specific sperm protein acquired in the testes but depleted in the epididymis epididymis /ep·i·did·y·mis/ (-did´i-mis) pl. epididy´mides [Gr.] an elongated cordlike structure along the posterior border of the testis; its coiled duct provides for storage, transit, and maturation of spermatozoa and is by toxicant toxicant /tox·i·cant/ (tok´si-kant) 1. poisonous. 2. poison. tox·i·cant n. 1. A poison or poisonous agent. 2. An intoxicant. adj. that induce rapid infertility may also lead to the discovery of new contraceptives. These will require developing new organs-specific delivery of contraceptive drugs. Goldberg (1999) invented novel proteins and peptides derived from proteins unique to sperm and testes. These are useful in vaccines for contraception in mammals. These proteins and peptides are also useful in diagnostic assays for assessing infertility. Howett and Reider (1999) observed that broad-spectrum microbicidal and spermicidal composition containing anionic an·i·on n. A negatively charged ion, especially the ion that migrates to an anode in electrolysis. [From Greek, neuter present participle of anienai, to go up : ana-, ana- surfactants are used for preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Diclosed are microbicidal and spermicidal devices, methods and compositions containing sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium dodecyl sulfate (or sulphate) (SDS or NaDS) (C12H25NaO4S),is an anionic surfactant that is used in household products such as toothpastes, shampoos, shaving foams and bubble baths for its thickening effect and its ability to or related anionic surfactants as active ingre dients for the control of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. The relative slow emergence of fertility control technologies for practical application clearly reflects the complexity of science and the requirement of multidisciplinary research approach. Effective immunocontraceptive vaccines will also be critically dependent on the design of the delivery systems. These will be unique to each species under study. A major challenge for free ranging species will be to ensure that the vaccine can induce a long-lasting immune response immune response n. An integrated bodily response to an antigen, especially one mediated by lymphocytes and involving recognition of antigens by specific antibodies or previously sensitized lymphocytes. to a high percentage of the target population, thus reducing the frequency and, hence, the cost of vaccine application. Many of the delivery systems being considered will utilize recombinant organisms. Hence, considerations on the use of such organisms need to take into account the political, ethical and safety constraints prior to any environmental release. Also careful thought has to be given to ensure that the specificity can be built into the vaccines at several levels (Bradley et al. 1999). From above discussion, it is evident that today is the need of hour to develop either potent oral or injectible, hormonal or biochemical contraceptives for controlling the population explosion of the world which cause no undesirable side effects. Some important factors (Iglesias, 1985; Arsyad, 1986) viz. LH-RH analogs, inhibition of leutinization/steroid formation etc. must be considered in the development and standardisation of new fertility regulating principles.
Appendix
Name of the Plant/ Chemical Constituents (s)
S.No. Part of the Plant/extract if any
1. Abrus precatorius PEP-103, PEP-104, Abridin,
Dry extract from seeds Steroidal fraction.
2. Acacia arabica -
3. Acacia auriculiformis Two partially characterised
triterpenoid saponins (Tg),
containing acaciaside A and
acaciaside B with the aglycon
structure of acacic acid
lactone. (I)
4. Acacia caesia Acacic acid saponin (I-VI)
lupeol, [alpha]-spinosterol
and stigmasterol.
5. Acacia catechu -
6. Acacia concinna Lupeol, [alpha]-spinosterol,
Bark. hexacosanol, [alpha]-
apinasterone, acacic acid,
acacic acid lactone and an
amorphous saponin.
7. Acalypha indica -
8. Achyranthes aspera -
Methanolic, acetone,
n-BuOH extract of
aerial parts.
9. Achyranthes bidentata Achyranthes bidentata
saponins.
(ABS)
10. Adiantum capillus Isoadiantone.
Whole plant/petroleum
ether extract.
11. Aehonychon purpurea- Lithospermic acid.
caemleum
12. Albizzia lebbek Lebbekanin-E.
13. Albizzia procera Oleanolic acid saponin and
Seeds. proceric acid saponin mixture.
14. Anagallis arvensis -
Whole plant.
15. Ananas comosus Steroids.
16. Andrographis -
paniculata
Leaves dry powder,
powdered stem.
17. Androsace Triterpene glycosides.
septentrionalis
Plant extract.
18. Aristolochia indica Sesquiterpene, aristolochic acid.
Roots/EtOH extract.
19. Asparagus pubescens -
Root/methanolic extract.
20. Azadirachta indica Neem oil.
Leaves, seeds/dry
powder, hexane,
ethanolic extract.
21. Balanites roxburghii -
planch fruit pulp
extract/ethanolic extract.
22. Barleria prionitis -
Root extract.
23. Beaumontia grandiflora -
Leaves extract.
24. Berberis sp. Berberis alkaloid.
25. Berberis chitria Palmitine hydroxide.
26. Brachybotrys Phenol carboxylic acids mainly
paridiformis lithospermic acid.
27. Bursera fagaroides Glycosides
Cortex/ethanolic
extract.
28. Butea frondosa -
Seeds/ethanolic extract.
29. Butea monosperma Butin.
Seeds.
30. Calendula officinalis Saponins employed in extract form
or pure form.
31. Calotropis procera Calotropin.
Root.
32. Cannabis sativa -
33. Carica papaya -
Fruit, drypowder
of seed.
34. Casearia iticifolia Flavonoids, triterpenes
Leaves. and Steroids.
35. Centella asiatica Isothankuniside and BK Compound
[Methyl-5-hydroxy-3, 6-diketo-23
(or24)-norurs-12-en-28-oate]
36. Chordia dichotoma -
Leaf extract.
37. Cichorium intybus -
Seeds/ethanolic extract.
38. Citrus aurantium Cirantine.
Peel.
38a. Clerodendrum serratum -
Plants excludint root.
39. Colebrookia -
oppositifolia
Leaf extract.
40. Coleus barbatus -
Hydroalcoholic extract.
41. Combretodendron africanum Tannins and saponisides.
stem bark/aqueous extract.
42. Coccus lacca -
43. Curcuma longa 50% -
ethanolic extract.
44. Curcuma zedoaria -
Tubers.
45. Cyclamen persicum Saponins.
46. Cynoglossum officinale Acid preparations, eksi, cynokis
imkis, lithospermic acid.
47. Cynomorum coccineum -
Aqueous extract.
48. daphne species Yuahuatin.
49. Datura quercifolia Daturalactone ([DQ.sub.1])
50. Daucus carota Volatile oil carbohydrate
Seeds/alcoholic extract. fraction (CH) of carot seed oil.
51. Deutzia corymbosa -
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract
52. Dictamnus albus Fraxinellone.
Root bark/methanolic
and hexane extract.
53. Dieffenbachia amoena -
Leaves/ aqueous extract
54. Dioscorea zingiberensis Saponins.
55. Diploclisia glaucescens Ecdysterone
Stem.
56. Dipsacus mitis -
Root/ethyl acetate
extract
57. Echeveria gibbifiora -
Aqueous crude extract
58. Echinops echinatus -
Root/50% alcoholic
extract.
59. Echium vulgare Ekis, cynokis, imkis,
hthospermic acid.
60. Embelia ribes Embelin.
Seeds or fruit berries/
petroleum ether,
methanolic, henzene
and chloroform extract.
61. Ensete superpa Kadalin.
Seeds.
62. Ephedera gerardiana -
Acetone extract.
63. Epilobium augustifolium -
Hexane/aqueous extract.
64. Eupatorium brevipes Brevipenin.
65. Ferula jaesochkeana Ferujol.
Aerial part/hexane
extract.
66. Foeniculum vulgare Anethole
Seeds.
67. Gardenia jasminoides Two new cycloartane triterpenoids
Flowers/ethyl acetate namely gardenic acid and
extract. gardenolic acid B.
68. Geranium lucidum -
Acetone extract.
69. Gnaphalium indicum -
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract.
70. Gossypium barbadense -
Seed/aqueous extract.
71. Gossypum herbaceum Cotton seed oil emulsion, gossypol,
gossypol acetic acid and gossypol
acetate.
72. Guetterda andamanica -
Aerial parts/ethanolic
extract.
73. Gypsophila paniculata Saponinu
74. Hedera nepalensis [beta]-amyrin, [beta]-sitosterol,
Inflorescence. oleanolic acid and [beta]-
sitosterol-D-glucosides, Nepalin-1
Nepalin-2, Nepalin-3.
75. Heliotropium n-hexacosanol, sitosterol,
indicum Petroleum stigmasterol, chalinasterol and
ether extract. campestrol.
76. Hibiscus macranthus -
Aqueous extract.
77. Hibiscus rosasinensis -
Flowers/benzene,
chloroform and 50%
EtOH extract.
78. Hyptis suabeoleus -
Whole plant.
79. Ixora finlaysoniana -
Serial part/crude
ethanolic extract.
80. Juniperus communis -
Acetone extract.
81. Lappula myosotis -
82. Lepidium capitatum -
Whole plant/
benzene extract.
83. Lithospermum Phenol carboxylic acid.
erythrorhizon
84. Lygodium flexuosum -
Whole plant/
alcoholic extract.
85. Malvaviscus -
conzattus Greenm
Flowers/methanolic,
50% EtOH extract.
86. Marsdenia koi Steroidal glycoside:
Whole plantlmethanolic Marsdekoiside A and B.
extract.
87. Maytenus ilicifolia -
Leaves/ethanolic
extract.
88. Melodinusfusiformis Alkaloids: 11, 19(R)-dihydroxy
tabersonine, 11-hydroxy-14, 15
[alpha]-epoxy tabersonine.
-
89. Memcyclon lushingtonii
Aerial parts/ethanolic
extract.
90. Mentha arvensis -
Leaves/petroleum ether,
50% ethanolic extract.
91. Mesuaferrea -
Flowers.
92. Momordica augusti- -
sepala L.
Aqueous extract.
93. Momordica charantia [beta]-momorcharin and three
Seeds/petroleum ether sterols.
and benzene extract.
94. Momordica Momorcochin
lochinchinensis
Roots-tubers.
95. Momordica diocia -
Tuber/zqueous extract.
96. Montanoa tomentosa (a)(-) Kaura-9 (11)-16 dien-
Leaves/hexane, 19-oic acid (b) Kaurenoic acid
aqueous extract. and (c) Monogynoic acid,
Grandiflorenic acid (GA).
97. Moringa oleifera -
Roots/aqueous extract.
98. Murraya exotica -
Roots.
99. Murraya paniculata Yuehchukene.
Roots
100. Myristica fragrans -
Ethanolic extract.
101. Nelumbo nucifera -
Seeds/petroleum ether
extract.
102. Nicotiana tabaccum Nicotine.
103. Nigella sativa -
Seeds/hexane extract.
104. Ocimum sanctum -
Leaf powder.
105. Ophiopogon intermedius n-octacosanol, [beta]-
Rhizome. sitosterol, diosgenin,
ruscogenin, [beta]-sitosterol-
[betal]-D-glucoside, dioscin
and furostanol glycoside.
106. Paracynoglossum incretinum. Lithospermic acid.
107. Pentapanax leschenaultii Oleanolic acid (0.01%)
leschenaultii Fruit/ triterpene glycosides.
ethanolic extract.
108. Phytolacca americana Steroidal acidic saponin.
Roots/EtOH extract.
109. Phtolacca dodecandra Saponins, lemmatoxin,
BuOH extract of oleanoglycotoxin-A,
sundried berries. lemmatoxin-C and oleanolic
acid.
110. Piper betle L. Dry extract. -
111. Pipe longum Fruit/ Wax alkaloid and piperine.
aceton, benzene
and EtOH extract.
112. Pipe peopuloides Waxy alkaloid.
petroleum ether extract.
113. Pisum sativum m-xylohydroquinone, oil from
seeds.
114. Pithecolobium saman Samanin-D
Flowers.
115. Pittosporum nilghrense Pittoside A and B.
116. Plantago ovata -
117. Plantanus orientails -
Acetone extract.
118. Plumbago zeylanica Plumbgin free either glycosides or
Roots/EtOH extract. tannins, plumbagin (I)
119. Plianthes tuberosa Oil.
120. Primula vulgaris Saponins.
121. Pseudolarix kaemferi -
122. Pueraria tuberosa -
Tubers/50% ethanolic,
D.C. and methanolic,
crude powder, butanolic,
hexane, chloroform,
petroleum ether,
benzene extract.
123. Pulmonaria mollis Phenol carboxylic acid
124. Punica grantum -
Aqueous and MeOH
extract.
125. Rauwolfia series Reserpine.
126. Rhoeo spathacea -
127. Ricinus communis -
Seeds/methanolic
extracts ether soluble
fraction.
128. Ruellia prostrata Lupeol, sitosterol, stigmasterol
Petroleum ether and and long chain ester ([C.sub.42-
aqueous extract. [C.sub.60])
129. Ruta graveolans Chalepensin (I).
Root, stem and leaf/
chloroform extract.
130. Salsola 2-(4-acetoxypheny1)-2-chloro-N-
tuberculatiformis methyl-ethylammonium chloride
Shrub (Compound A).
131. Salviafruticosa -
Leaves/aqueous and
ethanolic extract.
132. Sapindus mukorosu Saponins [beta]-amyrin C-28
carboxylic acid type of sapogenins.
133. Saracaindica -
134. Schefflera capitata Schefferoside.
135. Senecio vulgaris Senicionine and
Methanolic extract. senicionine-N-oxide.
136. Solanum crassypetalum -
Aerial parts/ethanolic
extract. -
137. Solanum xanthocarpum Solasodine.
138. Sophora japonica Sophoricoside, genistein,
138. Sophora japonica Sphoricoside, genisterin,
kaempferol, sophorabioside,
sophoraflavonoloside, rutin.
139. Spartiumjunceum -
Broom
140. Stemodia durantifolia -
141. Sterculia foetida Oil
142. Stevia rebaudiana -
Whole plant,
aqueous extract.
143. Striga Iutea Acacetin, luteolin, flavones.
Whole plant/petroleum
ether and chloroform
extracts.
144. Striga orobanchioides Apigenin and luteolin
ethanolic extract.
145. Syzygium cumini -
Alcoholic extract
146. Tabernaemontana Coronaridine.
heyheana
147. Taxus baccata -
Leaves/aqueous,
alcoholic, petroleum
ether extract.
148. Terminalia arjuna -
Stem bark.
149. Terminalia chebula -
Seeds.
150. Thalictrum species Triterpene glycosides,
minus and foetidum. foetoside progenin,
thalcosides.
151. Thespesia populnea (+) Gossypol.
152. Traqia involucerta -
153. Trichosanthes [beta]-Trichosanthin.
cucumeroids
Roots tubers.
154. Trichosanthes kirilowi Trichosanthin.
Root tuber.
155. Trigonella foenum- -
graecum
Seed extract.
156. Tripterygium wilfordii Total glycosides, Diterpene
epoxides, Triptolide , tripdiolide,
triptolidenol, tripchlorolide,
16-hydroxytriptolide and T7/19
157. Uncaria tomentosa Tannin free extract.
Root.
158. Vicoa indica -
159. Vinca rosea Vincristine.
160. Vitex negundo 'L' Flavonoid-rich fraction (5, 7, 3'-
Seeds. trihydroxy-6, 8, 4'-trimethoxy
flavones)
161. Xestospongia -
wiedenmayeri
Name of the Plant/
S.No. Part of the Plant/extract Uses
1. Abrus precatorius Oral contraceptive, prevents
Dry extract from seeds implantationof fertilized ovum
by inhibiting endometrial
alkaline phosphate, induces
100% sterility in mice when
injected one day pre and post
coitum. Sperm anti-motility
activity, Steroidal fraction
indirectly influenced the
pituitary level, leading to
decrease in production and
release of testosterone,
resulting in significant
alterations in the testis.
2. Acacia arabica Effective oral contraceptive
in rats and inhibits
implanation.
3. Acacia auriculiformis Caused obvious immobilisation
of sperm at lowest
concentration. ED = 0.35 mg/mL
in physiol. saline. ED
prevented sperm entry in human
cervical mucus and caused
death of treated sperm.
4. Acacia caesia Spermicidal agent.
5. Acacia catechu Effective oral contraceptive
in rats and inhibits
implantation.
6. Acacia concinna Spermicidal and semen
Bark. coagulating activities.
Saponin showed spermicidal
activity at 0.004-0.125%.
7. Acalypha indica Post-coital antiferility
activity.
8. Achyranthes aspera Anti-implantation activity,
Methanolic, acetone, prevented pregnancy in 60%
n-BuOH extract of female rats, dose = 75 mg/kg
aerial parts. and for hamsters at [less than
or equal to] 300 mg/kg.
9. Achyranthes bidentata Antifertility effect of ABS on
rats and mice observed. On 1-
10 days of pregnancy of mice,
admn. of ABS by gavage
effectively prevented
pregnancy. ABS caused dose
dependent antifertility effect
in mice and [ED.sub.50] was
218 mg/kg.
10. Adiantum capillus Inhibited post coital implantation
Whole plant/petroleum in rats.
ether extract.
11. Aehonychon purpurea- Contraceptive action.
caemleum
12. Albizzia lebbek Spermicidal activity.
13. Albizzia procera Spermicidal activity at
Seeds. 0.004-0.125%.
14. Anagallis arvensis Spermicidal and semen coagulating
Whole plant. activities
15. Ananas comosus Abortifacient activity.
16. Andrographis Antispermatogenic and
paniculata antiandrogenic effect. Significant
Leaves dry powder, reduction in fertility and
powdered stem. prolongation in gestation period
after 3 and 4 weeks of feeding a
group containing treated male
Wistar mice and untreated female
mice, on diets supplemented to
extent of 0.75% by powdered stem.
17. Androsace Contraceptive and abortive action
septentrionalis on rats and mice, prevented
Plant extract. pregnancy in post-coital tests.
[ED.sub.50] 100 mg/kg.
18. Aristolochia indica Antisperniatogenic and
Roots/EtOH extract. antiandrogenic effects. 100%
interceptive and anti-implantation
activity, oral dose 100 mg/kg.
19. Asparagus pubescens 0.5-1.5 g/kg protected animals from
Root/methanolic extract. conception for 4-14 gestational
periods in rabbits, rats and mice.
It inhibited fetal implantation.
Its contraceptive effect may in
part be due to its
anti-implantation and/or a direct
effect on the uterus.
20. Azadirachta indica Antispermatogenic activities and
Leaves, seeds/dry histological changes in testes and
powder, hexane, epididymides. Prevented pregnancy
ethanolic extract. (100%) if taken before sexual
intercourse and checked embryo
implantation. Anti-implantational
and abortifacient effects
were observed in females mated by
the males fed with the extract
Completely abrogate pregnancy in
rodents upto a concentration of
10%. Mechanism of action- By
activating cell mediated immune
reactions. Elicits less side
effects than the steroidal
contraceptives. Praneem polyherbal
cream showed high contraceptive
efficacy in rabbits and in monkeys
after intravaginal application.
21. Balanites roxburghii Mass atrophy of spermatogenic
planch fruit pulp elements due to secondary
extract/ethanolic extract. effects of hyperglycemia in dogs.
22. Barleria prionitis Antifertility effect on male rats.
Root extract.
23. Beaumontia grandiflora Showed anti-implantational,
Leaves extract. abortifacient and luteolytic
effects.
24. Berberis sp. Antifertility, antibacterial,
antileukemic and antiulurous
activity.
25. Berberis chitria Impairment of germ cells.
26. Brachybotrys Contraceptive action.
paridiformis
27. Bursera fagaroides Human spermatozoa and those
Cortex/ethanolic obtained from mouse epididymis
extract. became agglutinated and
immobilized in 100% with 30% of
viability decrease. This effect
occurred in 50% of pig's sperm
and 50% of rabbits sperm when
the concenteration was increased
ten fold.
28. Butea frondosa Partial abortive in action in mice
Seeds/ethanolic extract. and rats when given orally daily
during the 1st 5 days of pregnancy.
29. Butea monosperma Potential male contraceptive with
Seeds. minimal side effects.
30. Calendula officinalis Spermatocides, anti-blastocysts
and abortion agents.
31. Calotropis procera Antispermatogenic effect and Icydig
Root. cell atrophy.
32. Cannabis sativa Dosage of 14mg/kg for 90 days
caused testicular lesions resulting
in mass atrophy of spermatogenic
elements.
33. Carica papaya Antispermatogenic effect. Possess
Fruit, drypowder reversible male contraceptive
of seed. potential and the effects appear to
be mediated through the testis.
Contraceptive effects are mainly
post-testicular in nature without
adverse toxicity and without
influencing toxicological profile
and libido of animals i.e. male
albino rats.
34. Casearia iticifolia Antifertility activity.
Leaves.
35. Centella asiatica Used as oral antifertility agents
in albino mice and both compounds
caused consistent reduction of
fertility in female mice.
36. Chordia dichotoma Anti-implantational and
Leaf extract. abortifacient effects were observed
in females mated by the males fed
with the extract.
37. Cichorium intybus Showed significant contraceptive
Seeds/ethanolic extract. activity when administered orally
to adult female Sprague-Dawley
rats in days 1-10 postcoitum.
38. Citrus aurantium oral contraceptive. 0.75 mg/kg
Peel. in 0.1% ethylene glycol daily on
rabbit.
38a. Clerodendrum serratum Showed spermicidal activity.
Plants excludint root.
39. Colebrookia Effect on testicular cell
oppositifolia population.
Leaf extract.
40. Coleus barbatus Folk medicine to interupt
Hydroalcoholic extract. pregnancy. Pregnant Wistar rats
on treatment with 880 mg/kg per
day of etract before embryo
implantation caused delayed
fetal development and an anti-
implantation effect and thus
justifies its use for abortive
purposes.
41. Combretodendron africanum Caused abortion at 1g/kg. s.c. in
stem bark/aqueous extract. miee and rats. 0.05 g/kg dose
ablished copulation for 30 days in
female rabbits. Contain substances
exhibiting estrogenic and possibly
anti-estrogenic potency. It
appeared as to be a potent
secretagogue not requiring LHRH
receptors. Blocks the estrous
cycle in luteal phase of the
mature female mice.
42. Coccus lacca Showed anti-progestational activity
in rabbits. Exhibited 33.3% to
85.7% anti-implantation effect
when given 1.25-50 mg/kg orally
from days 1-5 of pregnancy.
43. Curcuma longa 50% Interference with spermatogenesis
ethanolic extract. at later stages.
44. Curcuma zedoaria Administered orally at 500 ml/kg on
Tubers. days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited
implantation in 60% of animals and
increased foetal loss.
45. Cyclamen persicum Immobilised human sperm (60-120x
[10.sup.2] sperm/ml).
46. Cynoglossum officinale Cynokis and ekis decreased the wt.
of ovaries [10-20 mg/kg s.c.
(cynokis) or 30-100 mg/kg (imikis)
for 14 days into female rat prior
to copulation prolonged diestrus
and decreased fertility.
47. Cynomorum coccineum Effect on epididymal sperm pattern.
Aqueous extract.
48. daphne species Contraeeptive principle.
[LD.sub.50] = 3.02 mg/kg.
Abortifacient [min.sup.m] dose
for monkey = 50 [micro]g/animal
49. Datura quercifolia Most effective antifertility agent.
25 mg/kg orally for 1-7 days of
pregnancy. [DQ.sub.1] showed dose
related response. 100 mg/kg from
1-7 days of pregnancy caused 73.3%
anti-implantation effect.
50. Daucus carota Posesses weak estrogenic property
Seeds/alcoholic extract. anti-pregnancy effect. Inhibits
implantation effectively at doses
80 and 120 mg/mouse orally from
day 4 to 6 post coitum.
[F.D.sub.50] of CH = 2.9 ml/kg
for termination of early pregnancy
in mice.
51. Deutzia corymbosa Inhibit pregnancy in 60% rats.
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract
52. Dictamnus albus Decreased fertility in rats when
Root bark/methanolic administered orally on day's 1-10
and hexane extract. post-coitum. Fraxinellone showed
antifertility activity by
inhibition of implantation.
53. Dieffenbachia amoena Extract when given for 4 days
Leaves/ aqueous extract during estrous cycle to female
Wistar rats induced significant
variations of LH, FSH, PRI,
progresterone and 17 beta-estradiol
levels. It led to temporary
inhibition of ovulation.
54. Dioscorea zingiberensis Used as contraceptives.
55. Diploclisia glaucescens Spermicidal activity.
Stem.
56. Dipsacus mitis Prevented pregnancy by 100% in adul
Root/ethyl acetate but partially in rat when administe
extract and 1-10 postcoitum respectively.
Effective dose in both species was
150 mg/kg
57. Echeveria gibbifiora Guinea pig spermatozoa suffered a
Aqueous crude extract hypotonic-like effect. Suitable for
use as a vaginal barrier or male
contraceptive agent.
58. Echinops echinatus Sperm antimotility, sperm density
Root/50% alcoholic in cauda epididymis was reduced.
extract.
59. Echium vulgare Decreased the weight of ovaries.
60. Embelia ribes Potent oral contraceptive. Prevent
Seeds or fruit berries/ pregnancy 37-75%, reversible male
petroleum ether, contraceptive at dose 80 mg/kg.
methanolic, henzene Female autifertility principle 100
and chloroform extract. mg/kg. Control 57.5%
61. Ensete superpa Possesses antifertility activity.
Seeds.
62. Ephedera gerardiana Inhibit pregnancy in 60% rats.
Acetone extract.
63. Epilobium augustifolium Reduction in weight of accessory
Hexane/aqueous extract. sex organs.
64. Eupatorium brevipes Brevipenin has spermicidal
activity.
65. Ferula jaesochkeana Contraceptive agents. Prevented
Aerial part/hexane pregnancy in adult female rats when
extract. administered orally on days 1-5
post coitum. Uterine
histoarchitecture of treated rats
appeared non-receptive for
implantation.
66. Foeniculum vulgare Administered orally at 500 ml/kg.
Seeds. on days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited
imlantation in 60% of animals and
increased foetal loss. Reduced
secretory activity and weight of
accessory sex glands.
67. Gardenia jasminoides Terminated early pregnancy in rats
Flowers/ethyl acetate
extract.
68. Geranium lucidum Inhibited pregnancy in 60% rats.
Acetone extract.
69. Gnaphalium indicum Inhibit pregnancy in 60% rats.
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract.
70. Gossypium barbadense Extract given to rats cause rapid
Seed/aqueous extract. damage to testicular, liver, kidney
and muscular tissues.
71. Gossypum herbaceum Gossypol-Oral contraceptive for
man, Gossypol directly inhibited
epididymal sperm motility in vitro
and its injection inhibited sperm
motility in vivo. Gossypol affect
sperm motility by a mechanism which
is related to the structure and
functions of the plasma membrane.
Dosage - 1.250-10 mg/kg for 5-14
week for rabbit. Gossypol acetic
acid produces its contraceptive
effect by depressing spermatogenic
function through its direct action
on Leydig cells. Gossypol acetate
induced sterility at dose level of
5 or 10 mg/kg daily for 12 week.
Potential vaginal contraceptive, no
adverse effect on blood
composition, hematological
parameters and urinary secretions.
Coprecipitation of gossypol and PVP
prevented sperm motility when
applied vaginally. Gossypol
inhibits spermatogenesis in many
mammals. Cotton seed oil emulsion
also exhibited spermatozoal
motility inhibition. Effects the
physiomorphology of sertoli cells.
72. Guetterda andamanica Showed significant contraceptive
Aerial parts/ethanolic activity when administered orally
extract. to adult femal Sprague-Dawley rats
in days 1-10 postcoitum.
73. Gypsophila paniculata Spermicidal actvity at dilution of
1:20
74. Hedera nepalensis Nepalin-1, 2 and 3 at 0.5, 0.25 and
Inflorescence. 0.125% respectively, completely
immobilised human sperm.
75. Heliotropium 40% antifertility activity at a
indicum Petroleum dose in female albino rats.
ether extract.
76. Hibiscus macranthus Effect on testicular function.
Aqueous extract.
77. Hibiscus rosasinensis Antispermatogenic and anti
Flowers/benzene, androgenic effect. Antifertility
chloroform and 50% activity and anti-implantation
EtOH extract. effect. Oral administration of
benzene extract of flowers at
1 g/kg/day from day 5 to 8 of
of gestation terminated pregnancy
in about 92% animals Antifertility
activity of benezene extract =
83.7% and alcoholic extract = 50%
respectively. When administered
during day 1-4 of gestation,
exerted anti-implantation effect
without affceting the tubal
transport of zygote.
78. Hyptis suabeoleus Antifertility effect.
Whole plant.
79. Ixora finlaysoniana Oral administration of extract to
Serial part/crude adult female rats at 250 mg/kg dose
ethanolic extract. on days 1-5 or 1-7 post-coitum
prevented pregnancy in 100% rats.
80. Juniperus communis Inhibit pregnancy in 60% rats.
Acetone extract.
81. Lappula myosotis Contraceptive action.
82. Lepidium capitatum Anti-implantation activity.
Whole plant/
benzene extract.
83. Lithospermum Contraceptive action.
erythrorhizon
84. Lygodium flexuosum Antiovulatory and anti-implantation
Whole plant/ activity.
alcoholic extract.
85. Malvaviscus Antispermatogenic effect. Effective
conzattus Greenm male contraceptive 50mg/day for a
Flowers/methanolic, period of 2 weeks. Methanolic
50% EtOH extract. extract interfered with the
synthesis and/or release of
gonadotropin(s) from the pituitary
gland. The [LD.sub.50] of the
extract was found to be 20g/kg body
weight.
86. Marsdenia koi Both compounds exhibited good
Whole plantlmethanolic antifertility activity.
extract.
87. Maytenus ilicifolia Swiss mice was administered with a
Leaves/ethanolic dose of 200mg/kg/day
extract. intraperitoneally for 20 days, and
at a dose of 800mg/kg/day orally
for 30 days, which showed
alternations like exfoliated germ
cells, occasional germ cell death
few vacuolized seminiferous
tubules.
88. Melodinusfusiformis Show significant spermatocidal
activity.
Showed significant contraceptive
89. Memcyclon lushingtonii activity when administered orally
Aerial parts/ethanolic to adult female in day's 1-10
extract. postcoitum.
90. Mentha arvensis Possess reversible antifertility
Leaves/petroleum ether, property without adverse toxicity
50% ethanolic extract. in male mice. Reduces fructose
synthesis in seminal vesicles, as a
result of which the viability of
spermatozoa seems to be altered.
91. Mesuaferrea Administered orally at 500 ml/kg on
Flowers. on days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited
implantation in 60% of animals and
increased foetal loss.
92. Momordica augusti- Pregnant animals aborted their
sepala L. fetuses some hourse after
Aqueous extract. administration.
93. Momordica charantia Antispermetogenic effect.
Seeds/petroleum ether Momorcharins were teratogenic to
and benzene extract. cultured mouse embryos at the early
organogenesis state. Inhibited
embryonic implantation and
pregnancy.
94. Momordica An abortifacient protein induced
lochinchinensis mid-term abortion in mice.
Roots-tubers.
95. Momordica diocia Spermicidal activity.
Tuber/zqueous extract.
96. Montanoa tomentosa Controls antifertility in female
Leaves/hexane, rats and anti-implantation effects
aqueous extract. for human and lower animals.
Increased uterine contractions or
induced labor or abortion.
(a) at a dosage of 272 [micro]g/rat
produced 100% resorption of
fetuses. Possess unique
antifertility activity in females.
Inhibited implantation in rats and
mice when administered on days 1-6
and in hamsters when administered
on days 4-6 of gestation.
97. Moringa oleifera Oral administration of extract to
Roots/aqueous extract. rats showed antiprogestational and
antifertility activity.
98. Murraya exotica Strong anti-implantation activity
Roots. in rats.
99. Murraya paniculata Potent anti-implantation activity
Roots in rats at 3 mg/kg orally on
pregnancy day 2.
100. Myristica fragrans Premature ejaculation.
Ethanolic extract.
101. Nelumbo nucifera When administered to sexually
Seeds/petroleum ether mature female albino Swiss mice at
extract. Monogynoic acid, Grandiflorenic
a dose of 3-mg/kg-body weight on
altermate days for 15 days after 18
hours fasting, exhibited
significant contraceptive,
antiestrogenic and
antiprogestational activities.
102. Nicotiana tabaccum Antiandrogenic effect.
103. Nigella sativa Showed significant antifertility
Seeds/hexane extract. activity. Administered orally at
500 ml/kg on days 1-5 of pregnancy
inhibited implantation in 60% of
animals and increased foetal loss.
Prevented pregnancy in Sprague-
Dawley rats treated orally at 2
k/g daily does on day's 1-10 post-
coitum.
104. Ocimum sanctum Atrophy of Leydig Cells.
Leaf powder.
105. Ophiopogon intermedius Showed spermicidal activity.
Rhizome.
106. Paracynoglossum incretinum. Decreased the weight of ovarie
107. Pentapanax leschenaultii Completely immobilised human
leschenaultii Fruit/ spermatozoa.
ethanolic extract.
108. Phytolacca americana Spermatocidal agent possesses
Roots/EtOH extract. weak estrogenic property;
inhibit implantation at does
80 and 20 mg/mouse given
orally.
109. Phtolacca dodecandra Prevented pregnancy or
BuOH extract of decreased the embryonic count
sundried berries. on days 1, 4 and 6 after
coitus, had little or no
effect on pregnancy at doses
100 [micro]g. after 15 min.
compared to 50% in a control.
Reduced sperm motility to 0%
at 20 [micro]g/ml.
110. Piper betle L. Dry extract. Oral contraceptive prevents
implantation of fertilized
ovum.
111. Pipe longum Fruit/ Antispermetogenic effect.
aceton, benzene Prevent implantation
and EtOH extract. in 50% of rats.
112. Pipe peopuloides Post-coital antifertility
petroleum ether extract. activity.
113. Pisum sativum Oral contraceptive inhibits
endometrial development in
rats.
114. Pithecolobium saman Spermicidal activity.
Flowers.
115. Pittosporum nilghrense Killed human spermatozoa
(0.125% I or II)
116. Plantago ovata Froms a gel in fallopian
117. Plantanus orientails Prevent implantation of 50%
Acetone extract. or rats.
118. Plumbago zeylanica Effective antifertility agents.
Roots/EtOH extract. Anti-implantation, abortifacient
activity in rats, inhibit
ovulation in rabbits. (I) has
LD50 values of 4 and 6.5 mg/100g
in mice and rats respectively.
119. Plianthes tuberosa Oral contraceptive prevents
implantation of fertilized ovum.
120. Primula vulgaris Immobilized human sperm (60-120 x
[10.sup.9] sperm/ml) at dilution of
1:1000.
121. Pseudolarix kaemferi Terminated pregnancy.
122. Pueraria tuberosa Post-coital contraceptive. Exhibit
Tubers/50% ethanolic, 88.8% and 85.5% anti-implantation
D.C. and methanolic, activity. Crude powder, ethanolic
crude powder, butanolic, and butanolic extracts evoke a
hexane, chloroform, significant antifertility activity
petroleum ether, in rats, mice and hamsters whereas
benzene extract. hexane, chloroform, methanol,
petroleum ether and banzene
extracts are significantly
effective to prevent implantation
only in rats and mice.
123. Pulmonaria mollis Contracetive action.
124. Punica grantum Prevent implantation in 50% of rats
Aqueous and MeOH
extract.
125. Rauwolfia series Affect the fertilising capacity of
human spermatozoa in vitro.
126. Rhoeo spathacea Stimulatory activity of uterus.
127. Ricinus communis When administered to adult female
Seeds/methanolic rats and rabbits at doses up to 1.2
extracts ether soluble g/kg and 600 mg/kg, respectively,
fraction. showed anti-implantation and
anticonceptive activities.
128. Ruellia prostrata 20% antifertility activity 10
Petroleum ether and mg/kg, 40% antifertility activity
aqueous extract. in female rats 500 mg/kg.
129. Ruta graveolans Showed significant antifertility
Root, stem and leaf/ activity in rats when administered
chloroform extract. intragastrically on day 1-10 post
coitum. I act at early stages of
pregnancy.
130. Salsola Compound A had a contraceptive
tuberculatiformis effect on female Wistar rats with
Shrub a concomitant decrease in total
body weight, uterus etc. Caused
prolonged gestation in sheep and
contraception in rats.
131. Salviafruticosa Viable fetuses reduced in females.
Leaves/aqueous and
ethanolic extract.
132. Sapindus mukorosu Spermicidal activity in human seme.
133. Saracaindica Showed anti-progestational activity
in rabbits. Exhibited 33.3% to
85.7% anti-implantation effect when
given 1.25 to 50 mg/kg orally from
days 1-5 of pregnancy
134. Schefflera capitata Spermicidal activity.
135. Senecio vulgaris Administered orally to rats on days
Methanolic extract. 1-10 postcoitum, decreased the no.
of normal fetuses per pregnant rat.
136. Solanum crassypetalum Showed significant contrceptive
Aerial parts/ethanolic activity when administered orally
extract. to adult female Sprague-Dawley rats
in days 1-10 postcoitum.
137. Solanum xanthocarpum Antispermatogenic/anti-androgenic
properties. Effect on germ cells
& Leydig cells.
138. Sophora japonica Contraceptive action or antifertili
138. Sophora japonica Contraceptive action or
antifertility action in lab.
animals.
139. Spartiumjunceum Reduced rate of fertility and
Broom acrosin enzyme activity. Male adult
rabbits and rats when treated with
the drug showed a significant
decrease in fertility. The
antifertility effect is completely
reversible.
140. Stemodia durantifolia Antifertility activity.
141. Sterculia foetida Chemosterilant in female housefly.
142. Stevia rebaudiana Desease in testosterone level.
Whole plant,
aqueous extract.
143. Striga Iutea Possesses significant antifertility
Whole plant/petroleum activity in mice. Graded doses in
ether and chloroform acacia suspension by oral
extracts. administration from day 1 to day 4
of pregnancy showed dose-dependent
anti-implantation activity (5-25
mg/kg body weight/day). Exhibits
estrogenic property at their
contraceptive dose level.
144. Striga orobanchioides Exhibited slight anti-estrogenic
ethanolic extract. activity. Showed dose-dependent and
significatn anti-implantation
activity. Reduced weight of sex
organs.
145. Syzygium cumini Antispermatogenic effect.
Alcoholic extract
146. Tabernaemontana Prevents pregnancy in adult female
heyheana rats on oral administration.
147. Taxus baccata Inhibited pregnancy in 60% of
Leaves/aqueous, albino rats.
alcoholic, petroleum
ether extract.
148. Terminalia arjuna Administered orally at 500 ml/kg on
Stem bark. days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited
implantation in 60% of animals and
increased foetal loss.
149. Terminalia chebula Administered orally at 500 ml/kg on
Seeds. days 1-5 of pregnancy inhibited
implantation in 60% of animals and
increased foetal loss.
150. Thalictrum species Possesses estrogenic activity.
minus and foetidum. Showed contraceptive activity, when
administered s.c. to rats post
coitum. Thalcosides has greatest
contraceptive effect decreasing
pregnancy by 50% at 0.25 mg/kg.
151. Thespesia populnea 100% inhibition of implantation in
female ablino mice.
152. Traqia involucerta Effective oral contraceptive in
rats and inhibits implantation.
153. Trichosanthes Induced mid term abortion in mice
cucumeroids and twice as potent as
Roots tubers. trichosanthin.
154. Trichosanthes kirilowi Induced mid-term abortion.
Root tuber.
155. Trigonella foenum- Exerts both antifertility and
graecum antiandrogenic activity. Dosage =
Seed extract. 100 mg/day/male albino rat.
156. Tripterygium wilfordii Safe, reversible male antifertility
agent. Antispermatogenic activity
similar to that of gossypol (30
mg/kg in diet for 80 days). Induce
complete infertility male rats and
selected for further toxicological
and pharmacological evaluation.
157. Uncaria tomentosa Prevent pregnancy in mice when
Root. given orally.
158. Vicoa indica Possessed antifertility activity
which is dose-related and was found
to be free from side effects.
159. Vinca rosea Decrease in secretory activity of
accessory sex glands. Epididymal
dysfunction.
160. Vitex negundo 'L' 100% anti-implantation effects when
Seeds. given orally from day 4-6
pregnancy. Dose 100 mg/kg i.p. for
45 days, azoospermia achieved
without altering the metabolism and
(or) libido.
161. Xestospongia Antifertility activity.
wiedenmayeri
Name of the Plant/
S.No. Part of the Plant/extract References
1. Abrus precatorius Zia-ul-Haque et al. 1983a, b,
Dry extract from seeds Sinha and Mathur, 1990,
Ratnasooria et al. 1991.
2. Acacia arabica Chowdhury et al. 1984.
3. Acacia auriculiformis Pakrashi et al. 1991.
4. Acacia caesia Banerji and Nigam, 1980.
5. Acacia catechu Chowdhury et al. 1984.
6. Acacia concinna Banerji et al. 1979, Banerji
Bark. and Nigam, 1980, Kamboj and
Dhawan, 1982.
7. Acalypha indica Hiremath et al. 1999.
8. Achyranthes aspera Prakash, 1986, Wadhwa et al.
Methanolic, acetone, 1986.
n-BuOH extract of
aerial parts.
9. Achyranthes bidentata Zhu, 1982.
10. Adiantum capillus Murthy et al. 1984.
Whole plant/petroleum
ether extract.
11. Aehonychon purpurea- Mats et al. 1982.
caemleum
12. Albizzia lebbek Varshney et al. 1979.
13. Albizzia procera Banerji et al. 1979.
Seeds.
14. Anagallis arvensis Kamboj and Dhawan, 1982.
Whole plant.
15. Ananas comosus Pakrashi and Basak, 1976.
16. Andrographis Shamsuzzoha et al. 1979,
paniculata Akbarsha et al. 1990.
Leaves dry powder,
powdered stem.
17. Androsace Surina et al. 1971,
septentrionalis Mats et al. 1984,
Plant extract. Mats and Savchenko, 1986.
18. Aristolochia indica Pakrashi and Shaha, 1977,
Roots/EtOH extract. Che et al. 1984,
Gupta et al. 1996b.
19. Asparagus pubescens Nwafor et al. 1998.
Root/methanolic extract.
20. Azadirachta indica Deshpande et al. 1980, Sinha
Leaves, seeds/dry et al. 1984a, b, Tewari et al.
powder, hexane, 1986, Prakash et al. 1988,
ethanolic extract. Riar et al. 1988, Choudhary
et al. 1990, Upadhyay et al.
1990, Garg et al. 1993,
Juneja and Williams, 1993,
Shaikh et al. 1993, Upadhyay
et al. 1993, Garg et at. 1994,
Juneja et al. 1994, Juneja and
Williams, 1994, Jacobson,
1995, Kasturi et al. 1995,
Talwar et al. 1997, Garg et al.
1998, Mukerjee et al. 1999,
Awasthy, 2001.
21. Balanites roxburghii Dixit et al. 1981 b.
planch fruit pulp
extract/ethanolic extract.
22. Barleria prionitis Gupta et al. 2000.
Root extract.
23. Beaumontia grandiflora Choudhary et al. 1990.
Leaves extract.
24. Berberis sp. Kondo, 1976.
25. Berberis chitria Gupta et al. 1989a.
26. Brachybotrys Mats et al. 1982.
paridiformis
27. Bursera fagaroides Huacuja et al. 1990.
Cortex/ethanolic
extract.
28. Butea frondosa Razdan et al. 1969,
Seeds/ethanolic extract. Kapila et al. 1970.
29. Butea monosperma Dixit et al. 1981a,
Seeds. Bhargava, 1986b.
30. Calendula officinalis Pakhurst and Stolzenberg,
1975.
31. Calotropis procera Gupta et al. 1990.
Root.
32. Cannabis sativa Dixit, 1981.
33. Carica papaya Das, 1980, Chnoy and George, 1983,
Fruit, drypowder Lohiya and Goyal, 1992, Chinoy et
of seed. al. 1994, Lohiya et al. 1994,
Lohiya et al. 1999a, Lohiya et al.
1999b, Udoh and Kehinde, 1999,
Lohiya et al. 2000, Pathak et al.
2000, Stokes, 2001.
34. Casearia iticifolia Weniger et al. 1982.
Leaves.
35. Centella asiatica Dutta and Basu, 1968.
36. Chordia dichotoma Choudhary et al. 1990.
Leaf extract.
37. Cichorium intybus Keshri et al. 1998.
Seeds/ethanolic extract.
38. Citrus aurantium Ghosh et al. 1955.
Peel.
38a. Clerodendrum serratum Setty et. al. 1976.
Plants excludint root.
39. Colebrookia Gupta et al. 2001.
oppositifolia
Leaf extract.
40. Coleus barbatus Almeida and Lemonica, 2000.
Hydroalcoholic extract.
41. Combretodendron africanum Bouquet et al. 1967,
stem bark/aqueous extract. Benie et al. 1990
42. Coccus lacca Suganthan and
Santhakumari, 1979.
43. Curcuma longa 50% Purohit, 1991.
ethanolic extract.
44. Curcuma zedoaria Seshadri and Pillai, 1981.
Tubers.
45. Cyclamen persicum Primorac et al. 1985.
46. Cynoglossum officinale Man'ko et al. 1977.
47. Cynomorum coccineum El rahman et al. 1999.
Aqueous extract.
48. daphne species Hu et al. 1984.
49. Datura quercifolia Chandhoke, 1978,
Chandhoke et al. 1978a.
50. Daucus carota Sharma et al. 1976,
Seeds/alcoholic extract. Tung et al. 1981,
Chu et al. 1985.
51. Deutzia corymbosa Prakash, 1986.
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract
52. Dictamnus albus Woo et al. 1987.
Root bark/methanolic
and hexane extract.
53. Dieffenbachia amoena Costa de Pasquale et al. 1984.
Leaves/ aqueous extract
54. Dioscorea zingiberensis Applezweiz, 1977,
Szechwan Institute of
Biology, 1978.
55. Diploclisia glaucescens Bandara et al. 1989.
Stem.
56. Dipsacus mitis Kitchla et al. 1999.
Root/ethyl acetate
extract
57. Echeveria gibbifiora Delgado et al. 1999.
Aqueous crude extract
58. Echinops echinatus Sharma et al. 1988,
Root/50% alcoholic Chaturvedi et al. 1995a, b.
extract.
59. Echium vulgare Man'ko et al. 1977.
60. Embelia ribes Das, 1966, Kholkute et al.
Seeds or fruit berries/ 1978, Seshadri et al. 1978,
petroleum ether, Purandare et al. 1979,
methanolic, henzene Krishnaswamy and
and chloroform extract. Purushottaman, 1980a, b,
Prakash, 1981, Dixit and
Bhargava, 1983, Agarwal et
al. 1986, Prakash et al. 1986,
Roy Chaudhary et al. 2001.
61. Ensete superpa Amonkar et al. 1978.
Seeds.
62. Ephedera gerardiana Prakash, 1986.
Acetone extract.
63. Epilobium augustifolium Hiermann and Bucar, 1997.
Hexane/aqueous extract.
64. Eupatorium brevipes Guerrero et al. 1988.
65. Ferula jaesochkeana Singh et al. 1985,
Aerial part/hexane Prakash et al. 1991.
extract.
66. Foeniculum vulgare Seshadri and Pillai, 1981,
Seeds. Farooq et al. 1991
67. Gardenia jasminoides Xu and Gao, 1986,
Flowers/ethyl acetate Xu et al. 1987b.
extract.
68. Geranium lucidum Prakash, 1986.
Acetone extract.
69. Gnaphalium indicum Prakash, 1986.
Whole plant/50%
ethanolic extract.
70. Gossypium barbadense Thomas et al. 1991.
Seed/aqueous extract.
71. Gossypum herbaceum National Co-ordination group
on male antifertility agents,
1978, Chang et al. 1980,
Chien et al. 1980, Waller
et al. 1980, Hoshiai et al.
1981, Liu, 1981, Murthy et al.
1981, Shi et al. 1981, Tso and
Lee, 1981a, b, Ye et al. 1981,
Cameron et al. 1982, Hadley
and Burgos, 1982, Hoffer,
1982, Hoshiai et al. 1982,
Jensen et al. 1982, Kalla,
1982, Kalla et al. 1982,
Kulkarni, 1982, Lei, 1982,
Shandilya et al. 1982, Tso
and Lee, 1982a, b, Zhou,
1982, Zhou et al. 1982a, b,
Gu, 1983, Gu et al. 1983,
Hong et al. 1983, Kennedy et
al. 1983, Lei, 1983,
Posinovec, 1983, Prasad and
Diczfalusy, 1983, Shi and
Friend, 1983, De Peyester,
1984, Gu et al. 1984a, b,
Nordenskjoeld and Lambert,
1984, Qian and Wang, 1984,
Xiao and Gu, 1984, Kainz et
al. 1985a, b, Kalla et al. 1985,
Matlin et aT. 1985, Sadykov
et al. 1985, Segal, 1985,
Stephens et al. 1985, Wang
etal. 1985,Walleretal. 1986,
Abou_Donia et al. 1989,
Kanwar et al. 1989, Gupta et
al 1996a, Coutinho, 2002.
72. Guetterda andamanica Keshri et al. 1998.
Aerial parts/ethanolic
extract.
73. Gypsophila paniculata Abd-Elbary and Nour, 1979.
74. Hedera nepalensis Pant et al. 1988b.
Inflorescence.
75. Heliotropium Andhiwal et al. 1985.
indicum Petroleum
ether extract.
76. Hibiscus macranthus Moundipa et al. 1999.
Aqueous extract.
77. Hibiscus rosasinensis Kholkute et al. 1976a, Singwi and
Flowers/benzene, Lall, 1981, Singh et al. 1982,
chloroform and 50% Bhattacharya et al. 1984, Pal et
EtOH extract. al. 1985, Pakrashi et al. 1986,
Reddy et al. 1997.
78. Hyptis suabeoleus Saluja and Santarin, 1997.
Whole plant.
79. Ixora finlaysoniana Singh et al. 1993.
Serial part/crude
ethanolic extract.
80. Juniperus communis Prakash, 1986.
Acetone extract.
81. Lappula myosotis Mats et al. 1982.
82. Lepidium capitatum Singh et al. 1984.
Whole plant/
benzene extract.
83. Lithospermum Mats et al. 1982.
erythrorhizon
84. Lygodium flexuosum Gaitonde and Mahajan, 1980.
Whole plant/
alcoholic extract.
85. Malvaviscus Dixit and Bhargava, 1978, Joshi et
conzattus Greenm al. 1980, Verma et al. 1980, Joshi
Flowers/methanolic, et al. 1981, Saluja and Santarin,
50% EtOH extract. 1983, Pakrashi et al. 1985,
Banerjee et al. 1999.
86. Marsdenia koi Yuan et al. 1991.
Whole plantlmethanolic
extract.
87. Maytenus ilicifolia
Leaves/ethanolic
extract.
88. Melodinusfusiformis He et al. 1992.
Keshri et al. 1998.
89. Memcyclon lushingtonii
Aerial parts/ethanolic
extract.
90. Mentha arvensis Mathur, 1991,
Leaves/petroleum ether, Sharma and Jacob, 2001.
50% ethanolic extract.
91. Mesuaferrea Seshadri and Phillai, 1981.
Flowers.
92. Momordica augusti- Aguwa and Mittal, 1983.
sepala L.
Aqueous extract.
93. Momordica charantia Chan et al. 1984, Chan et al.
Seeds/petroleum ether 1986, Ng et al. 1986, Tam
and benzene extract. et al. 1986, Yeung et al. 1986,
Neseem et al. 1998.
94. Momordica Yeung et al. 1988.
lochinchinensis
Roots-tubers.
95. Momordica diocia Dhawan et al. 1980.
Tuber/zqueous extract.
96. Montanoa tomentosa Gallegos, 1977,
Leaves/hexane, Mateos and Noriega, 1977,
aqueous extract. Hahn et al. 1981,
Levine et al. 1981,
Bejar et al. 1984,
Gallegos, 1985.
97. Moringa oleifera Shukla et al. 1988.
Roots/aqueous extract.
98. Murraya exotica Kong et al. 1985a,
Roots. Kong et al. 1986b.
99. Murraya paniculata Kong, 1985, Kong et al.
Roots 1985a, b, Kong et al. 1986a.
100. Myristica fragrans Misra and Shukla, 1980.
Ethanolic extract.
101. Nelumbo nucifera Mazumder et al. 1992.
Seeds/petroleum ether
extract.
102. Nicotiana tabaccum Londonkar et al. 1998.
103. Nigella sativa Seshadri and Pillai, 1981,
Seeds/hexane extract. Kong et al. 1986b,
Keshri et al. 1995
104. Ocimum sanctum Singh, 1997.
Leaf powder.
105. Ophiopogon intermedius Rawat et al. 1988.
Rhizome.
106. Paracynoglossum incretinum. Man'ko et al. 1977.
107. Pentapanax leschenaultii Pant et al. 1988a.
leschenaultii Fruit/
ethanolic extract.
108. Phytolacca americana Shaaban and Ahmed, 1959.
Roots/EtOH extract.
109. Phtolacca dodecandra Pakhurst and Stolzenberg,
BuOH extract of 1975, Stolzenberg and
sundried berries. Pakhurst, 1975, Stolzenberg
et al. 1976.
110. Piper betle L. Dry extract. Das, 1976.
111. Pipe longum Fruit/ Das , 1966, Das, 1976,
aceton, benzene Raman et al. 1976, Malini et
and EtOH extract. al. 1999. Roy Chaudhary
et al. 2001.
112. Pipe peopuloides Chandhoke et al. 1978a.
petroleum ether extract. Prakash, 1986.
113. Pisum sativum Sanyal et al. 1950, Sanyal,
1956a, Sanyal, 1960, Sanyal,
1965.
114. Pithecolobium saman Varshney and Khanna, 1978.
Flowers.
115. Pittosporum nilghrense Jain et al. 1980.
116. Plantago ovata Nandi et al. 1982
117. Plantanus orientails Prakash, 1986.
Acetone extract.
118. Plumbago zeylanica Chowdhury et al 1982,
Roots/EtOH extract. Prasad and Diczfalusy, 1983,
Bhargava, 1984.
119. Plianthes tuberosa Das, 1976,
Chattopadhyay et al. 1983.
120. Primula vulgaris Primorac et al. 1985.
121. Pseudolarix kaemferi Xu and Gao, 1986.
122. Pueraria tuberosa Prakash et al. 1985,
Tubers/50% ethanolic, Prakash, 1986,
D.C. and methanolic, Shukla, 1996.
crude powder, butanolic,
hexane, chloroform,
petroleum ether,
benzene extract.
123. Pulmonaria mollis Mats et al. 1982.
124. Punica grantum Prakash, 1986.
Aqueous and MeOH
extract.
125. Rauwolfia series
Pellegatti, 1966, Zipper et al.
1982, Chan and Tang, 1984.
126. Rhoeo spathacea Weinger et al. 1982.
127. Ricinus communis Okwuasaba et al. 1991.
Seeds/methanolic Salhab et al. 1999.
extracts ether soluble
fraction.
128. Ruellia prostrata Andhiwal et al. 1986.
Petroleum ether and
aqueous extract.
129. Ruta graveolans Kong et al. 1989.
Root, stem and leaf/
chloroform extract.
130. Salsola Louw et al. 1997,
tuberculatiformis Louw et al. 2000.
Shrub
131. Salviafruticosa Elbeticha et al. 1998.
Leaves/aqueous and
ethanolic extract.
132. Sapindus mukorosu Setty et al. 1976.
133. Saracaindica Suganthan and
Santhakumari,
1979.
134. Schefflera capitata Jain et al. 1977.
135. Senecio vulgaris Tu et al. 1988.
Methanolic extract.
136. Solanum crassypetalum Keshri et al. 1988.
Aerial parts/ethanolic
extract.
137. Solanum xanthocarpum Dixit and Gupta, 1982,
Gupta et al. 1989b.
138. Sophora japonica
138. Sophora japonica He et al. 1982.
139. Spartiumjunceum Baccetti et al. 1993,
Broom Chen et al. 1993.
140. Stemodia durantifolia Weniger et al. 1982.]
141. Sterculia foetida Beroza and Brecque, 1967.
142. Stevia rebaudiana Melis, 1999.
Whole plant,
aqueous extract.
143. Striga Iutea Hiremath and Rao, 1990,
Whole plant/petroleum Hiremath et al. 1990.
ether and chloroform
extracts.
144. Striga orobanchioides Hiremath et al. 1997,
ethanolic extract. Hiremath et al. 2000.
145. Syzygium cumini Sinha et al. 1986.
Alcoholic extract
146. Tabernaemontana Meyer et al. 1973.
heyheana
147. Taxus baccata Garg, 1972
Leaves/aqueous,
alcoholic, petroleum
ether extract.
148. Terminalia arjuna Seshadri and Pillai,
Stem bark. 1981, Chauhan et al.
1990.
149. Terminalia chebula Seshadri and Pillai,
Seeds. 1981.
150. Thalictrum species Mats et al. 1988
minus and foetidum.
151. Thespesia populnea Murthy et al. 1981.
152. Traqia involucerta Chowdhury et al. 1984.
153. Trichosanthes Yeung and Li, 1987.
cucumeroids
Roots tubers.
154. Trichosanthes kirilowi Yeung and Li, 1987.
Root tuber.
155. Trigonella foenum- Kamal et al. 1993.
graecum
Seed extract.
156. Tripterygium wilfordii Zheng et al. 1985,
Zhen et al. 1995,
Lue et al. 1998,
Huynh et al. 2000.
157. Uncaria tomentosa Keplinger 1982.
Root.
158. Vicoa indica Gandhi et al. 1983,
Dhall and Dogra ,1988.
159. Vinca rosea Akbarsha et al. 1995.
Averel et al. 1996.
160. Vitex negundo 'L' Bhargava, 1984a, b,
Seeds. Bhargava, 1986a,
Bhargava 1989.
161. Xestospongia Coral et al. 1995.
wiedenmayeri
References Abd-Elbary A, Nour SA (1979) Correlation between the spermicidal activity and the homolytic index of certain plants saponins. Pharmazie 34 (9): 560-561 Abou-Donia MB, Othman MA, Obih P (1989) Interspecies comparison of pharmacokinetic profile and bioavailability of (+/-)-gossypol in male Fischer-344 rats and male B6C 3F mice. Toxicology 55(1-2): 37-51 Agarwal S, Chauhan S, Mathur R (1986) Antifertility effects of embelin in male rats. Andrologia 18 (2): 125-131 Aguwa CN, Mittal GC (1983) Abortifacient effects of the roots of Momordica augustisepala. J Ethnopharmac 7: 169-174 Akbarsha MA, Stanley A, Averal HI (1995) Effect of vincristine vincristine /vin·cris·tine/ (vin-kris´ten) an antineoplastic vinca alkaloid; used as the sulfate salt in the treatment of various neoplasms, including Hodgkin's disease, acute lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's on Leydig cell Leydig cell n. See interstitial cell. and accessory reproductive organs Reproductive organs The group of organs (including the testes, ovaries, and uterus) whose purpose is to produce a new individual and continue the species. Mentioned in: Choriocarcinoma . Current Science 68: 1053-1057 Akbarsha MP, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B (1990) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata Andrographis paniculata, n See kalmegh. (Nees) in male albino albino (ălbī`nō) [Port.,=white], animal or plant lacking normal pigmentation. The absence of pigment is observed in the body covering (skin, hair, and feathers) and in the iris of the eye. rats. Indian J Experimental Biology 28: 421-426 Almeida FCG FCG First Consulting Group FCG Foreign Clearance Guide FCG Fatigue Crack Growth FCG Flux Compression Generator FCG Guinean Civic Forum (Guinea-Bissau) FCG Fisheries Consultative Group (ASEAN-SEAFDEC) , Lemonica IP (2000) The toxic effects of Coleus coleus (kō`lēəs), common name for a genus of plants with large colorful leaves native to tropical Asia and Africa. Several species are grown as ornamentals. Plants of the genus Coleus are in the family Labiatae (mint family). barbatus B. on the different periods of pregnancy in rats. J Ethnopharmac 73(1-2): 53-60 Amonkar AJ, Trivedi GK, Bhattacharya SC (1978) Structure of Kadalin, a biologically active component of Banakadali (Ensete superba). Indian J Chemistry Sec B, 16B (1): 12-15 Andhiwal CK, Has C, Varshney RP (1985) Chemical and Pharmacological studies of Heliotropium indicum. Indian Drugs 22(11): 567-569 Andhiwal CK, Has C, Varshney RP (1986) Antifertility screening and phytochemical phy·to·chem·i·cal n. A nonnutritive bioactive plant substance, such as a flavonoid or carotenoid, considered to have a beneficial effect on human health. investigation of Ruellia prostrata poir. J Indian Chem Soc 63 (10): 934 Applezweiz, N (1977) Dioscorea-the pill crop. Crop. Resour. [Proc Annu Meet Soc Econ Bot] 17th (Published 1977): 149-163 Arsyad KM (1986) The possibilities of developing male contraceptives. Medica medica (māˑ·dē·k 12(4): 342-351 Astedt B, Svanberg L, Jeppsson S, Liedholm P, Rannevik G (1977) The natural estrogenic hormone estradiol as a new component of combined oral contraceptives. British Medical Journal The British Medical Journal, or BMJ, is one of the most popular and widely-read peer-reviewed general medical journals in the world.[2] It is published by the BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (owned by the British Medical Association), whose other 1(6056): 269 Averal HI, Stanley A, Murugaian P, Palanisamy A, Akbarsha MA (1996) Specific effect of Vincristine on epididymis. Indian J Experimental Biology 34: 53-56 Awasthy KS (2001) Genotoxicity Genotoxic substances are a type of carcinogen, specifically those capable of causing genetic mutation and of contributing to the development of tumors. This includes both certain chemical compounds and certain types of radiation. of a crude leaf extract of Neem in male germ cells of mice. Cytobios 106 Suppl 2: 151-164 Baccetti B, Burrini AG, Chen JS, Collodel G, Giachetti D, Matteucci F, Menesini-Chen MG, Moretti E, Piomboni P, Sensini C (1993) Evaluation of the antifertility activity of the broom Spartium junceum Spartium junceum shrub in the family Fabaceae. Contains the quinolizidine alkaloid cytisine which causes convulsions and fatal respiratory failure. Called also Spanish broom. in the mammalian male. Zygote zygote: see reproduction. 1(1): 71-78 Bagros M (1976) Contraceptive compositions. Ger. offen 2, 619 464 (Cl. A61K45/00), 11 Nov, Brit. Appl. 75/18, 527, 02 May 1975: 19 pp Bagros M (1979) Research on the coagulation of cervical secretion envisaged as contraceptive process. Therapie 34(4): 523-527 Bandara BMR BMR basal metabolic rate. BMR abbr. basal metabolic rate BMR, n See basal metabolic rate. BMR basal metabolic rate. , Jayasinghe L, Karunaratne V Wannigamma GP, Bokel M, Kraus W, Sotheswaram S (1989) Ecdysterone from stem of Diploclisia glaucescens. Phytochemistry phytochemistry, n the scientific study and classification of the chemical constituents of plants. 28(4): 1073-1075 Banerjee R, Pal AK, Kabir SN, Pakrashi A (1999) Antiovulatory faculty of the flower of Malvaviscus conzattii. Phytother Res Mar 13(2): 169-171 Banerji R, Nigam SK(1980) Chemistry of Acacia cocinna and A. caesia bark. J Indian Chem Soc 57(10): 1043-1044 Banerji R, Srivastava AK, Misra G, Nigam SK, Singh S, Nigam SC, Saxena RC (1979) Steroid and triterpenoid saponins triterpenoid saponins (trīˈ·terˑ·p as spermicidal agents. Indian Drugs 17(1): 6-8 Bejar E, Enriquez R, Lozoya X (1984) The in virro effect of grandiflorenic acid and zoapatle aqueous crude extract upon spontaneous contractility contractility /con·trac·til·i·ty/ (kon?trak-til´i-te) capacity for becoming shorter in response to a suitable stimulus. contractility a capacity for becoming short in response to suitable stimulus. of the rat uterus during oestrus Oestrus /Oes·trus/ (es´trus) a genus of botflies. O. o´vis deposits its larvae in nasal passages of sheep and goats, and may cause ocular myiasis in humans. oes·trus n. cycle. J Ethnopharmac 11: 87-97 Benie TIA (1) (Telecommunications Industry Association, Arlington, VA, www.tiaonline.org) A membership organization founded in 1988 that sets telecommunications standards worldwide. It was originally an EIA working group that was spun off and merged with the U.S. , Tahiri C, Duval J, Thieulant ML (1990) Combretodendron africanum bark extract as an antifertility agent. I: Estrogenic effects in vivo and LH release cultured gonadotrope cells. J Ethnopharmac 29(1): 13-23 Beroza M, Brecque GCL GCL - General Control Language. A portable job control language. ["A General Control Interface for Satellite Systems", R.J. Dakin in Command Languages, C. Unger ed, N-H 1973]. (1967) Chemosrerilant activity of oils, especially oil of Sterculia foetida in the housefly. J Econ Entomology entomology, study of insects, an arthropod class that comprises about 900,000 known species, representing about three fourths of all the classified animal species. 60(1): 196-199 Beyermann K, Roeder E (1967) Thin layer chromatography Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate chemical compounds [1]. It involves a stationary phase consisting of a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide, or cellulose immobilised onto a flat, and infrared spectrographic spec·tro·graph n. 1. A spectroscope equipped to photograph or otherwise record spectra. 2. A spectrogram. spec determination of microgram microgram /mi·cro·gram/ (µg) (mi´kro-gram) one millionth (10-6) of a gram. mi·cro·gram n. Abbr. amounts as illustrated by the analysis of oral contraceptives. Fresenius Z Analytical Chemistry 230(5): 347-355 Bhargava SK (1984a) Effect of plumbagin on reproductive function of male dog. Indian J Exp Biol 22(3): 153-156 Bhargava SK (1984b) Estrogenic and pregnancy interceptory effects of the flavonoids flavonoids, n.pl common plant pigment compounds that act as antioxidants, enhance the effects of vitamin C, and strengthen connective tissue around capillaries. (VI-II) of Vitex negundo L. seeds in mice. Plant Med Phytother 18(2): 74-79 Bhargava SK (1986a) Antifertility effects of the flavonoids (VI-VII) of Vitex negundo L. seeds in dogs. Plant Med Phytother 20(2): 188-198 Bhargava SK (1986b) Estrogenic and post coital co·i·tus n. Sexual union between a male and a female involving insertion of the penis into the vagina. [Latin, from past participle of co anticonceptive activity in rats of butin isolated from Butea monosperma seed. J Erhnopharmac 18(1): 95(101) Bhargava SK (1986c) Plants as fertility regulating agents. Indian Review of Life Sciences 6:163-187 Bhargava SK (1989) Antiandrogenic effects of a flavanoid-rich fraction of Vitex negundo seeds: a histological and biochemical study in dogs. J Ethnopharmac 27(3): 327-339 Bhattacharya K, Kabir SN, Pal AK, Pakrashi A (1984) Effect of benzene extract of Hibiscus hibiscus: see mallow. hibiscus Any of about 250 species of shrubs, trees, and herbaceous plants that make up the genus Hibiscus, in the mallow family, native to warm temperate and tropical regions. rosa-sinesis flowers on facultative delayed implantation and uterine uptake of estrogen in mice. IRCS IRCS Institute for Research in Cognitive Science (University of Pennsylvania) IRCS Indian Red Cross Society IRCS Infrared Camera and Spectrograph IRCS International Radio Call Sign IRCS IRC-Over-SSL IRCS Improved Radar Calibration System Med Sci 12(9): 841-842 Bingel AS, Benoit PS (1973a) Oral contraceptives. Therapeutics versus adverse reactions adverse reactions, n.pl unfavorable reactions resulting from administration of a local anesthetic; responsible factors include the drug used, concentration, and route of administration. , with an outlook for the future I. J Pharma Sciences 62(2): 179-200 Bingel AS, Benoit PS (1973b) Oral contraceptives. Therapeutics versus adverse reactions, with an outlook of future, II. J Pharma Sciences 62(3): 349-362 Bingel AS, Farnsworth NR (1980) Botanical sources of fertility regulating agents: Chemistry and Pharmacology. Prog Horm Biochem Pharmacol 1:149-225 Blashkova O, Sasko A, Pontuch A, Veselska T, Lipovska A, Kostolny I (1981) Side effects of oral contraceptives. Bratisl Lek Lek (lĕk), northern arm of the Rhine River, 40 mi (64 km) long, branching from the Neder Rijn (Lower Rhine), central Netherlands, and flowing W into the Nieuwe Maas (New Meuse) River. It is navigable for its entire length. Listy 75(2): 167-172 Borell U (1970) Side effects of fertility controlling agents. Contr Hum Fert Proc Nobel Symp 15th: 321-335 Bouquet A, Debray MM, Dauguet JC, Girre A, Leclair JF, Le Naour M, Patay R (1967) Pharmacological activity of Combretodendron africanum bark with special regard to its abortive and estrous es·trous adj. Relating to or being in estrus. estrous pertaining to or emanating from estrus. estrous cycle cycle-disturbing activity. Therapie 22(2): 325-326 Bradley MP, Eade J, Penhale J, Bird P (1999) Vaccines for fertility regulation of wild and domestic species. J Biotechnology 73(2-3): 91-101 Brondegaard VJ (1973) Contraceptive plant drugs. Planta Medica 23(2): 167-172 Brown-Woodman PD, White IG (1977) Investigation of the spermicidal action of quinine and emetine emetine /em·e·tine/ (em´e-ten) an alkaloid derived from ipecac or produced synthetically; its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiamebic. emetine an alkaloid derived from ipecac or produced synthetically. . Theriogenology 8(4): 199 Cameron SM, Waller DP, Zaneveld LJD LJD Little Jimmy Dickens (country music singer) (1982) Vaginal spermicidal activity of gossypol gossypol /gos·sy·pol/ (gos´i-pol) a toxin found in cottonseed and detoxified by heating; it has male antifertility properties, apparently having its effects in the seminiferous tubules. gos·sy·pol n. in Macaca Macaca genus of Old World monkeys very popular in zoos and for some aspects of human laboratory medicine. See macaque. aretoides. Fertil Steril 37(2): 273-274 Chan SYW SYW So You Wanna .... SYW Seven Years' War SYW Synod Youth Workshop , Tang LCH LCH Launch LCH London Clearing House LCH Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (medicine; immune system disorder) LCH Latch LCH Light Combat Helicopter LCH Lake Charles, LA, USA - Municipal (Airport Code) (1984) Effects of reserpine reserpine (rĕsûr`pēn), alkaloid isolated from the root of the snakeroot plant (Rauwolfia serpentina), a small evergreen climbing shrub of the dogbane family native to the Indian subcontinent. on fertilising capacity of human spermatozoa spermatozoa see spermatozoon. . Contraception 30(4):363-369 Chan WY, Tam PPL PPL - Polymorphic Programming Language. An interactive, extensible language, based on APL, from Harvard University. ["Some Features of PPL - A Polymorphic Programming Language", T.A. Standish, SIGPLAN Notices 4(8) (Aug 1969)]. , Choi HL, Ng TB, Yeung HW (1986) Effects of momorcharins on the mouse embryo at the early organogenesis organogenesis /or·ga·no·gen·e·sis/ (or?gah-no-jen´e-sis) the origin and development of organs.organogenet´ic or·gan·o·gen·e·sis n. The formation and development of the organs of living things. stage. Contraception 34(5): 537-544 Chan WY, Tam PPL, Yeung HW (1984) The termination of early pregnancy early pregnancy Obstetrics First trimester of pregnancy in the mouse by [beta]-momorcharin. Contraception 29(1): 91-100 Chandhoke N (1978) Daturalactone (DQ) isolated from Datura datura, n See jimsonweed. Datura a genus of toxic plants in the family Solanaceae; contain tropane alkaloids including hyoscine (scopolamine), hyoscyamine, atropine which cause excitement, restlessness, pupillary dilation, dryness quercifolia- a new interceptive agent. Indian J Exp Biol 161(4): 419-421 Chandhoke N, Gupta S (1978a) Estrogenic activity of DQ, a steroidal lactone lactone /lac·tone/ (lak´ton) a cyclic organic compound in which the chain is closed by ester formation between a carboxyl and a hydroxyl group in the same molecule. lac·tone n. isolated from Datura quercifolia. Indian J Exp Biol 16(6): 48-52 Chandhoke N, Gupta S, Dhar S (1978b) Interceptive activity of piper, their natural amides and semi-synthetic analogs. Indian J Pharmac Sciences 40(4): 113-116 Chang MC, Gu Z, Saksena SK (1980) Effects of gossypol on fertility of male rats, hamsters and rabbits. Contraception 21(5): 461-469 Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay U, Mathur PP, Saini KS, Chosal S (1983) Constituents of Amaryllidaceae Part 4. Effects of hippadine, an Amaryllidacene alkaloid, on testicular functions in rats. Planta Medica 49(4): 252-254 Chaturvedi M, Mali PC, Dixit VP (1995a) Antifertility effects of the root of Echinops echinatus (Roxb.) in male rats. J Environ Pollution 2(4): 153-157 Chaturvedi M, Mali PC, Dixit VP (1995b) Fertility regulation in male rats with the help of Echinops echinatus (Roxb.) root extract. J Phytol phy·tol n. A liquid alcohol used in the synthesis of vitamins E and K. Res 8(2): 115-118 Chauhan S, Agarwal S, Mathur R (1990) Vasal va·sal adj. Of, relating to, or connected with a vessel or duct of the body. assault due to Terminalia arjuna Terminalia arjuna, n See arjuna. , W., A. bark in albino rats. Andrologia 22(5): 491-494 Che CT, Ahmed MS, Kang SS, Waller DP, Bingel AS, Martin A, Rajamthendran P, Bunyapraphatsara N, Lankin DC, et al. (1984) Studies on Aristolochia III- Isolation and biological evaluation of Aristolochia indica Aristolochia indica, n See Indian birthwort. roots for fertility regulating activity. J Nat Products 47(2): 331-341 Chen JS, Menesini-Chen MG, Giachetti D, Matteucci F, Barbetti M, Sensini C, Baccetti B (1993) Correlation between male fertility and acrosin-like protease protease /pro·te·ase/ (pro´te-as) endopeptidase. pro·te·ase n. Any of various enzymes, including the proteinases and peptidases, that catalyze the hydrolytic breakdown of proteins. activity in rats treated with Spartium junceum. Zygote 1(4): 309-313 Chien H-C, Hu C-H, Ho L-H, Sun M-H, Hueng Y-C, Fang C-H (1980) Initial test of gossypol as male contraceptive. K'O Hsuesh T'ung Pao 25(22): 1049-1050 Chinoy NJ, D-Souza JM, Padman P (1994) Effects of crude aqueous extract of Carica papaya Carica papaya, n See papaya. Carica papaya pawpaw tree, source of the proteolytic enzyme papain. seeds in male albino mice. Reprod Toxicol 8(1): 75-79 Chinoy NJ, George SM (1983) Induction of functional sterility in male rats by low dose Carica papaya seed extracts treatment. Acta Eur Fertil 14(6): 425-432 Choudhary DN, Singh JN, Verma SK, Singh BP (1990) Antifertility effects of leaf extracts of some plants in male rats. Indian J Exp Biol 28: 714-716 Chow PYW PYW Pennsylvania Youth Wrestling , Holland MK, Suter DAI, White IG (1980) Evaluation of ten potential organic spermicides. Int J Fertil 25(4): 281-286 Chowdhury AKA, Khaleque RA, Chakder SK (1984) Antifertility activity of traditional contraceptive pill comprising Acacia catechu Acacia catechu (ä·kä·sē , Acacia arabica and Traqia involucerta. Indian J Med Res 80 (Sept.): 372-374 Chowdhury AKA, Sushanta KC, Khan AKA (1982) Antifertility activity of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. root. Indian J Med Res 76 (Suppl.): 99-101 Chu Y, Zhou M, Li Q, Bao Y (1985) Antifertility effect of volatile oil volatile oil n. A rapidly evaporating oil of plant derivation, especially an essential oil, that is capable of distillation and that does not leave a stain. Also called ethereal oil. from Daucus carota Daucus carota, n See Queen Anne's lace. Daucus carota plant in the family Apiaceae; mildly poisonous but a common plant causing few problems. Called also Queen Anne's lace, wild carrot. seeds. Shengzhi Yu Biyun 5(1): 37-40 Cooper TG, Yeung CH (1999) Recent biochemical approaches to post-testicular, epididymal contraception. Human Reproduction Update 5(2): 141-152 Coral S, Gullo VP, Horan AC, Patel MG, Pompori SA (1995) Anti-dyslipidemic agents, and their isolation from the marine sponge Xestospongia wiedenmayeri. PCT (Private Communications Technology) A protocol from Microsoft that provides secure transactions over the Web. See security protocol. Tnt. Appl. W0 9506, 626 (Cl. CO7C 43/23), 09 Mar. 1995, US Appl. 115, 947,01 Sep. 1993: 20 pp Costa de Psquale R, Ragusa S, Circosta S, Forestieri AM (1984) Investigations on Dieffanbachia amoena Gentil I: Endocrine effects and contraceptive activity. J Ethnopharmac 12(3): 293-303 Coutinho EM (1971) Tubal Tubal (t  `bəl), in the Bible, son of Japheth. and uterine motility motility /mo·til·i·ty/ (mo-til´ite) the ability to move spontaneously.mo´tile Motility Motility is spontaneous movement. . Contr Hum Fert Proc Nobel Symp 15th: 97-115 Coutinho EM (2002) Gossypol: a contraceptive for men. Contraception 65(4): 259-263 Das PC (1966) Oral contraceptive. Brit, 1,025,372 (Cl. A 61K), April 6, Indian Appi, July 25, 1963: 2 pp Das PC (1976) Oral contraceptive (long acting). Brit. 1,445,599 (Cl. A61K 35/78), 11 Aug. 1976, Appl. 73/57, 221,10 Dec 1973:11 pp Das RP (1980) Effect of Papaya papaya (pəpī`ə), soft-stemmed tree (Carica papaya) of tropical America resembling a palm with a crown of palmately lobed leaves. seeds on the genital organs and fertility of male rats. Indian J Exp Biol 18: 408-409 Davis GLR GLR Great Lakes Region GLR Global Learning Resources, Inc (Fremont, CA) GLR Greater London Radio GLR Generalized Likelihood Ratio GLR Glare GLR Gaylord, Michigan (Airport Code) (1978) Pharmaceutical Compositions. Brit. 1,523,722 (Cl.A61K H5/06) 06 Sept. Appi. 74/34,655,06 Aug. 1974: 2pp Delgado NM, Taboada RJ, Ortega HA, Merchant-Larios H, Sachez-Vazquez ML, Ramirez G, Reyes R (1999) Effects of a purified fraction from Echeveria ech·e·ve·ri·a n. Any of numerous tropical American plants of the genus Echeveria, having thick, succulent leaves often clustered in a showy rosette. gibbiflora aqueous crude extract on guinea pig guinea pig (gĭn`ē), domesticated form of the cavy, Cavia porcellus, a South American rodent. It is unrelated to the pig; the name may refer to its shrill squeal. spermatozoa. Phytother Res 13(1): 46-49 De Peyester A (1984) Studies on the mechanism of action of gossypol. Diss Abstr Int B. 44(8): 2392-2393 Desbpande VY, Mendulkar KN, Sadre NL (1980) Male antifertility activity of Azadirachta indica in mice. J Postgrad Med 26(3): 167-170 Dhall K, Dogra M (1988) Phase I and II clinical trials with Vicca indica (Banjauri), a herbal medicine herbal medicine, use of natural plant substances (botanicals) to treat and prevent illness. The practice has existed since prehistoric times and flourishes today as the primary form of medicine for perhaps as much as 80% of the world's population. , as an antifertility agent. Contraception 37(41): 75-84 Dhawan BN, Dubey MP, Mehrotra BN, Rastogi RP, Tandon JS (1980) Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part IX. Indian J Exp Biol 18: 594 Dixit VP (1981) Effect of Cannabis sativa Cannabis sativa plant member of family Cannabidaceae; called also Indian hemp, hemp, 'grass'. Cannabis sativa Marijuana, see there extract on testicular function of Presbytis entellus Entellus powerful Sicilian boxer; won match for Anchises against Dares. [Rom. Lit.: Aeneid] See : Pugilism entellus. Planta Medica 41(3): 288-294 Dixit VP, Agarwal M, Bhargava SK, Gupta RS, Jam GC (198 la) Effect of Butea monosperma seed extract fraction (Butin) on the testicular function of rats, dogs and presbytis monkey. Iugosl Physiol Pharmacol Acta 17(3): 151-162 Dixit VP, Bhargava SK (1978) Effects of Malvaviscus conzatii 'Greemm' flower extract on male reproductive organs of bat (Rhinopoma kinneari Wroughton): a confirmation. Proc Indian Nati Sci Acad Part B. 44 (1): 1-6 Dixit VP, Bhargava SK (1983) Reversible contraception like activity of embelin in male dogs (Canis indicus Linn.). Andrologia 15(5): 486-494 Dixit VP, Bhargava SK, Gupta RA (1981b) Hyperglycemia hyperglycemia: see diabetes. induced testicular dysfunction after chronic administration of Balanites roxburghii Planch fruit pulp extract in dogs Canis indicus L. Indian J Exp Biol 19(10): 918-921 Dixit VP, Gupta RS (1982) Antispermatogenic/antiandrogenic properties of solasodine ([C.sub.27][H.sub.43][O.sub.2]N) obtained from Solanum xanthocarpurn berries on the male genital tract genital tract n. The genital passages of the urogenital system. Genital tract The organs involved in reproduction. of dog (Canisfamilaris). A histopathological approach. Int J Androl 5(3): 295-307 Dutta T, Basu UP (1968) Crude extract of Centella asiatica and products derived from its glycosides as oral antifertility agents. Indian J Exp Biol 6(3): 181-182 Elbeticha A, Al-Hamood MH, Alkofahi A, Bataineb H (1998) Reproductive toxicity reproductive toxicity Any adverse effect attributable to exposure to a chemical, directed against the reproductive and/or related endocrine systems Adverse effects Altered sexual behavior, fertility, pregnancy outcomes, or modifications in other functions that potentials of Salvia salvia: see sage. salvia Any of about 700 species of herbaceous and woody plants that make up the genus Salvia, in the mint family. Some members (e.g., sage) are important as sources of flavouring. fruticosa (Labiatae) in rats. J Ethnopharmac 61: 67-74 El Rahman HAA, Elbadry AA, Mabmoud OH, Harraz FA (1999) The effect of the aqueous extract of Cynomorum coccineum on the epididymal sperm pattern of rat. Phytotherapy Research 13: 248-250 Farooq T, Vanithakumari G, Bhuvaneswari G, Malini T, Manonayaki S. (1991) Effects of anethole on seminal vesicle seminal vesicle n. Either of a pair of pouchlike glands situated on each side of the male urinary bladder that secrete seminal fluid and nourish and promote the movement of spermatozoa through the urethra. of albino rats. Ancient Science of Life 11: 9-11 Farnsworth NR, Bingel AS, Cordell GA, Crane FA, Fong HHS HHS Department of Health and Human Services. (1975) Potential value of plants as source of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 64(4): 535-598 Farnsworth NR, Wailer DP (1982) Current status of plant products reported to inhibit sperm. Res Front Fertil Regul 2(1): 16 pp Gaitonde BB, Mahajan Mahajan is an Indian surname, found among the Vaishya castes (business communities). In India surname Mahajan is used by two communities: - one residing in North of India(mainly on the Amritsar to Jammu belt) and another belonging to North Maharashtra. RT (1980) Antifertility activity of Lygodium flexuosum. Indian J Med Res 72: 597-604 Gallegos AJ (1977) Composition and methods for fertility control. U.S. 4,006,227 (Cl. 424-195, A61 K 35/78) 01 Feb, 16 pp. Appl. 416, 212, 15 Nov. 1973 Gallegos AJ (1983) The Zoapatle. I. A traditional remedy from Mexico emerges to modem times. Contraception 27(3): 211-225 Gallegos AJ (1985) Fertility control with Kauranoic acid derivatives from Zoapatle. U.S. US 4, 491, 593 (CI. 424-317A6K31/19)01 Jan, Appl. 461,377, 27 Jan. 1983: 11 pp Gandhi M, Sankaranarayanan A, Lal R, Mathur VS (1983) A preliminary study of the antifertility effect of Vicca indica in albino rats. Indian J Med Res 78: 724-725 Garg SK (1972) Antifertility screening of plants. 8. Investigation on Taxus baccata Taxus baccata, n See yew. Linn. leaves. Indian J Med Res 60(1): 159-163 Garg S, Doncel G, Chabra S, Upadhyay SN, Talwar A talwar, talwaar, or tulwar (Devanagari: तलवार) is a type of sword prevalent in medieval India dating back to at least the 13th century. It bears a resemblance to the Persian shamshir and the Turkish kilic. GP (1994) Synergistic spermicidal activity of Neem seed extract, reetha saponins and quinine hydrochloride hydrochloride /hy·dro·chlo·ride/ (-klor´id) a salt of hydrochloric acid. hy·dro·chlo·ride n. A compound resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base. . Contraception 50(2): 185-190 Garg S, Taluja V, Upadhyay SN, Talwar GP (1993) Studies on the contraceptive efficacy of Praneem polyherbal cream. Contraception 48(6): 591-596 Garg S, Upadbyay SN, Talwar GP (1998) Immunocontraceptive activity guided fractionation fractionation /frac·tion·a·tion/ (frak?shun-a´shun) 1. in radiology, division of the total dose of radiation into small doses administered at intervals. 2. and characterization of active constituents of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts. J Ethnopharmac 60(3): 235-246 Ghosh BP, Mukerjee AK, Banerjee S (1955) New pyrone derivative, Cirantine, oral contraceptive. Naturwissenschaften 42: 77 Goldberg E (1999) Calpastatin testis-specific isoform peptides for contreceptive vaccines and fertility diagnosis. PCT mt. Appl. WO 99 03, 490, (CI. A61K 38/00), 28 Jan 1999, US Appl. 53, 337, 21 July 1997: 48 pp Gu Z (1983) Present status on studies of gossypol. Shengzhi Yu Biyun 3(1): 8-10, 7 Gu Z, Jiang Y, Feng XD (1984a) Studies on fertility control the formation and antifertility effect of polyvinyl polyvinyl /poly·vi·nyl/ (-vi´nil) a polymerization product of a monomeric vinyl compound. polyvinyl alcohol see under alcohol. pyrrolidone-gossypol complex. Biomater Med Devices, Artif Organs 12(1-2): 1-14 Gu Z, Jiang Y, Feng XD (1984b) Studies on the formation and antifertility effect of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)-gossypol complex. KexueTongbao29(11): 1561-1562 Gu Z, Zong S, Chang C (1983) Morphological changes in testes and epididymides of rats after gossypol. Zhongguo Yaoli Xuebao 4(1): 40-45 Guerra M de O, De Oliveira AB, Peters VM (1985) Antifertility effects of (3R) Classequinone in rats. Cienc Cult 37(10): 1666-1667 Guerrero C, Campos G, Toboada J (1988) Chemical studies on Eupatorium brevipes and some biological activity of brevipenin. Rev Latinoam Quim QUIM Qualitative Impact Monitoring 19(3-4): 147-149 Gupta RS, Dixit VP (1989a) Testicular cell population following dynamics palmitine hydroxide treatment in dogs. J Ethnopharmac 25: 151-157 Gupta RS, Dixit VP (1996a) Interaction between germ cells and sertoli cells in the testes after gossypol administration in dogs. Asian J Exper Sci 10(1,2): 31-35 Gupta RS, Dobhal MP, Dixit VP (1996b) Morphometric and Biochemical change in testes of Presbytis entellus entellus Duferesne (Langur langur: see monkey. monkey) following aristolochic acid administration. Annals of Biology 12: 328-334 Gupta RS, Kumar P, Dixit VP, Dobhal MP (2000) Antifertility studies of the root extract of Barleria prionitis Linn. in male albino rats with special reference to testicular cell population dynamics. J Ethnopharmac 70:111-117 Gupta RS, Tank R, Dixit VP (1989b) Quantitative analysis Quantitative Analysis A security analysis that uses financial information derived from company annual reports and income statements to evaluate an investment decision. Notes: of germ cells and leydig cells in rat and dog made infertile in·fer·tile adj. Not capable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction. infertile, adj unable to produce offspring. with solasodine ([C.sub.27][H.sub.43][O.sub.2]N). Adv Contr Deliv Syst (U.S.A.) V: 389-397 Gupta RS, Sharma N, Dixit VP (1990) Calotropin -- A novel compound for fertility control. Ancient Science of Life 9: 224-230 Gupta RS, Yadav RK, Dixit VP, Dobhal MP (2001) Antifertility studies of Colebrookia opposit~fo1ia "smith" leaf extract in ma]e albino rats with special reference to testicular cell population dynamics. Fitoterapia TZ: 236-245 Hadley MA, Burgos MH (1982) Inhibition of rat epididymal sperm motility by gossypol. Ann NY Acad Sci 383 (Cell Biol Tests): 458-459 Hahn DW, Ericson EW, Lai MT, Probst A (1981) Antifertility activity of Montanca tomentosa (Zoapatle). Contraception 23(2): 133-140 Haller J (1965) Mechanism of action of antifertility agents. Trans. Meet. Int. Study Group Steroid Hormones, 2nd Rome: 379-388 Hardman R (1974) Steroid plants in the production of contraceptives. Concept Contracept: Contrib Pharm Sci, Gen Assem Fed Int Pharm 25th: 60-80 He X, Zhou Y, Huang Z (1992) Study on the alkaloids of Melodinus fusiformis. Huaxue Xuebao 5(1): 96-101. Hiermann A, Bucar F (1997) Studies of Epilobium angustifolium extracts on growth of accessory sexual organs in rats. J Ethnopharmac 55: 179-183 Hiremath SP, Badami S, Swamy HKS HKS Harvard Kennedy School (John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University; Cambridge, MA) HKS Hrvatski Košarkaški Savez (Croatian Basketball Federation) HKS Silver Hake HKS Hong Kong Standard , Patil SB, Londonkar RL (1997) Antiandrogenic effect of Striga orobanchioides. J Ethnopharmac 56: 55-60 Hiremath SP, Rao SH (1990) Antifertility efficacy of the plant Striga lutea (Scrophulariacae) on rats. Contraception 42(4): 467-477 Hiremath SP, Rao SH, lain PK, Jaya Y, Sembulingam K (1990) Antifertility activity of Striga lutea -- Part I. Indian I Physiol Pharmacol 34(1): 23-25 Hiremath SP, Rudresh K, Badami S, Patil SB, Patil SR (1999) Post-coital antifertility activity of Acalypha indica L. J Ethnopharmac 67: 253 Ho L, Xu Y, Xue H, Wang W, Zhou Z, Chen P, Fan M (1982) Studies on the antifertility constituents of Huai Jao. I-Isolation of constituents (I-XI) and identification of I-mV and IX. Shengzhi Yu Biyun 2(2): 23-27 Hoffer AP (1982) Ultrastructural studies of spermatozoa and the epithelial lining of the epididymis and vas deferens in rats treated with gossypol. Arch Androl 8(4): 23 3-246 Hong SK, Haspel HC, Sonnenberg M, Goldinger JM (1983) Effects of gossypol on PAH PAH, PAHA aminohippuric acid. PAH abbr. para-aminohippuric acid PAH 1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, see there 2. Pulmonary artery HTN transport in the rabbit kidney slice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 71(3): 430-435 Hoshiai H, Uehara 5, Nagaike F, Momono K, Mon R, Suzuki M, Lin YC (1981) Mechanism of action of gossypol as a male contraceptive agent in rats I. In vivo study. Nippon Funnin Gakkai Zasshi 26(4): 393-397 Hoshiai H, Uehara S, Nagaike F, Momono K, Hoshi K, Suzuki M (1982) Action mechanism of gossypol as a male contraceptive agent, in vitro study (Leydig cell of rats). Nippon Funnin Gakkai Zasshi 27(2): 156-160 Howett MK, Reider JWK (1999) Broad spectrum microbicidal and spermicidal compositions, devices, and methods. PCT Int. Appi. WO 9959,525 (Cl. A61K), 25 Nov. 1999, US Appl. 81, 199, 19 May 1998: 58 pp Hu B, Sha H, Wang C, Yu D, Wu X, Yu X (1984) Proton NMR identification of Yuanhuatin -- an antifertility significant component. Bopuxue Zazhi 1(5): 477-480 Huacuja RL, Delgado NM, Carranco LA, Reyes LR, Rosado GA (1990) Agglutinating and immobilizing activity of an ethanol extract of Bursera fagaroides on human and mammalian spermatozoa. Arch Invest Med (Mex.) 21(4): 393-398 Huynh PN, Hikim AP, Wang C, Stefonovic K, Lue YH, Leung A, Atienza V, Baravarian S, Reutrakul V, Swerdloff RS (2000) Long-term effects of triptolide on spermatogenesis, epididymal sperm function, and fertility in male rats. J Androl 21: 689-699 Iglesias CL (1985) New advances in contraception and sterilization. Med Clin 85(14): 588-595 Jackson H (1959) Antifertility substances. Pharmacol Revs 11: 135-172 Jacobson M (1995) Neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Other Meliaceous Plants: 526-530 Jam GK, Pal R, Khanna NM (1980) Spermicidal saponins from Pittosporum pittosporum Any of various evergreen shrubs or trees, mainly from Australia and New Zealand, that make up the genus Pittosporum (family Pittosporaceae), commonly known as Australian laurel. They are planted especially as ornamentals in warm regions. nilghrense Wight et. Apnott. Indian J Pharmac Sci 42(1): 12-13 Jam GK, Sarin sarin (zärēn`), volatile liquid used as a nerve gas. It boils at 147°C; but evaporates quickly at room temperature; its vapor is colorless and odorless. JPS JPS Jewish Publication Society JPS John Peter Smith (Hospital; Texas) JPS Justice & Public Safety JPS Jean Piaget Society JPS Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome JPS Joint Planning Staff , Khanna NM (1977) Constitution of scheffleroside -- a spermicidal saponin saponin: see soap plant. from Scheffiera capitata. Indian J Chem Sect B 15B(12): 1139-1141 Jensen DR, Tone JN, Sorenson RH, Bozek SA (1982) Deposition pattern of the antifertility agent, gossypol in selected organs of male rats. Toxicology 24(1): 65-72 Johnston MA (1981) General method for the assay of oral contraceptives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a form of column chromatography used frequently in biochemistry and analytical chemistry. It is also sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography. . J Chromatogr 216: 269-278 Joshi BC, Kumar S, Verma OP, Chatterjee SN (1980) Antifertility effects of chronically administered Malvaviscus conzattii flower extract (SC) on male albino mice. Indian J Exper Biol 18(6): 561-564 Joshi BC, Kumar S, Verma OP, Chatterjee SN, Jacob D (1981) Antifertility effects of chronically administered Malvaviscus conzattii flower extract on the male albino mice. Planta Medica 41(3): 274-280 Juneja SC, Pfeifer T, Williams RS, Chegini N (1994) Neem oil inhibits two cell embryo development and trophectoderm troph·ec·to·derm n. The cell layer from which the trophoblast differentiates. trophectoderm the earliest trophoblast. attachment and proliferation in vitro. J Assist Reprod Genet genet: see civet. 11: 8:419-427 Juneja SC, Williams RS (1993) Mouse sperm-egg interaction in vitro in the presence of Neem oil. Life Sci 53: 18 PL: 279-284 Juneja SC, Williams RS (1994) Inhibition of in vivo and vitro fertilization in mouse by neem oil: Potential pre coital contraceptive. Adv Contracept Delivery Syst 10(3/4): 169-177 Kainz P, Nussabaumer V, Frick J, Kalla N (1985a) Effect of gossypol on macromolecular mac·ro·mol·e·cule n. A very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together. Also called supermolecule. synthesis in rat testis testis (tĕs`tĭs) or testicle (tĕs`tĭkəl), one of a pair of glands that produce the male reproductive cells, or sperm. . An in vitro study. Contraception 31(2): 151-158 Kainz P, Nussbaumer-Kainz V, Frick J (1985b) The in vivo effect of gossypol on macromolecular synthesis in rat testis. Contraception 32(6): 661-669 Kahn NR (1982) Gossypol-the male antifertility agent. IRCS Med Sci Libr Compend com·pend n. A compendium. 10(10): 766-769 Kalla NR, Foo JTW JTW Japan Times Weekly (publication) JTW Journey to the West (movie; literature) JTW Joint Targeting Workstation , Sheth AR (1982) Studies on the male antifertility agent -- gossypol acetic acid acetic acid (əsē`tĭk), CH3CO2H, colorless liquid that has a characteristic pungent odor, boils at 118°C;, and is miscible with water in all proportions; it is a weak organic carboxylic acid (see carboxyl group). . V. Effect of gossypol acetic acid on the fertility of male rats. Andrologia 14(6): 492-500 Kalla NR, Foo J, Hurkadli S, Sheth AR (1985) Gossypol: 33-43, Edited by Segal, Sheldon Jerome Kamal R, Yadav R, Sharma JD (1993) Efficacy of the steroidal fraction of fenugreek seed extract on fertility of male albino rats. Phytother Res 7(2): 134-138 Kamboj VP, Dhawan BN (1982) Research on plants for fertility regulation in India. J Ethnopharmac 6: 191-226 Kannel WB (1979) Possible hazards of oral contraceptive use. Circulation 60(3): 490-491 Kanwar U, Batla A, Sanyal S, Minocha R, Majumdar S, Ranga A (1989) Gossypol inhibition of [Ca.sup.++] uptake and [Ca.sup.++]-ATPase in human ejaculated spermatozoal spermatozoal pertaining to spermatozoa. spermatozoal motility a guide to viability and potency of a semen sample; a highly motile sample shows wave movement under low power and individual sperm movement under high power. plasma membrane plasma membrane n. See cell membrane. vesicles. Contraception 39(4): 431-435 Kapila K, Bhide NK, Razdan MK (1970) The antifertility effect of Butea frondosa petal (alocoholic extract and its crystalline fraction). J Indian Med Assoc 1655(2): 60-61 Kasturi M, Manivannan B, Ahmed RN, Shaikh PD, Pathan KM (1995) Changes in epididymal structure and function of albino rat treated with Azardirachta indica leaves. Indian J Exper Biol 33: 725-729 Kaushic C, Upadhyay S (1995) Mode of long-term antifertility effect of intrauterine neem treatment (IUNT IUNT Interservice Undergraduate Navigator Training ). Contraception 51(3): 203-207 Kennedy WP, Vander Ven HH, Straus JW, Bhattacharya AK, Waller DP, Zaneveld LJD, Polakoski KL (1983) Gossypol inhibition of acrosin and proacrosin and oocyte oocyte /oo·cyte/ (-sit) the immature female reproductive cell prior to fertilization; derived from an oogonium. It is a primary o. prior to completion of the first maturation division, and a secondary o. penetration by human spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 29(4): 999-1009 Keplinger K (1982) Cytostat, contraceptive and anti-inflammatory agent from Uncaria tomentosa Uncaria tomentosa, n See cat's claw. roots. PCT Int. Appl. WO 8201, 130 (Cl. A61K 35/78) 15 April, 1982. AT Appl. 80/4, 971, 07 Oct. 1980: 27 pp Keshri G, Lakshmi V, Singh MM (1998) Postcoital contraceptive activity of some indigenous plants in rats. Contraception 57: 357-360 Keshri G, Singh MM, Lakshmi V, Kamboj VP (1995) Postcoital contraceptive efficacy of the seeds of Nigella sativa Nigella sativa, n See nigella. in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 39(1): 59-62 Kholkute SD, Chatterjee SR, Udupa KN (1976a) Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. on estrous cycle estrous cycle n. The recurrent set of physiological and behavioral changes that take place from one period of estrus to another. and reproductive organs in rats. Indian J Exper Biol 14(6): 703-704 Kholkute SD, Kekara MB, Jathar VS. Munshi Munshi is a degree in South Asia, that is given after passing a certain course of basic reading, writing, and math etc. The advanced degree was Munshi Fazil or Munshi Fadhil. Munshi is also a title that a graduate of Munshi course is allowed to attach to his name. SR (1978) Antifertility effects of Embelia ribes Embelia ribes, n See viranga. Burm. Indian J Exper Biol 16(10): 1035-1037 Kholkute SD, Mudgal V, Deshpande PJ (1976b) Screening of indigenous medicinal plants for antifertility potentiality. Planta Medica 29(2): 151-155 Kitchlu S, Mehrotra PK, Singh S (1999) Progesterone potentiating effect of Dipsacus mitis D. Don for its contraceptive action in hamster. Indian J Exper Biol 37(4): 402-405 Kondo Y (1976) Organic and biological aspects of berberine berberine /ber·ber·ine/ (bur´bur-en) an alkaloid from species of Berberis and related plants, and from Hydrastis canadensis; alkaloids. Heterocycles 4(1): 197-219 Kong YC (1985) Indole indole /in·dole/ (in´dol) a compound obtained from coal tar and indigo and produced by decomposition of tryptophan in the intestine, where it contributes to the peculiar odor of feces. It is excreted in the urine in the form of indican. derivative and its use as fertility control agent. Eur. Pat. Appi. E.P. 130, 067 (CI. C07D209/94) 02 Jan, G.B. Appl. 83/17, 108, 23 June 1983: 36 pp Kong YC, Cheng KF, Cambie RC, Waterman PG (1985a) Yuehchukene: a novel indole alkaloid with anti-implantation activity. J Chem Soc Chem Commun (2): 47-48 Kong YC, Lau CP, Wat KH, Ng KH, But PPH, Cheng KF, Waterman PG (1989) Antifertility principle of Ruta graveolens Ruta graveolens, n See rue. . Planta Medica 55(2): 176-178 Kong YC, Ng KH, But PPH, Li Q, Yu SX, Zhang HT, Cheng KF, Soejarto DD, Kan WS, Waterman PG (1986a) Sources of anti-implantation alkaloid Yuehchukcne in the genus Murraya. J Ethnopharmac 15(2): 195-200 Kong YC, Ng KH, Wat KH, Wong A, Saxena IF, Cheng KF, But PPH, Cheng HT (1985b) Yuehchukene, a novel anti-implantation indole alkaloid from Murraya paniculata. Planta Medica (4): 304-307 Kong YC, Xie JX, But PPH (1986b) Fertility regulating agents from traditional Chinese medicines. J Ethnopharmac 15(1): 1-44 Korkhov VV, Mats MN (1983) Contraceptive preparations of plant origin. Akush Ginekol 111: 8-10 Krishnaswamy M, Purushothaman KK (1980a) Antifertility properties of Embelia ribes. Indian J Exper Biol 18(6), 638-639 Krishnaswamy M, Purushothaman KK (1980b) Antifertility properties of Embelia ribes (embelin). Indian J Exper Biol 18(11): 1359-1360 Kulkami SK (1982) Gossypol, a male antifertility agent. East Pharm 25(296): 77-78 Lei H (1982) Review and prospect of gossypol research. YaoxueXuebao 17(1): 1-4 Lei H (1983) Prospect of gossypol as a male contraceptive. YaoxueXuebao 18(5): 321-324 Levine SD, Hahn DW, Cotter ML, Greeenslade FC, Kanojia RM, Pasquale SA, Wachter M, Mc Guire JL (1981) The Mexican plant zoapatle (Montanoa tomentosa) in reproductive medicine. Past, present and future. J Reprod Med 26(10): 524-528 Lewis ME (2001) Should we be concemed about herbal remedies. J Etlinopharmac 75(2-3): 14 1-164 Li K, Wu B, Li H, Zhao X (1999) Contraceptive and disease-preventing vaginal sponges. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shoumingshu CN 1,131,535 (Cl. A61 F13/20), 25 Sept, 1996, AppI. 95, 102, 894, 22 Mar. 1995: 9 pp Liu GZ (1981) Clinical study of gossypol as male contraceptive. Reproduction 5(3): 189-193 Lohiya NK, Goyal RB (1992) Antifertility investigations on the crude chloroform chloroform (klôr`əfôrm) or trichloromethane (trī'klôrōmĕth`ān), CHCl3 extract of Carica papaya Linn. seeds in male albino rats. Indian J Exper Biol 30(11): 1051-1055 Lohiya NK, Goyal RB, Jayaprakash D, Ansari AS, Sharma S (1994) Antifertility effects of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds in male rats. Planta Medica 60(5): 400-404 Lohiya NK, Mishra PK, Pathak N, Manivannan B, Jam SC (1999) Reversible azoospermia azoospermia /azoo·sper·mia/ (a-zo?o-sper´me-ah) lack of live spermatozoa in the semen; classified as obstructive or nonobstructive depending on whether cause is blockage of the tubules or ducts. by oral administration of the benzene chromatographic chro·mat·o·graph n. An instrument that produces a chromatogram. tr.v. chro·mat·o·graphed, chro·mat·o·graph·ing, chro·mat·o·graphs To separate and analyze by chromatography. fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in rabbits. Adv Contracept 15(2): 141-161 Lohiya NK, Pathak N, Mishra PK, Manivannan B (1999) Reversible contraception with chloroform extract of Carica papaya Linn. seeds in male rabbits. Reprod Toxicol 13(1): 59-66 Lohiya NK, Pathak N, Mishra PK, Manivannan B (2000) Contraceptive evaluation and toxicological study of aqueous extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in male rabbits. J Ethnopharmac 70:17-27 Londonkar RL, Srinivasreddy P, Somanathreddy P, Patil SB (1998) Nicotine induced inhibition of activities of accessory reproductive ducts in male rats. J Ethnopharmac 60: 215-221 Louw A, Swart swart adj. Archaic Swarthy. [Middle English swarte, from Old English sweart.] Adj. 1. P, de Kock SS, van der Merwe KJ (1997) Mechanism for the stabilization in vivo of the aziridine precursor 2-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methyl-ethylammonium chloride by serum proteins. Biochem Pharmacol 53: 189-197 Louw A, Swart P, Allie F (2000) Influence of an aziridine precursor on the in vitro binding parameters of rat and ovine ovine pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from sheep. ovine atopic dermatitis symmetrical erythema, alopecia, lichenification, excoriation on woolless areas; sporadic cases, recur each summer. corticosteroid-binding globulin corticosteroid-binding globulin n. See transcortin. (CBG CBG corticosteroid-binding globulin. ) [Hormone and Growth Factors]. Biochem Pharmacol 59(2): 167-175 Lue Y, Sinha-Hikim AP, Wang C, Leung A, Baravarian S, Reutrakul V (1998) Triptolide: a potential male contraceptive. J Androl 19: 479-486 Malbi BS, Trivedi VP (1972) Vegetable anti-fertility drugs of India, Quart J Crude Drug Res 12(3): 1922-1928 Malini T, Manimoran RR, Arunakaran J, Asuldhas MM, Govinda rajulu P (1999) Effect of piperine pip·er·ine n. A crystalline solid, C17H19NO3, extracted from black pepper and used as flavoring and as an insecticide. on testis of albino rats. J Ethnopharmac 64: 219-225 Man'ko IV, Poskalenko ON, Korkhov VV, Baikova VV (1977) Preparation and investigation of "CES" series agents with contraceptive activity from plants of the borage family (Boraginaceae Don.). Farm Zh (Kiev) (3): 60-65 Mateos JL, Noriega L (1979) Utero evacuant evacuant /evac·u·ant/ (e-vak´u-ant) 1. emptying. 2. cathartic (1, 2). 3. a remedy that empties any organ, such as a cathartic, emetic, or diuretic. extracts from plant substances. Can. 1,063,941 (Cl. A61K35/78) 09 Oct, U.S.Appl. 460, 258 liApril 1974: l3 pp Mathur R (1991) Fructolysis effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis Linn. (leaves) in seminal vesicles of rat. Acta Eur Fertil 22(4): 219-220 Matlin SA, Zhou RH, Bialy G, Blye RP, Naqvi RH, Lindberg MC (1985) Gossypol: an active male antifertility agent. Contraception 3 1(2): 141-149 Mats MN, Korkhov VV, Bogatkina VF, Ovacharenko SN, Kozhina IS, Sukhobodskii BA, Nosova LI (1982) Contraceptive properties of galenics from several parts of the family Boraginaceae. Rastit Resur 18(1): 87-91 Mats MN, Khorkov VV, Kransnov EA, Pirozhkova NM (1984) Chemical composition and contraceptive activity of Androsace septentrionalis L. Rastit Resur 20(3): 403-408 Mats MN, Korkhov VV, Lutski VI, Gromova AS, Ganenko TV, Semenov AA (1988) Triterpene triterpene plant toxins, e.g. lantadenes A, B, found in Lantana camara, icterogenins A, B, C, found in Lippia spp. Called also triterpene acids. triterpene acids see triterpene (above). glycosides of Thalictrum minus L. and T. foetidum L. and their contraceptive activity. Rastit Resur 24(4): 570-574 Mats MN, Savchenko ON (1986) On the mechanism of the contraceptive effect of triterpene glycosides of Androsace septentrionalis L. Farmakol Toksikol 49(2): 38-39 Mazumder UK, Gupta M, Pramanik G, Mukhopadhayay RK, Sarkar S (1992) Antifertility activity of seed of Nelumbo nucifera in mice. Indian J Exper Biol 30: 533-534 Mehrotra PK, Kamboj VP (1978) Hormonal Profile of comaridine hydrocholoride-an antifertility agent of plant origin. Planta Medica 33(4): 345-349 Melis MS (1999) Effects of chronic administration of Stevia Noun 1. stevia - any plant of the genus Stevia or the closely related genus Piqueria having glutinous foliage and white or purplish flowers; Central and South America genus Stevia - genus of shrubs and herbs of tropical and warm Americas rebaudiana on fertility in rats. J Ethnopharmac 67: 157-161 Meyer WE, Coppola JA, Goldman L (1973) Alkaloid studies VIII. Isolation and characterization of alkaloids of Taber-naemontana heyneana and antifertility properties of coronaridine. J Pharmac Sci 62(7): 1199-1201 Misra N, Sareen KN, Amma MKP MKP Mankind Project MKP MAP Kinase Phosphatase MKP Maoist Communist Party (Turkey) MKP Maurin Kiribati Pati (Kiribati) MKP Multidimensional Knapsack Problem MKP Mazdoor Kissan Party , Gujral ML (1961) Oral contraceptive VI. Hormonal and antihormonal effect of santonin. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 5:187-197 Misra DN, Shukla GD (1980) Vitafix in premature ejaculation Premature Ejaculation Definition Premature ejaculation occurs when male sexual climax (orgasm) occurs before a man wishes it or too quickly during intercourse to satisfy his partner. . A controlled trial. Ind Pract 33: 81-86 Moersch GW, Morrow DF, Neuklis WA (1967) The antifertility activity of isoflavones related to genistein. J Med Chem 10(2): 154-158 Montanan T, de Carvalho JE, Dolder H (1998) Effect of Maynetus ilicifolia Mart ex. Reiss on spermatogenesis. Contraception 57(5): 335-339 Moundipa FP, Kantchouing P, Koueta N, Tant Chou J, Foyana NPR NPR In currencies, this is the abbreviation for the Nepal Rupee. Notes: The currency market, also known as the Foreign Exchange market, is the largest financial market in the world, with a daily average volume of over US $1 trillion. , Mbiapo FT (1999) Effects of aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa macranthus and Basella allba in mature rat testes function. J Ethnopharmac 65: 133-140 Mukherjee S, Garg S, Talwar GP (1999) Early post implantation contraceptive effects of a purified fraction of Neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds, given orally in rats: possible mechanisms involved. J Ethnopharmac 67(3): 287-296 Murthy RSR RSR Regular sinus rhythm, see there , Basu DK, Murti VVS VVS Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund Stuttgart (Public Transit Authority in Stuttgart, Germany) VVS Very Very Small Inclusions (high quality of diamond) VVS Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome (1981) Anti fertility activity of (+) Gossypol. Current Sci 50(2): 64-66 Murthy RSR, Basu DK, Murti VVS (1984) Anti-implantation activity of isoadiantone. Indian Drugs 21(4): 141-144 Nandi RC, Singh S, Sarin JPS, Malviya B, Chandra H, Khanna NM (1982) A carrier material for delivery of chemicals for contraception purposes in females or vas in males. Indian IN 150, 468 (Cl. A 61K 9/00) 16 Oct, Appl. 78/DE 931, 20 Dec. 1978: 9pp Naseem MZ, Patil SR, Patil, SB (1998) Antispermatogenic and androgenic activities of Momordica charantia in albino rats. J Ethnopharmac 61: 9-16 National Co-ordination group on male antifertility agents (Peop. Rep. China) (1978) Gossypol a new antifertility agent for males. Chin Med J 4(6): 417-428 Ng TB, Hon WK, Lo LH, Li WW, Yeung HW (1986) Effect of [alpha]-momorchanin, [beta]-momorcharin and [alpha]-trichosanthin on lipogenesis lipogenesis /lipo·gen·e·sis/ (-jen´e-sis) the formation of fat; the transformation of nonfat food materials into body fat.lipogenet´ic lip·o·gen·e·sis n. 1. and testicular and adrenal adrenal /ad·re·nal/ (ah-dre´n'l) 1. paranephric. 2. adrenal gland. 3. pertaining to an adrenal gland. ad·re·nal adj. 1. steroidogenesis steroidogenesis /ste·roi·do·gen·e·sis/ (ste-roi?do-jen´e-sis) production of steroids, as by the adrenal glands.steroidogen´ic ste·roid·o·gen·e·sis n. The biological synthesis of steroids. in vitro and plasma glucose levels in vivo. J Ethnopharmac 18(1): 45-53 Nordenskjoeld M, Lambert B (1984) Gossypol induces DNA DNA: see nucleic acid. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid One of two types of nucleic acid (the other is RNA); a complex organic compound found in all living cells and many viruses. It is the chemical substance of genes. strand breaks in human fibroblasts and sister chromatids exchanges in human lymphocytes in vitro. J Med Genet 21(2): 129-132 Nwafor PA, Okwuasaba FK, Onoruvwe OO (1998) Contraceptive and non-estrogenic effects of methanolic extract of Asparagus pubescens root in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmac 62(2): 117-122 Okwuasaba FK, Osunkwo UA, Ekwenchi MM, Ekpenyong KI, Onwukeme KE, Olayinka AO, Uguru MO, Das SC (1991) Anticonceptive and estrogenic effects of a seed extract of Ricinus communis Ricinus communis toxic plant in the Euphorbiaceae family; contains ricin which causes diarrhea and convulsions when eaten. Called also castor oil plant, castor bean, palma christi. var. minor. J Ethnopharmac 34(2-3): 141-145 Orzechowski G (1972) Nature against nature. Dtsch Apoth 24(6): 277-278, 280-281 Pakhurst RM, Stolzenberg SJ (1975) Saponin containing spermatocidal compositions. U.S. 3,886,272 (Cl. 424-180, A 01N) 27 May, Appl. 384, l0l, July 30, 1973: 8 pp Pakrashi A, Basak B (1976) Abortifacient effect of steroids from Ananas comosus Ananas comosus, n See pineapple. and their analogs on mice. J Reprod Fertil 46(2): 461-462 Pakrashi A, Bhattacharya K, Kabir SN, Pal AK (1986) Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a potential source of contragestative agents III. Interceptive effect of benzene extract in mouse. Contraception 34(5): 523-536 Pakrashi A, Ray H, Pal BC, Mahato SB (1991) Sperm immobilising effect of triterpene saponins from Acacia auriculiformis. Contraception 43(5): 475-483 Pakrashi A, Sanyal S, Banerjee R, Sen NR (1985) Effect of Malvaviscus conzattii flower extract on male fertility. Contraception 31: 101-104 Pakrashi A, Shaha C (1977) Effect of a sesquiterpene sesquiterpene (sesˑ·kw  ·terˑ·pēn),n from Aristolochia indica Linn. on fertility in female mice. Experientia 33(11): 1498-1499 Pal AK, Bhattacharya K, Kabir SN, Pakrashi A (1985) Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, apotential source of contragestative agent: II. Possible mode of action with reference to anti-implantation effect of the benzene extract. Contraception 32(5): 517-529. Pant G, Panwar MS, Rawat MSM MSM - Micronetics Standard MUMPS , Negi DS (1988a) Spermicidal activity and chemical examination of Pentapanax leschenaultii (DC) seem, fruits. Herba Pol 34(2): 161-162 Pant G, Panwar MS, Rawat MSM, Negi DS (1988b) Spermicidal glycosides from Hedera nepalensis K. Koch. (inflorescence inflorescence Cluster of flowers on one or a series of branches, which together make a large showy blossom. Categories depend on the arrangement of flowers on an elongated main axis (peduncle) or on sub-branches from the main axis, and on the timing and position of flowering. ). Pharmazie 43(4): 294 Pathak N, Mishra PK, Manivannan B, Lohiya NK (2000) Sterility due to inhibition of sperm motility by oral administration of benzene chromatographic fraction of chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in rats. Phytomedicine 7(4): 325-333 Pellegatti A (1966) Plants and Therapy. Corriere Farm 21(17): 423-424 Pincus G (1965a) Control of fertility (Book) Pincus G (1965b) Mechanism of oral contraception. Agents affecting fertility: 195-210 Pincus G, Bialy G (1965) Drugs used in control of reproduction. Advan Pharmacol 285-313 Posinovec J (1983) Gossypol - newest contraceptive agent for males. Lijec Vjeon 105(5) Prakash AO (1981) Antifertility investigation on embelin-an oral contraceptive of plant origin. Part-I Biological properties. Planta Medica 41(3): 259-266 Prakash AO (1986) Potentialities of some indigenous plants for antifertility activity. IntJ Crude Drug Res 24(1): 19-24 Prakash AO, Pathak S, Mathur R (1991) Post coital contraceptive action in rats of a hexane hexane /hex·ane/ (hek´san) a saturated hydrogen obtained by distillation from petroleum. hex·ane n. extract of the aerial parta of Ferula Ferula a plant genus in the family Apiaceae; contain coumarin and cause hemorrhagic diathesis; includes F. asafoetida, F. communis (giant fennel F. communis var. brevifolia). jaeschkeana. J Ethnopharmac 34(2-3): 221-234 Prakash AO, Saxena V, Shukla 5, Mathur R (1985) Contraceptive potency of Pueraria tube rosa D.C. and its hormonal status. Acta Eur Fertil 16(1): 59-65 Prakash AO, Shukla 5, Gupta A, Mathur R (1986) Effect of embelin, an antifertility agent of plant origin on some biochemical constituents of rat uterus in the presence and absence of estradiol dipropionate and progesterone. Comp Physio physio Noun 1. short for physiotherapy 2. pl physios short for physiotherapist Ecol 11(l):4-l0 Prakash AO, Tewari RK, Mathur R (1988) Non-hormonal post-coital contraceptive action of neem oil in rats. J Ethnopharmac 23(1): 53-59 Prasad Prasāda (Sanskrit: प्रसाद), prasād/prashad (Hindi), Prasāda in (Kannada), prasādam (Tamil), or prasadam MRN MRN Motor Racing Network MRN Medical Record Number MRN Magnetic Resonance Neurography MRN Medicare Remittance Notice MRN Matières Radioactives Naturelles MRN Meteorological Rocket Network MRN Manufacturers Resource Network , Diczfalusy E (1983) Gossypol. Endocr Mech Fertil Regul 233-248 Premakumari P, Rathinam K, Santhakumari G (1977) Antifertility activity of plumbagin. Indian J Med Res 65(6): 829-838 Primorac M, Sekulovic D, Antonic S (1985) In vitro determination of the spermicidal activity of plant saponins. Pharmazie 40(8): 585 Purandare TV, Kholkute SD, GurjarA, Joshi UM, Dattatreyamurty B, Sheth AR, Swamy XR, Jayaraman S, Munshi SR (1979) Semen analysis Semen Analysis Definition Semen analysis evaluates a man's sperm and semen. It is done to discover cause for infertility and to confirm success of vasectomy. and hormonal levels in bonnet macaques administered Embelia ribes berries, an indigenous plant having contraceptive activity. Indian J Exper Biol 17(9): 935-936 Purohit A (1991) Contraceptive efficacy of Curcuma longa Curcuma longa, n See turmeric. (50% EtOH extract) with special emphasis on testicular population dynamics. J Current Bioscience 8:129-134 Qian S, Wang ZG (1984) Gossypol: a potential antifertility agent for males. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 24: 329-360 Raman G, Munshi SR, Rao SS (1976) Alkaline phosphatase alkaline phosphatase /al·ka·line phos·pha·tase/ (ALP) (fos´fah-tas) an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of orthophosphate from orthophosphoric monoesters under alkaline conditions. activity in the uteri of rats and guinea pig fed on Ayurvedic antifertility agent. Indian J Med Res 64(7): 959-962 Ratnasooriya WD, Amara sekera AS, Perera NSD NSD Nairobi sheep disease. , Premakumara GAS (1991) Sperm antimotility properties of a seed extract of Abrus precatori us. J Ethnopharmac 38: 85-90 Rawat MSM, Negi DS, Pant G, Panwar MS (1988) Spermicidal potential and chemical analysis of Ophiopogon intermedius (rhizomes). Pharmazie 43(2): 143-144 Razdan MK, Kapila K, Bhide NK (1969) Antifertility effect and some pharmacological actions of Buteafrondosa seed extracts. Indian I Physiol Pharmacol 13(4): 239-249 Reddy CM, Murthy DRK DRK Deutsches Rotes Kreuz (German Red Cross) DRK Devnet Resource Kit DRK Display Require Keyboard , Patil SB (1997) Antispermatogenic and androgenic activities of various extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis in albino mice. Indian I Exper Biol 35: 1170-1174 Riar SS, Bardhan I, Thomas P, Kain AK, Parshad R (1988) Mechanism of antifertility action of neem oil. Indian J Med Res 88: 339-342 Roeder E (1967) Thin Layer Chromatographic analysis of some oral contraceptives and their diagnostic and therapeutic components. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 107(29): 1007-1009 Roland CM (1993) The barrier performance of latex rubber. Rubber World 208(3): 15-18 Roy Chaudhary M, Chandrasekaran R, Mishra S (2001) Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity ter·a·to·ge·nic·i·ty n. The capability of producing fetal malformation. teratogenicity, (terˈ· studies of an Ayurvedic contraceptive-pippaliyadi vati. I Ethnopharmac 74(2): 189-193 Sadykov AS, Ismailov AI, Zakhidov ST, Baram NI (1985) Effect of gossypol on spermatogenesis and fertility in man and mammals. Ontogenez 16(4): 346-357 Salhab AS, Shomaf MS, Gharaibeh MN, Amer NA (1999) Effects of castor bean castor bean, bean produced by Ricinus communis, a plant of the spurge family, widely cultivated as an ornamental. Moles die when they eat the roots. It has long been used as an ordeal poison in parts of Africa. extract and ricin-a chain on ovulation ovulation /ovu·la·tion/ (ov?u-la´shun) the discharge of a secondary oocyte from a graafian follicle.ov´ulatory o·vu·la·tion n. The discharge of an ovum from the ovary. and implantation in rabbits. Contraception 59; 395-399 Saluja AJ, Santarmn DD (1983) Hormonal profile of HyptisHyptis saubealeus Pott. Ind I Pharma Science: 97-99 San Martin Casamada DR (1976) Plants with hormonal action: species with steroidal principles having contraceptive properties. Rev R Acad Farm Barcelona 13: 5-24 Sander FV (1940) Spermatocide. Australian, 110,600, May 10, 1940 Sanyal SN (1956a) Pisum sativum: m-xylohydroquinone as an oral contraceptive. A critical review. Acta Endocrinol Suppl No 28: 72-82 Sanyal SN (1956b) The effect of m-xylohydroquinone on functional bleeding in humans. Acta Endocrinol Suppl. No. 28: 98-1 05 Sanyal SN (1960) Oral contraceptives: biological studies with two new compounds 2,6-dixylenomethane and 3,5-dixylylquinol. I Med Intern Med Abstr Rev 24, No. 139: 1-4 Sanyal SN, Banerjee SC, Sen J (1950) Toxicity tests of m-xylohydroquinone when used as an oral contraceptive. Acta Endocrinol Suppl. No. 28: 93-97 Sanyal SN, Sarkar SSG SSG abbr. staff sergeant (1958) m-xylohydroquinone as an oral contraceptive. Chemical studies. I Med Intern Med Abstr Rev 22 No. 129-32:15-17 Segal SJ Editor (1985) Gossypol: a potential contraceptive for men (Plenum press, New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , N.Y) 271 pp Seshadari C, Pillai SR (1981) Antifertility activity of a compound: Ayurvedic preparation. J Sci Res Plants Med 21(1-2): 1-3 Seshadari C, Suganthan D, Santhakumari G, Iyer GY (1978) Biochemical changes in the uterus and uterine fluid of mated rats treated with Embelin- a non-steroidal oral contraceptive. Indian JExperBiol 16(11): 1187-1188 Setty BS, Kamboj VP, Garg HS, Khanna NM (1976) Spermicidal potential of saponins isolated from Indian medicinal plants. Contraception 14(5): 571-578 Shaaban AH, Ahmed ZF (1959) A new spermatocidal principle from Phytolacca americana. Gaz Egypt Soc Gynaecol Obstet 9: 27-34 Shaikh PD, Manivannan B, Pathan KM, Kasturi M, Ahmed RN (1993) Antispermatic activity of Azadirachta indica leaves in albino rats. Current science 64: 688-689 Shamsuzzoha M, Rahman MS, Abmed MM (1979) Antifertility activity of a medicinal plant of the genus And rogafis wall (family Acanthaceae) Part II. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 5(1): 14-18 Shandilya LN, Clarkson TB, Adams MR, Lewis IC (1982) Effect of gossypol on reproductive and endocrine functions of male Cynomolgus monkeys (Macacafasicularis). Biol Reprod 27(1): 241-252 Sharma N, Jacob D (2001) Antifertility investigation and toxicological screening of the petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Mentha arvensis L. in the male albino mice. I Ethnopharmac 75(1): 5-12 Sharma MM, Lal G, Jacob D (1976) Estrogenic and pregnancy interceptory effects of carrot Daucus carota seeds. Indian I Exper Biol 14(4): 506-508 Sharma KS, Mishra S, Mehta BK (1988) Antifertility activity of Echinops echinatus in male albino rats. Indian J Med Sci 42: 23-26 Sharma RS, Rajalakshmi M, Sharma RS, Jeyaraj DA (2001) Current status of fertility control methods in India. I Biosci 26: 391-405 Shi QX, Friend DS (1983) Gossypol induced inhibition of guinea pig sperm capacitation in vitro. Biol Reprod 29(4): 1027-1032 Shi QX, Qiu J, Zhang G (1981) Analysis on exfoliated cells in human semen after oral administration of gossypol acetic acid. Zhongguo Yaoli Xuebao 2(4): 262-266 Shlenker RRT RRT Rapid Response Team RRT Registered Respiratory Therapist RRT Renal Replacement Therapy RRT Regional Response Team RRT Right Side (philately) RRT Relative Retention Time RRT Round Robin Test RRT Rating Region Table , Solomons CC, Plunkett JD, Smith CS (1993) Method of making biocide-containing latex articles. Eur. Pat. AppI. EP 557, 625 (Cl. B29 C41/14), 01 Sept. 1993, Appl. 92/300, 575, 23 Jan. 1992, 5 pp Shukla S (1996) Post coital contraceptive action of Pueraria tuberosa D.C. extract in rats. Phytotherapy Research 10: 95-99 Shukla S, Mathur R, Prakash AO (1988) Antifertility profile of the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera roots. J Ethnopharmac 22(1): 51-62 Siegfried B (1966) Medicinal plants of Today. Schweiz Apothekar Ztg 104(24): 843-847 Singh MM, Chowdhury SR, Kulshreshtha DK, Kamboj VP (1993) Antigestagenic activity of Ixora finlaysoniana in rat. Contraception 48(2): 178-191 Singh MM, Gupta DN, Wadhwa V, Jain GK, Khanna NM, Kamboj VP (1985) Contraceptive efficacy and hormonal profile of ferujol: a new coumarin coumarin /cou·ma·rin/ (koo´mah-rin) 1. a principle extracted from the tonka bean; it contains a factor, dicumarol, that inhibits hepatic synthesis of vitamin K–dependent coagulation factors, and a number of its derivatives are from Ferula jaeschkeana. Planta Medica (3): 268-270 Singh MM, Wadhwa V, Gupta DN, Pal R, Khanna NM, Kamboj VP (1984) Postcoital contraceptive efficacy and hormonal profile of Lepidium capitatum. Planta Medica 50(2): 154-157 Singh MP, Siagh RH, Udupa KN (1982) Antifertility activity of benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower on female albino rats. Planta Medica 44(3): 171-174 Singh SP (1997) Male contraception through an indigenous plant Ocimum sanctum linn. International J Androl 20: 14-18 Singwi MS, Lall SB (1981) Effect of flower extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis on testicular lactate Lactate A salt or ester of lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH). In lactates, the acidic hydrogen of the carboxyl group has been replaced by a metal or an organic radical. Lactates are optically active, with a chiral center at carbon 2. dehydrogenases of a non-scrotal bat. Rhinopoma kinneari Wroughton. Indian J Exper Biol 9(4): 359-362 Sinha S, Mathur RS (1990) Effect of steroidal fraction of seeds of Abrus precatorius Linn. on rat testis. Indian J Exper Biol 28(8): 752-756 Sinha KC, Riar SS, Bardhan J, Thomas P, Kain AK, Jain RK (1984a) Anti-implantation effect of neem oil. Indian J Med Res 80 (Dec.): 708-710 Sinha KC, Riar SS, Tiwary RS, Dhawan AK, Bardhan J, Thomas PK, Kain AK, Jam RK (1984b) Neem oil as a vaginal contraceptive. Indian J Med Res 79 (Jan.): 131-136 Sinha R, Gupta I, Tank R, Dixit VP (1986) Syzygium cumuni seed extract as a potential source for male contraception. Advances in Bio Sciences 5: 69-73 Spellacy WN (1974) Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives. Clin Obstet Gynecol 17(1): 53-64 Stephens DT, Critchlow LM, Hoskins DD (1983) Mechanism of inhibition by gossypol of glycolysis glycolysis (glīkŏl`ĭsĭs), term given to the metabolic pathway utilized by most microorganisms (yeast and bacteria) and by all "higher" animals (including humans) for the degradation of glucose. and motility of monkey spermatozoa in vitro. J Reprod Fertil 69(2): 447-452 Stokes T (2001) Papaya male contraceptive [In brief]. Trends in Plant Science 6(4): 143 Stolzenberg SJ, Parkhurst RM (1975) Spermicidal actions of extract and compounds from Phytolacca dodecandra. Contraception 10(2): 135-143 Stolzenberg SJ, Parkhurst RM, Reist EJ (1976) Blastocidal and contraceptive actions by an extract and compounds from Endod Phytolacca dodecandra. Contraception 14(1): 39-51 Sufi SB, Donaldson A, Jeffcoate SL, Matlin SA, Zhou RH (1985) Inhibition by (+)- and (-)-isomer of gossypol of testosterone release from mouse Leydig cells in vitro. Contraception 31(2): 159-164 Suganthan D, Santhakumari G (1979) Antifertility activity of indigenous preparation Ayush-47. Indian J Med Res 70(3): 504-516 Surina LN, Agarkov VA, Pushkar VG, Plekhanova LF (1971) Distribution and pharmacological properties of Androsace septentrionalis. Rast Resur 7(3): 410-414 Szechwan Institute of Biology The Institute of Biology (IoB) is a professional body for biologists, primarily those working in the United Kingdom. Membership currently stands around 14,000. It was founded in 1950, received a Royal Charter in 1979 and holds charitable status. (1978) Preliminary report on tissue culture of Dioscorea zingiberensis. Chih Wu Hsueh Pao 20(3): 279-280 Szekacs I, Klembala M (1970) Thin Layer Chromatographic separation of oral contraceptive and some sex steroids. Z Klin Chem Kim Biochem 8(2): 131-133 Takacs I (1979) Side effects of oral contraceptives. Magy Noorv Lapja 42(1): 143-160 Talwar GP, Raghuvanshi P, Misra R, Mukherjee S, Shah S (1997) Plant immunomodulators for the termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health. Immunol Cell Biol 75(2): 190-192 Tam PPL, Chan WY, Yeung HW (1986) Effects of two forms of momorcharins and [alpha]-trichosanthin on early pregnancy in the mouse. Adv Chin Med Mater Res Int Symp 1984 (Pub 1985): 335-350 Tewari RK, Mathur R, Prakash AO (1986) Post coital antifertility effect of neem oil in female albino rats. IRCS Med Sci 14(10): 1005-1006 Thomas KD, Caxton-Martins AE, Elujoba AA, Oyelola OO (1991) Effects of an aqueous extract of cotton seed (Gossypium barbadense Linn.) on adult male rats. Adv Contracept 7(4): 353-362 Trifunac NP, Bernstein GS (1982) Inhibition of the metabolism and motility of human spermatozoa by various alkaloids. Contraception 25(1): 69-87 Tso WW, Lee CS (1981a) Effect of gossypol on boar spermatozoa in vitro. Arch Androl 7(1): 85-88 Tso WW, Lee CS (1981b) Variations of gossypol sensitivity in boar spermatozoal electron transport chain An electron transport chain associates electron carriers (such as NAD+ and FADH2) and mediating biochemical reactions that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy currency of life. segments. Contraception 24(5): 569-576 Tso WW, Lee CS (1982a) Cotton seed oil as a vaginal contraceptive. Arch Androl 8(1): 11-14 Tso WW, Lee CS (1982b) Gossypol, an effective acrosin blocker. Arch Androl 8(2): 143-147 Tu Z, Konno C, Soejarto DD, Waller DP, Bingel AS, Molyneux RJ, Edgar JA, Cordell GA, Fong HHS (1988) Identification of senecionine and senecionine-N-oxide an antifertility constituents in Senecic vulgaris. J Pharmac Sci 77(5): 461-463 Tung CY, Hsu L-C, Chu H-W, Chou Y (1981) Studies on the antifertility constituents in carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.). Chung Ts'ao Yao 12(2): 13 Tyler ET (1967) Antifertility Agents. Annu Rev Pharmacol 7: 381-398 Udoh P, Kehinde A (1999) Studies on the antifertility effect of Pawpaw pawpaw: see custard-apple; papaya. seeds (Carica papaya) on the gonads of male albino rats. Phytotherapy Research 13(3): 226-228 Upadhyay SN, Dhawan S, Taiwar GP (1993) Antifertility effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil in male rats by single intra-vas administration: an alternate approach to vasectomy vasectomy, male sterilization by surgical excision of the vas deferens, the thin duct that carries sperm cells from the testicles to the prostate and the penis. . J Androl 14(4): 275-281 Upadhyay SN, Kaushic C, Talwar GP (1990) Antifertility effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil by single intrauterine administration: a novel method for contraception. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 22 242(1305): 175-179 Varshney IP, Khanna N (1978) Partial structure of a new saponin: Samanin -- D from flower of Pithecolobium saman Noun 1. saman - large ornamental tropical American tree with bipinnate leaves and globose clusters of flowers with crimson stamens and seed pods that are eaten by cattle Albizia saman, monkey pod, monkeypod, rain tree, zaman, zamang Benth. Indian J Pharmac Sci 40(2): 60-61 Varshney IP, Vyas P, Srivastava HC, Singh PP (1979) Study of Albizzia lebbek Benth wood saponin, Lebbekanin-E. Natl Acad Sci Lett (India) 2(4): 135-136 Verma OP, Joshi BC, Kumar S, Chatterjee SN (1980) Antifertility effects of Malvaviscus conzattii Greenm flower extract (sc) on male albino mice. Indian J Exper Biol 18(16): 561-564 Wadhwa V, Singh MM, Gupta DN, Siagh C, Kamboj VP (1986) Contraceptive and hormonal properties of Achyranthes aspera in rats and hamsters. Planta Medica 3: 231-233 Waller DP, Niu XY, Kim I (1986) Toxicology and mechanism of action of gossypol. Male Contraceptive: Adv Future Prospects, Proc Int Workshop 1985: 183-200 Waller DP, Zanevald LJD, Fong HHS (1980) In vitro spermicidal activity of gossypol. Contraception 22(2): 183-187 Wang Y, Shi X, Sun Y (1985) Antifertility effect of polyvinyl pyrrolidone-gossypol and gossypol in male rats. Contraception 32(6): 651-660 Weniger B, Haag-Berrurier M, Anton R (1982) Plants of Haiti used as antifertility agents. J Ethnopharmac 6(1): 67-84 Wong SM (1987) Studies on antitumor an·ti·tu·mor also an·ti·tu·mor·al adj. Counteracting or preventing the formation of malignant tumors; anticancer. Adj. 1. and antifertility plants. Diss Abstr Int B 47(7): 2928 Woo WS, Lee EB, Kang SS, Shin KH, Chi HJ (1987) Antifertility principle of Dictamnus albus root barks. Planta Medica 53(5): 339-401 Woo WS, Lee EB, Shin KH, Kang SS, Chi HJ (1981) A review of research on plants for fertility regulation in Korea. Soul Tachakkyo Saengyak Yonguso Opjukjip 20: 99-116 Xiao YX, Gu YQ (1984) Gossypol -- a new Chinese oral contraceptive for men -- its antifertility effect and clinical application. Tokyo Hoshi Ika Daigaku Zasshi 54(1): 1-8 Xie J, Jiang R, Bi P (1986) Prospect in research of antifertility principles from traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Zhongcaoyao 17(5): 226-230 Xu R, Gao Y (1986) Recent advances in chemical studies on the active principles from plants for fertility regulation. Pure Appl Chem 58(5): 811-816 Xu R, Gu Z, Wang C, Gao Y (1987a) Active Principles from plant for fertility regulation. Yaoxue Xuebao 22(6): 321-326 Xu R, Qin G, Zhu D, Fan Z, Jiang F, Zhang B, Wang J, Wang Y (1987b) Chemical constituents of the antifertility plant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis I. Structure of gardenoic acid B, an early pregnancy terminating components. Huaxue Xuebao 45(3): 301-304 Ye Y, Liang D, Gao H, Ye G (1981) Effect of gossypol acetic acid on the incorporation of [blank.sup.3]H-thymidine in the liver. Yaoxue Xuebao 16(5): 390-393 Yeung HW, Li WW (1987) [beta]-Trichosanthin: a new abortifacient protein from the Chinese drug, Wangua, Trichosanthes cucumeroides. Int J Pept Protein Res 29(3): 289-292 Yeung HW, Li WW, Chan WY, Law LK, Ng TB (1986) Alpha and Beta momorcharins. Abortifacient proteins from the seeds of the bitter gourd Momordica charantia (family Cucurbitaceae). Int J Pept Protein Res 28(5): 518-524 Yeung HW, Ng TB, Wong NS, Li WW (1988) Isolation and characteristics of an abortifacient protein momorcochin from root tubers of Momordica cochinchinensis (family Cucurbitaceae). Int J Pept Protein Res 30(1): 135-140 Yuan IL, Ding WP, Shi JP, Lu ZZ, Zhou BN, Erdelmeier CA, Cordell GA, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR (1991) Studies on the antifertility components from Marsdenia koi. J Tongji Med Univ 11: 165-168 Zaeslein-Buthe C (1971) Side Reactions of contraceptive pills and their elimination. Schweiz Apoth Ztg 109(1): 3-7 Zhen QS, Ye X, Wei ZJ (1995) Recent progress in research on Tripterigium: a male antifertility plant. Contraception 51(52): 121-129 Zheng J, Fang J, Xu L, Gao J, Guo H, Li Z, Sun H (1985) Effects of total glycosides of Tripterygium wilfordii on animal reproductive organs. I. Experiments with male rats. Zhongguo Yixue Kexueyuan Xuebao 7(1): 1-5 Zhou L, Gao Y, Liu YC, Wang N, Guo Y, Lei H (1982a) Further observation on effect of prolonged administration of gossypol acetic acid to rats. Yaoxue Tongbao 17(2): 123 Zhou L, Lei H, Gao Y, Liu Y, Wang N, Guo Y (1982b) Further observation on the effect of prolonged administration of gossypol acetic acid to rats. Yaoxue Xuebao 17(4): 245-252 Zhou X (1982) Effect of gossypol on protein synthesis in rat sertoli cells. Shengzhi Yu Biyun 2(1): 39-41 Zhu D (1982) Plant constituents with biological activity reported in recent years. Zhongcaoyao 13(8): 377-382 Zhu H, Che X (1987) Antifertility effect of Achyranthes bidentata saponins (ABS) on rats and mice. Xi'an Yike Daxue Xuebao 8(3): 246-249 Zia-ul-Haque A, Qazi MH, Hamdard ME (1983a) Studies on the antifertility properties of active components isolated from seeds of A bras precatorius Lian. I. Pakistan J Zoology 15(2): 129-139 Zia-ul-Haque A, Qazi MH, Hamdard ME (1983b) Studies on the antifertility properties of active components from seeds of A bras precatorius Linn. II. Pakistan J Zoology 15(2): 141-146 Zipper J, Bruzzone ME, Angelo S, Munoz V, Wheeler RG (1982) Effect of topically applied adrenergic blockers of fertility. International J Fertility 27(4): 242-245 R. Unny, (1) A.K. Chauhan, (1) Y.C. Joshi, (1) M.P. Dobhal, (2) and R.S. Gupta (3) (1) Chemical Laboratory, University of Rajasthan University of Rajasthan is the oldest university in the Indian state of Rajasthan.It was set up on 8 January 1947 as the University of Rajputana and was renamed to its current name in 1956. , Jaipur, India (2) Roswell Park Cancer Institute The Roswell Park Cancer Institute is a cancer research and treatment center located in Buffalo, New York. Founded in 1898 by Dr. Roswell Park, it was the first dedicated medical facility for cancer treatment and research in the United States. , Buffalo, New York, U.S.A. (3) Reproductive Physiology Section, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India Address Y C. Joshi, Chemical Laboratory, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302004, India Tel.: ++91-141-546038; e-mail: drycj@Jahoo.com |
|
||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion