A preliminary checklist of mammals and plants: conservation status of some species in Salonga National Park.

Abstract

The Salonga National Park, the world's second largest tropical forest park and the largest in Africa (UNEP 20004; Gauthier-Hion et al. 1999; Kemf and Wilson 1997; Thompson-Handler et al. 1995), is located in the central basin of the Congo River and consists of two blocks: the northern and the southern sectors. Fifty-two mammal and 132 plant species were identified in the Salonga National Park between 1997 and 2005 in 11 different locations, and through different methods. Among mammals, eight primate species were confirmed. SNP is, however, among the least described protected areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo, despite its speculated high potential biodiversity. This lack of ground-truth knowledge on the SNP is attributable to the isolation and insecurity imposed by armed gangs (e.g. Krunkelsven et al. 2000), which precluded access to the park by the conservation and scientific communities. To craft a sound conservation plan for the SNP, as is the case for other protected areas, there is need for scientific information on SNPs biological diversity and distribution (Blake and Hedges 2004; Sutherland 2000, 1999 and 1996). This paper intends to provide an overall preliminary description of the major biodiversity components in the SNP with emphasis on the conservation status of indicator large mammals and plants across 11 sites of the SNP. Additionally, this paper will attempt to assess the extent of human activities in the SNP.

Introduction

The Salonga National Park (SNP; 36,000 [km.sup.2]; Figure 1), the world's second largest tropical forest park and the largest in Africa (UNEP 20004; Gauthier-Hion et al. 1999; Kemf and Wilson 1997; Thompson-Handler et al. 1995), is located in the central basin of the Congo River and consists of two blocks: the northern and the southern sectors. Established in 1970, SNP became a World Heritage Site in 1980 (UNEP 2004; IUCN 1992) in order to protect rain forest habitat representative of the Congo Basin and its diverse wildlife. Yet, SNP is among the least described protected areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo despite its speculated high potential biodiversity, for example, list of potential resident mammals (Matuka 1975).

[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]

This lack of ground-truth knowledge on the SNP is attributable to the isolation and insecurity imposed by armed gangs (e.g. Krunkelsven et al. 2000), which have precluded access to the park by the conservation and scientific communities. The SNP remained largely ignored until the late 1990s; until then only a few studies (e.g. Gauthier-Hion et al. 1999; Alers et al. 1992; Evrard 1968; Meder et al. 1988) were conducted to assess the park's biodiversity potential. Recently, however, the situation has improved due to the confirmation of the presence of bonobo (e.g. Krunkelsven et al. 2000). Data is now becoming available (e.g. Inogwabini 2005; Blake and Hedges 2004; Eriksson et al. 2004; Van Krunkelsven et al. 2000; Van Krunkelsven and Draulans 2000), though geographical dimensions make attempts to gather the park-wide data difficult, rendering most available information essentially a localized picture. Simple information on readily identifiable and quantifiable large fauna and major vegetation is difficult to obtain; the sparse information that is available constantly changes from one location to another.

To craft a sound conservation plan for the SNP, as is the case for other protected areas, there is a need for scientific information on the park's biological diversity and distribution (Blake and Hedges 2004; Sutherland 2000, 1999 and 1996). This paper intends to provide an overall preliminary description of the major biodiversity components in the SNP, with emphasis on the conservation status of indicator large mammals and plants across 11 sites of the SNP. Additionally, this paper will attempt to assess the extent of human activities in the SNP.

Study sites

The SNP (36,000 [km.sup.2]; Figure 1) is located between S1[degrees]: 25':00" S2[degrees]: 45':00" and E20[degrees]: 20':00" E21[degrees]: 30':00" (Inogwabini and Omari in press; Laporte 2000). The westernmost regions of the SNP are in the lowest platform of the Cuvette Centrale whose major characteristics are flat topography and low altitude (300m). The topography rises up eastward reaching approximately 700m (Gauthier-Hion et al. 1999; Matuka 1970; Evrard 1968), at which heights the terrain becomes a non-undulating plateau. The habitat is predominantly mixed mature lowland tropical forest (Gauthier-Hion et al. 1999; Kortlandt 1995; Evrard 1968), encompassing areas of seasonally flooded and permanently inundated zones characterized by open understory, composed of communities of Guibortia, Raphia sese, Pandanus, Guibortia demeusi, Uapaca guineensis, and Uapaca heudelotii (Inogwabini 2005; Gauthier-Hion et al. 1999; Evrard 1968). At long rainy seasons, 50% of the northern sector of the SNP is inundated (Gauthier-Hion et al. 1999). The terra firma forest of the SNP is characteristically mixed mature forest, wherein Scorodophloeus zenkeri, Anonidium manii, Polyalthia suaveolens, Diospyros sp., etc. are the most common plant species. Patches of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei occur in the SNP although in less extensive unbroken areas (Kortlandt 1995; Evrard 1968). Marantaceae stands (e.g. Haumania librechtsiana and Megaphrynium macrostachii) are frequent in understories and, in some particular areas of the northern sector, constitute pure mono-dominant vegetation stands. Mean annual rainfalls oscillate between 2007 and 2106 mm (Gauthier-Hion et al. 1999; Griffiths 1972; Evrard 1968), with the mean annual temperature = 24.5[degrees]C (Inogwabini 2005; UNEP 2004; Griffiths 1972).

Methods

Data Collection

Large mammals were identified by direct sighting using Kingdon's 1997 guide for mammals. Unseen monkey species were identified by calls, using the audio CD-ROM of the Central African primate call repertoire recorded by Gauthier-Hion et al. (1999). The study also relied on indirect unquestionable evidences such as dung piles, pellet clusters, or fresh spurs (Parnell 2000). Data were collected either along line transect methods (Buckland et al. 1993), reconnaissance routes, or opportunistically. Examples include the presence of species skins (e.g. Felis serval, Civettictis civetta, skins collected at Bofoku-mai, SNP-North), and dead specimens (e.g. Smutsia tetradactyla at Monkoto SNP-South).

Plant species were identified in situ by use of available botanic keys or books (e.g. Letouzey 1970; White and Abernethy 1997), or by collecting samples (leaves, flowers and/or fruits) of species that could not be identified in the field for further identification using the above keys and manuals. Local trackers were also used to identify plant species in the Lomongo, a local language, which were then converted into the scientific nomenclature using Hulstaert (1992) which incorporates three variants of Lomongo spoken in the region and uses museum collections to identify species (Inogwabini 2005). A final stage of the identification was a comparison between nomenclatures from Hulstaert (1992) and those of current botanical experts (e.g. White and Abernethy 1997; Letouzey 1970; Evrard 1968).

The following human signs were recorded to document the extent of human activities in the SNP: permanent campsites, recent machete cuts, snares, and open permanent human footpath.

Large Mammal Abundance Data Analysis

Dung piles, pellet clusters, sightings, and calls were used to estimate abundance indexes. Spurs (even the fresh ones) were not accounted for to avoid difficulties related to their conversion into abundance. Encounter rates ([delta])(e. g. Blom et al. 2004; Inogwabini et al. 2000; Hart and Hall 1996) were calculated as total signs over total distance and are presented here as relative indexes of abundance. Encounter rates are the only appropriate method to provide estimates of relative abundance in this case because data were collected in different ways and therefore cannot be lumped to estimate densities. Furthermore, some species were recorded simply as present at the first sign and ignored. This was the case for species such as Cricetomys gambianus, Anomalurus derbianus, Atherurus africanus and Dendrohyrax dorsalis, which were either sighted or heard in several instances but were recorded only once. To provide an idea of the spatial distribution of human pressure on the park, human signs were summed and grouped by site and sector. There are four categories of conservation status: (1) Rare, (2) Common, (3) Abundant, (4) Very abundant. These were defined based on encounter rates as follows: (1) Rare: 1 < x < 10 signs of the species over the total effort of 2000 km ([delta] = 0.005 - 0.05 signs/km), (2) Common: 11 < x < 20 signs ([delta] = 0.055 - 0.10 signs/km), (3) Abundant: 21 < x < 30 signs ([delta] = 0.105 - 0.15 signs/km), (4) Very abundant: x > 31 signs ([delta] > 0.155 signs/km).

Results

Large Mammal Diversity

Fifty-two species of mammals were identified in the SNP (Annex 1). These include, with the exception of the bonobos, herein treated separately, 8 species of diurnal primates: (1) black mangebey (Lophocebus aterrimus), (2) Angola pied colobus (Colobus angolensis), (3) blue monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius), (4) Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis), (5) the Tshuapa red colobus (Poliocolobus tholloni), (6) Wolf's monkey (Cercopithecus mona wolfi), (7) De Brazza's monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus), (8) golden-bellied mangabey (Cercocebus chrysogaster). The bonobo (Pan paniscus), the only great ape occurring in this zone, was confirmed present in both sectors. Other mammals of conservation concern present in the SNP were: forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis), leopard (Panthera pardus), giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantean), African forest buffalo (Syncerus caller nanus), bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola), bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), and water chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus).

Plant Diversity

The study identified 132 plant species, with the Caesalpinoideae family totalling 11 species: (1) Brachystegia laurentii, (2) Copaifera mildbraedii, (3) Cynometra sessiliyqora, (4) Erythrophloeum suavolens, (5) Gilbertiodendron dewrei, (6) Guibortia demeusei, (7) Julbernalia sp., (8) Macrolobium coeruleum, (9) Pachyelasme tessmannii, (10) Schotia bequaertii, and (11) Scorodophloeus zenkeri. The second and third families with higher numbers of species were Euphorbiaceae and Apocynaceae, with 10 and 9 species respectively (Annex 2).

Large Mammals' Abundance Indexes and Human Signs

A total sampling effort of 200 km (transects and reconnaissance) was spent to record (excluding the bonobo and elephants that need a special type of analysis) 250 mammalian signs in both sectors. The total [delta] = 1.25 mammalian signs/km. Three of the fourteen species, whose data permits to estimate relative abundances, are very abundant (Table 1): (1) Cephalophus monticola (0.315 signs/km), (2) Potamocherus porcus (0.19 signs/km), and (3) Cephalophus dorsalis (0.16 signs/km).

A total of 158 human signs were recorded over 200 km in both sectors of the SNP (Table 2). Of these, ~ 51% were metallic snares ([delta] = 0.4 snares/ km). There were 33 active human trails, which were being used both for long distance traveling as well as hunting.

Discussion

Large Mammals

This study presents a ground-truth and up-dated evaluation of the biological diversity of large mammals and plant species in the SNP. Earlier published materials (e.g. UNEP 2004; Matuka 1970) speculated over the presence of species such as Okapi (Okapia johnstoni), savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana), dwarf elephant (Loxodonta pumilio), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and the Salongo monkey (Cercopithecus dryas). A continuous search over seven years in both sectors of the park had not confirmed the presence of these species, although the geographical extent of the SNP precludes all clear-cut conclusions. It is highly unlikely that chimpanzees, savanna elephants, and the okapi are present in the SNP. The Salongo monkey, considered to be endemic in the region, has not been recorded over 7 years of continuous field research in both sectors (Thompson personal communication; Inogwabini personal observation). Furthermore, local people do not recognize the species from a picture, which leads to the conclusion that the species may simply not exist in the SNP. The Salongo monkey is a rather enigmatic species for which field documentation is very slim. Apart from the specimen in the Museum, which helped identify the species, field effort has not discovered the species in areas previously described as its preferential habitat (J.A. Thompson personal comments). The golden-bellied mangabey (Cercocebus chrysogaster) is absent in the northern SNP and north of the southern sector, occurring only in regions south of the Lokolo River (Inogwabini and Thompson in preparation).

The black mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) was abundant while Angola pied colobus (Colobus angolensis) and red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) were common. The Tshuapa red colobus (Piliocolobus tholloni), an insufficiently known species (Kingdon 1997), was rare. This species has been observed in remote areas of the SNP river systems (Van Krunkelsven et al. 2000).

The SNP Mammal Diversity in a Regional Perspective

The total of 52 mammalian species equaled the large mammal diversity in the Mahale Mountain National Park (Tanzania), and is of the same magnitude as Mewru-Wantipa National Park (Zambia) and the Karuma and Kalinzu-Maramagambo forest (Uganda) of the Rift Albertine complex (Kityo et al.). With fifty-two mammalian species, however, the SNP comes under the Kahuzi-Biega National Park and the Itombwe Massif (DRC), Nyungwe National Park (Rwanda) (Kityo et al.; Omari et al. 1999). The SNP, however, has higher mammalian diversity than Gombe National Park (Tanzania), Bugoma, Kagombe and Kitechura forests of the Rift Albertine complex (Kitiyo et al). Particularly, with eight diurnal primate species, the SNP is comparable in Central Africa only to the Odzala National Park in Congo-Brazzaville (Bermejo 1999), which has the same high monkey diversity.

The high diversity of diurnal monkeys should not, nevertheless, overlook the fact that all species were in lower numbers as compared to Odzala, where equivalent species exhibited higher encounter rates. Nearly all primates of the SNP are legally either fully or partially protected (Kisoka 2000) but they remain hunted both for bushmeat trade and for subsistence. Particular attention needs to be paid to the case of the Tshuapa red colobus, an easy poaching target as the species moves in large groups. The species, lower encounter rates in areas adjacent to villages might indicate higher human pressure in areas surrounding villages.

Large Mammal Species Conservation Status

Three species were very abundant: (1) blue duikers ([delta] = 0.315 signs/km), (2) red river hogs ([delta] = 0.19 signs/km), and (3) bay duikers ([delta] = 0.155 signs/km). Black-fronted duikers were abundant ([delta] = 0.105 signs/km), as were leopards ([delta] = 0.55 signs/km), sitatungas ([delta] = 0.06 signs/ km) were common but not widespread as previously inferred (Van Krunkelsven et al. 2000; Von Richter et al. 1990). Giant pangolins ([delta] = 0.01), bongos ([delta] = 0.025 signs/km), yellow-backed duikers ([delta] = 0.025 signs/km), water chevrotains ([delta] = 0.005 signs/km) and giant pangolins ([delta] = 0.01 signs/km) were rare.

Von Richter et al. (1990) indicated that the conservation statuses of yellow-backed duikers and the bongos were satisfactory and that extensive swamp forest meant a widespread distribution of sitatungas all over the DRC. This study shows that bongos, yellow-backed duikers, and the water chevrotain were rare. Metallic snaring has been reported to deplete populations of large mammals across central Africa (Bowen-Jones and Pendry 1999). Higher metallic snaring rates (51% of human signs or [delta] = 0.4 snares/km), may have played a key role in reducing these species. Furthermore, bongo was described as a perfect target for commercial bushmeat, requiring substantial investment such as armed poaching because the species can provide higher returns of hunting costs (De Merode et al. 2000). With the rampant armed poaching in the SNP, the species may have served as a particular target. Bongos also were reduced in the northern Congo-Brazzaville by epizootics (Elkan personal communication), which might alternatively explain their decline. However, such a massive decimation by epidemic would hardly go unseen by the conservators of the SNP. Yellow-backed duikers, water chevrotains, and giant pangolins are culinary delicacies (Kingdon 1997; Lazarus 1994) that would also constitute special targets for subsistence. Traditional beliefs may have also played a role, particularly in the case of giant pangolins whose scales are used in traditional medicine (Lazarus 1994). In the region of the SNP, giant pangolins have a wide variety of traditional uses, including fetishes linked to power (Bom'oa Nkoso personal communication). A combination of such traditional demands and commercial bushmeat may have placed high tolls on these species, therefore reducing their numbers. With higher snaring rates, it appears at first, though rather puzzlingly, that blue duikers and red hogs are still in relatively great numbers, though they are targeted and vulnerable to cable snares. However, Kingdon (1997) suggested that blue duikers and red hogs have intrinsic growth rates that require less time to recover from perturbations, which may absorb the effects of hunting and stabilize their populations under dire exploitation conditions.

An overall caveat in comparing Von Richter et al. (1990) and current work is that Von Richter et al. (1990) based their evaluation on the availability of suitable habitats. Therefore, their results are not comparable to this study. However, habitat suitability can explain species abundance under ideal conditions (Sutherland 2000). It therefore remains apparent that high poaching levels (Kingdon 1997) played a determinant role in reducing large mammal populations.

The leopard (CITES Appendix I; Kingdon 1997) is a totem for tribes in the region of the SNP. Its skins, teeth and bones are used for different traditional authority ceremonies and are thought to embody the power. Traditional usages combined with the commerce of leopard skins fuels poaching of the species, though its ecology preserves the species in relatively sustainable numbers. In 2000, the ICCN staff confiscated leopard skin at Mondjoko from professional commercial traders particularly searching for leopard skins, a fact confirmed by Draulans and Krunkelsven (2002).

Overall, it is appalling that lack of information on species abundance and distribution has caused the fact that 65% of the mammals of the SNP are not rated at the IUCN red list (IUCN 2003). This means that almost all animals must start from the basic elements such as listing species and documenting their conservation status.

Plant diversity

The SNP Plant Diversity in a Regional Perspective

The total of 132 species reported in this study is lower than would reveal a detailed botanic study throughout the entire SNP. Preliminary reports from Lui-Kotal, at the southwestern edge, indicate high plant species diversity (Fruth et al. 2003). However, the plant diversity at Lui-Kotal is likely higher than average of the overall SNP because Lui-Kotal study site is at the forest-savannah ecotone. Ecotone systems are known to exhibit higher species (Richard 1966). Furthermore, the on-going study at Lui-Kotal incorporates tree climbers (Homann and Fruth 2003), which were not documented in this study.

The SNP Plant Diversity Conservation Status

Of the 132 tree species identified, eight are of high commercial value and posted to the international wood market websites (tt-Timber.com 2004; Chudnoff 1984): (1) Entandrophragma angolense, (2) Entandrophragma cyclindricum, (3) Staudtia stipitata, (4) Chlorophora excelsa, (5) Pterocarpus casteelsii, (6) Erythrophloeum suavolens, (7) Piptadeniastrum africanum and (8) Celtis sp. (Annex 2). Added to these species are also present in the SNP two species of the ebony (Diospyros hoyleana and Diospyros sp) (Annex 2). Four IUCN vulnerable plant species occur in the SNP (IUCN 2003): (1) Garcinia kola, (2) Entandrophragma angolense, (3) Entandrophragma cyclindricum, and (4) Lovoa trichilioides. These highly valued commercial species are illegally exploited by private operators in the southern sector, the bloc between Momboyo-Luilaka and the Lokolo. People come from distant towns such as Mbandaka and Kinshasa with outboards and forestry equipments to chop down trees. Tree logs are carried down, floated, and/or pushed by outboard motors and are traded to expatriates in the main towns. Illegal logging is not only detrimental to the protection of the SNP but also to the government as it deprives the state of taxes that are critical for the economy. Furthermore, and more importantly, for long term conservation, illegal logging operations have no management plan and lead to major habitat destructions. Illegal logging also encourages movements of people in and around the SNP, some large communities dwelling in the SNP even long periods after logging operations are over. Lawlessness has been a particular feature of the SNP since its creation (e.g. Inogwabini and Thompson in preparation; Van Krunkelsven et al. 2000). However, logging in the park is a new phenomenon, probably stirred up by the anarchy brought by the war (Draulans and Krunkelsven 2002) and will increase levels of illegal hunting within the park.

Conclusion

The SNP still harbors numbers of species that presided over its creation. However, some species previously cited seem to be absent as they have yet to be confirmed by field observation. Some other species previously thought to occur in significant numbers were confirmed to be abundant but most of species are in strangely small numbers. This is because the SNP had hardly known any sort of law enforcement (Inogwabini et al. 2005; Blake and Hedges 2004). With a moderate human density of 0.4 people/[km.sup.2] (range: 0.1--9 people/[km.sup.2]; D'Huart 1998; INS 1984) around the SNP, hunting for subsistence would hardly reach current poaching levels. The depletion of wildlife species in the SNP is, hence, solely caused by illegal hunting (increased snaring rates and organized armed poaching), essentially to fuel market cities like Boende, Ingende, Mbandaka and Kinshasa. Poaching reached intolerable rates during the war (1998-2002), when massive numbers of troops amassed in Boende, Ingende and Mbandaka, which sensibly increased the demand in bushmeat to feed soldiers operating on different front lines. The situation remains very fragile; even with the peace agreement, fluxes of automatic weapons brought by the war are still circulating in the region of the SNP and will certainly place a high toll price on all species. Therefore, beautiful untouched forest stands of SNP should not mislead the conservation community; mammals residing therein are assaulted. Strong conservation measures are urgently needed to save what is can be saved.

Studies (e.g. Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000; Colin et al. 1999; Oates 1986) suggested that primates are good biological indicators and tell about the ecological health of their habitats. Low abundances of several monkey species over large areas of the SNP, and particularly the very low abundance of the red colobus, may indicate disequilibrium in the SNP ecosystems and call for detailed research. This is but a preliminary step toward the understanding of the biodiversity of the SNP. More research is needed to fully document different segments of the biodiversity of the SNP, especially detailed ecological studies to unravel ecological parameters underlying current biodiversity patterns in the SNP.

Acknowledgements

A first data set was collected while I worked with the Zoological Society of Milwaukee and complemented through the Wildlife Conservation Society. Thanks to the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature for permission to work in the SNP. John Oates commented on earlier draft. Thanks: Omari Ilambu, Mbenzo Abokome, Dino Shwa, Mbende Longwango, Samuel Matungila, Mafuta Ngomankosi and Lisalama Wema-Wema.

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Parnell, R.J. 2000. Information from animal tracks and trail. In White, L.J.T. & Edwards, A. (Eds). Conservation research in the African Rain forest: a technical handbook. Wildlife Conservation Society. Multipress, Libreville, Gabon: 152-184.

Richards, P.W. 1966 The tropical rain forest. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge--UK.

Sutherland, W.J. 2000. The conservation handbook: research, management and policy. Blackwell Science.

Sutherland, W.J. 1999. Ecological census techniques: a handbook. Cambridge University Press.

Sutherland, W.J. 1996. Why Census? In Sutherland (ed). Ecological Census Techniques-A handbook. Cambridge University Press.

Thompson-Handler, N.; Malenky, R. & Reinartz, G.E. 1995. Action plan for the Pan paniscus-Report on free ranging populations and proposals for their preservation. Zoological Society of Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA.

tt-Timber.com. 2004. www.tt-timber.com/servelet/control/wtk

United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). 20004. World Heritage Sites--Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. www. unep-wcmc/sites/salonga.html

Van Krunkelsven, E., Inogwabini, B.I & Draulans, D. 2000. A survey of bonobos and other large mammals in the Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx. 34 (3): 180-187.

Von Richter, W., Hart, J., Hart, T., Blom, A., Alers, M.P.T., Germi, F., Minne, R., Smith, K., Smith, F. & Verschuren, J. 1990. Antelopes: Global survey and regional action plans 24: Zaire. In East, R. (ed.). Antelopes: Global survey and regional action plans Part 3: West and Central Africa. IUCN-WWF: 126-138.

White, L.J.T. & Abernethy, K. 1997. A guide to the vegetation of the Lope Reserve, Gabon. Multipress, Libreville. Gabon.

Bila-Isia Inogwabini

Wildlife Conservation Society BP 15.872 Kin 1, Kinshasa. Democratic Republic of Congo

[e-mail] or [e-mail]

Bila-Isia Inogwabini's previous work has included surveys of eastern lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, and elephants in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and bonobos in Salonga National Park. He recently served in the Regional Forest Program, Central Africa, with the Wildlife Conservation Society, where he has worked on the MIKE (Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants) survey. Before joining the World Wide Fund for Nature/DRC Program, where he is currently the project manager for the CBFP-funded project in the Lac Tumba Landscape, he oversaw the Elephant Monitoring Program in the Odzala National Park in Congo-Brazzaville.

IUCN Key

EX   Extinct                  NT    Near Threatened
EW   Extinct in the Wild      LC    Least Concern
CR   Critically Endangered    DD    Data Deficient
EN   Endangered               NE    Not Evaluated
VU   Vulnerable

Annex 1. The preliminary checklist of common mammals of SNP

#     Scientific name               French name

1     Allenopithecus nigrovindis    Singe de marais
2     Anomalurus derbianus          Ecureuil volant de Derby
3     Aonyx congica congica         Loutre du Congo
4     Atherurus africanus           Porc-epic
5     Cephalophus callipygus        Cephalophe de Peter
6     Cephalophus dorsalis          Cephalophe baie
7     Cephalophus monticola         Chephalophe bleue
8     Cephalophus nigrifrons        Cephalophe a front noir
9     Cephalophus silvicultor       Cephalophe a dos jaune
10    Cercocebus chrysogaster       Singe a ventre dore
11    Cercopithecus ascanius
12    Cercopithecus mona wolfi      Mone de Meyer
13    Cercopithecus neglectus       Cercopitheque de Brazza
14    Civettictis civetta           Civette d'Afrique
15    Claviglis lorraineus
16    Colobus angolensis            Colobe d'Angola
17    Cricetomys gambianus          Rat de Gambie
18    Crocidura congobelgica
19    Crossarchus alexandri         Mangue d'Alexandre
20    Dendrohyrax dorsalis          Daman d'arbre
21    Felis laurata                 Chat core
22    Felis serval                  Serval
23    Funischus anerythrus          Finisciure a dos raye
24    Galago phasma
25    Galagoides thomasi            Galago de Thomas
26    Genetta servalina             Genette servaline
27    Genetta tigrina               Genette tigrine
28    Heliosciurus rufobrachium     Heliosciure a pattes rouses
29    Herpestes icheneumon          Manouste ichneumon
30    Herpestes naso                Mangouste a long museau
31    Hippopotamus amphibius        Hippopotame
32    Hyemoschus aquaticus          Chevrotain aquatique
33    Hypsignathus monstrosus       Sauve-sours
34    Lemniscomys striatus          Zebra mice
35    Lophocebus aterrimus          Mangabey noir
36    Loxodonta africana cyclotis   Elephant de foret
37    Lutra maculicollis            Loutre a cou tachete
38    Melivora capensis             Ratel
39    Pan paniscus                  Bonobo
40    Panthera pardus               Panthere
41    Perodictus potto faustus      Potto de Bosman
42    Petrodromus tordayi
43    Poliocolobus tholloni         Colobe bai de Thollon
44    Potamocherus porcus           Potamochere
45    Potamogale velox              Potamogale
46    Smitsia tetradactyla          Pangolin a longue queue
47    Smutsia gigantea              Pangolin geant
48    Smutsia triscuspis            Pangolin commun
49    Syncerus caffer nanus         Buffle de foret
50    Tragelaphus euryceros         Bongo
51    Tragelaphus spekei            Sitatunga
52                                  Rainette

#     English name                  Local name

1     Allen's swamp monkey          Bongale (ekele, Bontoko)
2     Lord Derby's anomalure        Lokio
3     Swamp otter                   Lioko (Lienge)
4     Porcupine                     Ikoo
5     Peter's duiker                Bofala (Mbengele)
6     Bay duiker                    Bombende (Nkulufa)
7     Blue duiker                   Mboloko
8     Black-fronted duiker          Mpambi
9     Yellow-backed duiker          Lisoko
10    Golden-bellied mangabey       Linku
11    Red-tailed monkey             Mbeka
12    Wolfs monkey                  Nsoli
13    De Brazza's monkey            Mpunga
14                                  Liowoo
15                                  Inkesi
16    Angolan pied colobus          Libuka
17    Giant pouched rat             Bontomba
18    White-toothed shrews          Bosutumpo
19                                  Likaala (enkanda)
20    Tree hyrax                    Bombolo
21    Golden cat                    Lowa
22                                  Yolonkoi
23    Thomas's rope squirrel        Ekotshi
24                                  Lisile
25    Thomas's Galago               Engende
26    Servaline genet               Bonkono (Nsimba)
27    Blotched genet                Bomanga
28    Red-legged sun squirrel
29    Egyptian mongoose             Bolia wa nkenge
30    Long-snouted mongoose         Bolia
31    Hippopotamus                  Ngubu
32    Water chevrotain              Entambe
33    Hammer bat                    Bokoma
34                                  Inkengi
35    Black mangabey                Ngila
36    Forest elephant               Ndjoku
37    Spot-necked Otter             Botele (njondo)
38                                  Esisi
39    Bonobo                        Edja (bi)
40    Leopard                       Nkoi
41                                  Nkatu
42                                  Litoko
43    Tshuapa red colobus           Djofe
44    River red Hog                 Nsombo
45    Giant Otter Shrew             Yongo (Esofe)
46                                  Nkalamonyo
47    Giant pangolin                Nkanga
48                                  Nkalamonyo
49    African forest buffalo        Ngombo
50    Bongo                         Mpanga
51    Sitatunga                     Mbuli
52                                  Litaka

#     IUCN

1     RL/nt (1994)
2     Not rated
3     DD (1994)
4     Not rated
5     RL/nt (1994)
6     RLlnt (1994)
7     DD (1994)
8     LR/nt (1994)
9     RL/nt (1884)
10    Not rated
11    Not rated
12    Not rated
13    Not rated
14    Not rated
15    Not rated
16    Not rated
17    Not rated
18    VU (1994)
19    Not rated
20    Not rated
21    VU (1994)
22    Not rated
23    Not rated
24    Not rated
25    Not rated
26    Not rated
27    Not rated
28    Not rated
29    Not rated
30    Not rated
31    Not rated
32    DD (1994)
33    Not rated
34    Not rated
35    LR/nt (1994)
36    EN
37    VU (1994)
38    Not rated
39    EN
40    Not rated
41    Not rated
42    Not rated
43    Not rated
44    Not rated
45    EN
46    Not rated
47    Not rated
48    Not rated
49    RL/cd (1994)
50    RL/nt (1994)
51    RL/nt (1994)
52    Not rated

Annex 2. The preliminary checklist of common plants of SNP.

                   Family                Local name

   1   Acanthaceae                       Bolefapo
   2   Agavaceae                         Boleme
   3   Ancthaceae                        Impete
   4   Annonaceae                        Belinda
   5   Annonaceae                        Bendenge
   6   Annonaceae                        Bensange
   7   Annonaceae                        Bontole
   8   Annonaceae                        Nsangalongo
   9   Apocynaceae                       Bokuka
  10   Apocynaceae                       Bondongo
  11   Apocynaceae                       Likete
  12   Apocynaceae                       Bongonge
  13   Apocynaceae                       Bosomba
  14   Apocynaceae                       Bokokota
  15   Apocynaceae                       Ngende
  16   Apocynaceae                       lyongo
  17   Apocynaceae                       Botofe
  18   Apocynaceae                       Lokolola
  19   Araceae                           Elembe
  20   Araceae                           Nkoto
  21   Begoniaceae                       Ekomela
  22   Begoniaceae                       Bekai ya toto
  23   Bombacaceae                       Isongu
  24   Burseraceae                       Besau
  25   Burseraceae                       Bobee
  26   Burseraceae                       Bofelenga
  27   Caesalpinioideae                  Beemba (Belafa)
  28   Caesalpinioideae                  Befili
  29   Caesalpinioideae                  Bekumbo
  30   Caesalpinioideae                  Beleko
  31   Caesalpinioideae                  Bembanga (Bomanga)
  32   Caesalpinioideae                  Betuna
  33   Caesalpinioideae                  Bokongo (waka)
  34   Caesalpinioideae                  Efomi (Ngbanda)
  35   Caesalpinioideae                  Loanga
  36   Caesalpinioideae                  Wamba
  37   Caesalpinioideae                  Wango
  38   Combretaceae                      Besoi
  39   Comm elinaceae                    Batetele (liteletele)
  40   Compositae                        Bekolongo
  41   Connaraceae                       Bokoto (Ikakai, Mpoa)
  42   Dioscoreaceae                     Lomama
  43   Dioscoreaceae                     Boololi
  44   Dioscoreaceae                     Lilungu
  45   Ebenaceae                         Mbanja
  46   Ebenaceae                         lyombo
  47   Euphorbiaceae                     Besenge
  48   Euphorbiaceae                     Boketa
  49   Euphorbiaceae                     Bolando-lando
  50   Euphorbiaceae                     Boondje
  51   Euphorbiaceae                     Befeko
  52   Euphorbiaceae                     Meenge
  53   Euphorbiaceae                     Ifumbwa
  54   Euphorbiaceae                     Bolanga
  55   Euphorbiaceae                     Bonyanga
  56   Euphorbiaceae                     Bomenga
  57   Flacourtiaceae                    Isake
  58   Guttiferae                        Bakoli (Besefe)
  59   Guttiferae                        Balongo
  60   Guttiferae                        Besefe
  61   Guttiferae                        Bompoma
  62   Guttiferae                        Boolongo
  63   Huaceae                           Boyenge
  64   Irvingiaceae                      Boseki
  65   Irvingiaceae                      Boyombo
  66   Irvingiaceae                      Bopalanga
  67   Lauraceae                         Bongolu
  68   Lecythidaceae                     Bondjolo
  69   Leguminosae                       Besulu (Besiyo)
  70   Loganiaceae                       Nsamba
  71   Marantaceae                       Bekombe
  72   Marantaceae                       Lokongo
  73   Marantaceae                       Nkongo
  74   Melastomaceae                     Ikasakenge
  75   Meliaceae                         Lifake (ba)
  76   Meliaceae                         Bekalaka (Bokolo)
  77   Meliaceae                         Bosasa
  78   Meliaceae                         Bolondo
  79   Meliaceae                         Ilondole
  80   Menispermaceae                    Lofete (Lokumbo)
  81   Menispermaceae                    Bokaso
  82   Mimosoideae                       Beala
  83   Mimosoideae                       Bekungu
  84   Mimosoideae                       Boamba
  85   Moraceae                          Balondo
  86   Moraceae                          Bekombo (Betumbe)
  87   Moraceae                          Bekomu
  88   Moraceae                          Bobimbo (Boimbo)
  89   Moraceae                          Bofonge
  90   Moraceae                          Bonkaa
  91   Moraceae                          Limonge
  92   Moraceae                          Lokumo
  93   Myristicaceae                     Bontole (bosenga,Boson u
  94   Myristicaceae                     Ikolombe
  95   Octoknemaceae                     Ebenge
  96   Olacaceae                         Betaka
  97   Olacaceae                         Boleko
  98   Palmae                            Lifeke (ba)
  99   Palmae                            Bakau (-)
 100   Palmae                            Ikali
 101   Palmae                            Ilebo (Ilewo, Ileo)
 102   Palmae                            Mpetempete
 103   Pandanaceae                       Lileke
 104   Papilionoidaea                    Lilangi
 105   Piperaceae                        Balombo
 106   Piperaceae                        Beleko
 107   Rosaceae                          Befale (Bokanja)
 108   Rubieceae                         Bokendu
 109   Rubieceae                         Bonsole
 110   Rubieceae                         Indole
 111   Rubieceae                         Lioko
 112   Rubieceae                         Bokakate
 113   Rutaceae                          Engondo
 114   Sapindaceae                       Bonsemi
 115   Sapindaceae                       Botende (be)
 116   Sapotaceae                        Bepambu (Bofambu)
 117   Sapotaceae                        Bofunga
 118   Sapotaceae                        Bolonge
 119   Sapotaceae                        Ilonge
 120   Sapotaceae                        Wanga (Lito yansombo
 121   Sterculiaceae                     Boluku
 122   Tiliaceae                         Bolembo (Lilemanjoku)
 123   Ulmaceae                          Bongonda
 124   Zingiberaceae                     Besombo
 125                                     Befumbo
 126                                     Bolukutu
 127                                     Bomposo
 128                                     Bonkole
 129                                     Bosendja (be)
 130                                     Bonsefo
 131                                     Lokokoloko
 132                                     Lokosa

               Scientific name              IUCN

   1   Thomandersia laurifolia           Not rated
   2   Dracaena sp.                      Not rated
   3   Pseuderanthemum ludovicianum      Not rated
   4   Polyalthia suavolens              Not rated
   5   Annonidium mannii                 Not rated
   6   Xylopia aethiopica                Not rated
   7   Cleistopholis glauca              Not rated
   8   Xylopia chrysophylla              Not rated
   9   Alstonia bonei                    Not rated
  10   Clitandra cymulosa                Not rated
  11   Rauvolfia mannii                  Not rated
  12   Ancylobotrys pyriformis           Not rated
  13   Holarrhena floribunda             Not rated
  14   Hunteria congolana                Not rated
  15   Landolphia mannii                 Not rated
  16   Landolphia violacea               Not rated
  17   Saba florida                      Not rated
  18   Strophantus sarmentosus           Not rated
  19   Culcacia sp.                      Not rated
  20   Caladium sp.                      Not rated
  21   Begonia sp                        Not rated
  22   Begonia eminii                    Not rated
  23   Ceiba pentandra                   Not rated
  24   Dacryodes edulis                  Not rated
  25   Canarium schweinfurthi            Not rated
  26   Dacryodes yangambiensis           Not rated
  27   Gilbertiodendron dewrei           Not rated
  28   Scorodophloeus zenkeri            Not rated
  29   Schotia bequaertii                Not rated
  30   Pachyelasme tessmannii            Not rated
  31   Brachystegia laurentii            Not rated
  32   Cynometra sessiliflora            Not rated
  33   Guibortia demeusei                Not rated
  34   Erythrophloeum suavolens          Not rated
  35   Macrolobium coeruleum             Not rated
  36   Copaifera mildbraedii             Not rated
  37   Julbemalia                        Not rated
  38   Combretum sp.                     Not rated
  39   Palissota barteri                 Not rated
  40   Emilia sp.                        Not rated
  41   Connarus griffonianus             Not rated
  42   Dioscora preussi                  Not rated
  43   Dioscorea semperflorens           Not rated
  44   Discorea sp.                      Not rated
  45   Diospyros sp.                     Not rated
  46   Diospyros hoyleana                Not rated
  47   Uapaca guineensis                 Not rated
  48   Erythrococca sp.                  Not rated
  49   Alchomea floribunda               Not rated
  50   Alchornea cordifolia              Not rated
  51   Ricinodendron sp.                 Not rated
  52   Macaranga sp.                     Not rated
  53   Alchornea hirtella                Not rated
  54   Bridelia brideffolia              Not rated
  55   Croton haumanianus                Not rated
  56   Phyllanthus discoideus            Not rated
  57   Caloncoba welwetschii             Not rated
  58   Mammea africana                   Not rated
  59   Symphonia globufera               Not rated
  60   Garcinia punctata                 Not rated
  61   Garcinia kola                     vu
  62   Garcinia ovalifolia               Not rated
  63   Afrostyrax kamerunensis           Not rated
  64   Klainedoxa gabonensis oblongifoliaNot rated
  65   Irvingia sp.                      Not rated
  66   Klainedoxa gabonensis             Not rated
  67   Belschmiedia corbisieri           Not rated
  68   Combretodendron macrocarpum       Not rated
  69   Pterocarpus casteelsii            Not rated
  70   Strychnos sp.                     Not rated
  71   Haumania liebrechtsiana           Not rated
  72   Sarcophrynium sp.                 Not rated
  73   Megaphrynium macrostachii         Not rated
  74   Dissotis decumbens                Not rated
  75   Entandrophragma angolense         vu
  76   Carapa procera                    Not rated
  77   Entandrophragma cylindricum       vu
  78   Trichilia gilgiana                Not rated
  79   Lovoa trichilioides               vu
  80   Penianthus longifolius            Not rated
  81   Kolobopetalum chevalieri          Not rated
  82   Pentaclethra macrophylla          Not rated
  83   Piptadeniastrum africanum         Not rated
  84   Albizia adianthifolia             Not rated
  85   Chlorophora excelsa               Not rated
  86   Musanga cercopoides               Not rated
  87   Myrianthus arboreum               Not rated
  88   Treculia africana                 Not rated
  89   Bosqueia congolensis              Not rated
  90   Ficus capensis                    Not rated
  91   Ficus sp                          Not rated
  92   Ficus sp                          Not rated
  93   Pycnanthus angolensis             Not rated
  94   Staudtia stipitata                Not rated
  95   Octoknema borealis                Not rated
  96   Strombosia grandiflora            Not rated
  97   Ongokea gore                      Not rated
  98   Raphia sese                       Not rated
  99   Ancystrophyllum secundiflorum     Not rated
 100   Raphia laurenti                   Not rated
 101   Borassus                          Not rated
 102   Sclerosperma mannii               Not rated
 103   Pandanus candelabrum              Not rated
 104   Millettia psilopelata             Not rated
 105   Piper umbellatum                  Not rated
 106   Piper cubeba                      Not rated
 107   Parinari glabra                   Not rated
 108   Aidia micrantha                   Not rated
 109   Psychotria sp.                    Not rated
 110   Amaralia sherbourniae             Not rated
 111   Virectaria major                  Not rated
 112   Morinda lucida                    Not rated
 113   Fagara lemairei                   Not rated
 114   Chytranthus cameus                Not rated
 115   Pancovia harmsiana                Not rated
 116   Chrysophyllum lacourtianum        Not rated
 117   Chrysophyllum perpulchrum         Not rated
 118   Chrysophyllum africanum           Not rated
 119   Chrysophyllum laurentii           Not rated
 120   Tridesmostemon claessensi         Not rated
 121   Sterculia tracantha               Not rated
 122   Desplatsia dewevrei               Not rated
 123   Celtis sp                         Not rated
 124   Aframomum sp                      Not rated
 125   Microcos                          Not rated
 126   Gabunia                           Not rated
 127   Chomelia                          Not rated
 128   Banksia                           Not rated
 129   Landolphia jumellei               Not rated
 130   Tetrorchidium                     Not rated
 131   Phrynium confertum                Not rated
 132   Mannyphytum africanum             Not rated

Table 1. Status of large
mammals of Salonga
National Park.

Species                   Effort   # Sins    Rate     Status

Colobus angolensis         200       12     0.06     Common
Cercopithecus ascanius     200       16     0.08     Common
Lophocebus atterimus       200       28     0.14     Abundant
Piliocolobus tholloni      200        5     0.025    Rare
Potamocherus porcus        200       38     0.19     Very abundant
Cephalophus nigrifrons     200       21     0.105    Abundant
Cephalophus dorsalis       200       31     0.155    Very abundant
Cephalophus monticola      200       63     0.315    Very abundant
Cephalophus sylvicultor    200        5     0.025    Rare
Hyemoscus aquaticus        200        1     0.005    Rare
Tragelaphus spekei         200       12     0.06     Common
Tragelaphus euryceros      200        5     0.025    Rare
Smutsia gigantea           200        2     0.01     Rare
Panthera rj,ardus          200       11     0.055    Common

Total                               250      1.25

Table 2. Human signs
over a 200 km sampling
effort.

Human sign/Sector           North   South   Total   Rate

Snares (metallic cables)     56      24      80      0.4
Active Human trails          25       8      33     0.165
Recent machete cuts          28       9      37     0.185
Permanent hunting camp        4       4       8     0.04

Total                        113     45      158    0.79