A national study of substance abuse prevention professionals in higher education.Abstract There is an established body of research on the effectiveness of comprehensive substance abuse prevention strategies in higher education higher education Study beyond the level of secondary education. Institutions of higher education include not only colleges and universities but also professional schools in such fields as law, theology, medicine, business, music, and art. . There is relatively little research, however, on the characteristics and job functions of prevention professionals and their effectiveness. This study was designed to examine the characteristics of professionals who offer prevention services. It examined the characteristics, training, and job functions of prevention professionals and the relationship between educational preparation and professional affiliations and the comprehensiveness of prevention services. Using multiple regression Multiple regression The estimated relationship between a dependent variable and more than one explanatory variable. , a significant relationship was found between the number of prevention workshops and conferences that the prevention professionals attended, the number of professional certifications Professional certification, trade certification, or professional designation, often called simply certification or qualification, is a designation earned by a person to assure that he/she is qualified to perform a job or task. they held, and the subsequent comprehensiveness of programming offered by their institution. Continued research on the substance abuse prevention professional is recommended in order to better understand the effectiveness of prevention services thus finding the balance between messenger and message in prevention. INTRODUCTION The field of prevention programming in higher education has made significant progress during the last decade. Research in this area has accelerated our knowledge of college student substance abuse prevalence rates (Meilman, 2001), the physiology physiology (fĭzēŏl`əjē), study of the normal functioning of animals and plants during life and of the activities by which life is maintained and transmitted. It is based fundamentally on the activities of protoplasm. of drugs, the application of social norms marketing Social norms marketing typically involves reducing the disparity between student perceptions and the actual extent of alcohol consumption by their peers. Research has demonstrated that most college and other students hold greatly exaggerated beliefs about the proportion of strategies, environmental strategies, and harm reduction strategies (Higher Education Center, 2001). The research has continued to support the need for comprehensive substance abuse prevention services which offers a continuum Continuum (pl. -tinua or -tinuums) can refer to:
All parties that have an interest, financial or otherwise, in a firm-stockholders, creditors, bondholders, employees, customers, management, the community, and the government. through a sound infrastructure of planning and evaluation (Anderson Anderson, river, Canada Anderson, river, c.465 mi (750 km) long, rising in several lakes in N central Northwest Territories, Canada. It meanders north and west before receiving the Carnwath River and flowing north to Liverpool Bay, an arm of the Arctic and Milgram Milgram is a surname and may refer to:
, 1998; Miller, 2001; Higher Education Center, 2001; and Gonzalez Gonzalez may refer to: People
One of the missing pieces in our knowledge about prevention effectiveness, however, is the role of the prevention professional. Despite research on education and mental health professions that indicates the importance of their training, certifications, and professional experience, the research in prevention has focused primarily on the content of the programs (Werch, Lepper Lepper may refer to:
The delivery of effective, comprehensive services requires a comprehensively trained and effective professional. Crippen Crippen is a surname, and may refer to:
Of or relating to an index or average that provides a good representation of the overall market. The S&P 500 and NYSE Composite are generally regarded as broad-based stock indexes, while the popular Dow Jones Industrial Average is biased expertise in prevention education with special expertise in substance abuse, excellent communication skills, personal compatibility, enthusiasm, and dedicated persistent commitment. Pransky (1991) cited other qualitative characteristics of the effective prevention professional. These included possession of an indefinable spirit and commitment, a sense of collective regard, an ability to get results, and perseverance Perseverance See also Determination. Ainsworth redid dictionary manuscript burnt in fire. [Br. Hist.: Brewer Handbook, 752] Call of the Wild, The dogs trail steadfastly through Alaska’s tundra. [Am. Lit. , flexibility and openness to overcoming obstacles. Komines' (1988) research suggested that substance abuse prevention professionals need to be effective leaders. This skill is echoed in the Promising Practices." Campus Alcohol Strategies Task Force Planner (Anderson and Milgram, 1998), which suggests the campus Coordinator, or substance abuse prevention professional, coordinate on- and off-campus resources, coalitions, and multiple programming efforts. A study of military substance abuse prevention specialists suggests these professionals are motivated mo·ti·vate tr.v. mo·ti·vat·ed, mo·ti·vat·ing, mo·ti·vates To provide with an incentive; move to action; impel. mo by the perception of positive outcomes for individuals and organizations that receive services, are able to work autonomously, and don't don't 1. Contraction of do not. 2. Nonstandard Contraction of does not. n. A statement of what should not be done: a list of the dos and don'ts. need supervisory encouragement (Whorley, 1989). In a step designed to begin defining standards for professionals, the International Certification and Reciprocity reciprocity In international trade, the granting of mutual concessions on tariffs, quotas, or other commercial restrictions. Reciprocity implies that these concessions are neither intended nor expected to be generalized to other countries with which the contracting parties Consortium (ICRC ICRC abbr. International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC n abbr (= International Committee of the Red Cross) → CICR m ICRC n abbr ) and the Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education (CAS) have set standards for prevention professionals. Of the six domains identified by ICRC for all prevention professionals only one, Domain 5, (Professional Growth and Responsibility), related to the characteristics of the prevention professional (Heavner, 1994). Table 1 lists the Tasks of ICRC Domain 5--Professional Growth and Responsibility. The CAS suggested standards for alcohol and other drug programs in 1997. These standards are divided into 13 parts for alcohol and other drug programs with only one, Leadership, relating to relating to relate prep → concernant relating to relate prep → bezüglich +gen, mit Bezug auf +acc the prevention professional. The description of Leadership Standards includes the following:
Effective and ethical leadership is essential to the success of
all organizations. Institutions must appoint, position and empower
leaders within the administrative structure to accomplish stated
missions. Leaders at various levels must be selected on the basis
of formal education and training, relevant work experience, personal
attributes, and other professional credentials. Institutions
must determine expectations of accountability for leaders and
fairly assess their performance. Leaders of the alcohol and other
drugs program must exercise authority over resources for which
they are responsible to achieve their respective missions. Leaders
must articulate a vision for their organization; set goals and
objectives; prescribe and practice ethical behavior; recruit, select,
supervise, and develop others in the organization; manage, plan,
budget, and evaluate; communicate effectively; and marshal
cooperative action from colleagues, employees, other institutional
constituencies, and persons outside the organization. AODP leaders
must address individual, organizational, or environmental conditions
that inhibit goal achievement. Leaders must improve
programs and services continuously in response to changing needs
of students and institutional priorities" (Miller, p. 45).
These efforts by ICRC and CAS only begin to describe necessary characteristics for prevention professionals. They cite expectations for the substance abuse prevention professionals which include: extensive education with receptivity receptivity, n the state of being open to the action of a drug or homeopathic remedy. See also reactivity. toward retooling through post-service training, multiple and comprehensive skills, serving as a healthy and ethical role model, plus balancing the tasks of providing services with planning and evaluating those services. The ICRC and CAS standards lack specific quantifiable Quantifiable Can be expressed as a number. The results of quantifiable psychological tests can be translated into numerical values, or scores. Mentioned in: Psychological Tests descriptions of the suggested education, training, and certification while using vague terminology such as "personal attributes." It is clear that much more research needs to be conducted if the field is to gain a greater understanding of how prevention professionals' characteristics affect prevention programming. It was the purpose of this research to begin examining the characteristics and job functions of prevention professionals and the relationship between professionals and their effectiveness. This research project had two primary objectives. The first was to gather descriptive data on prevention professionals in higher education. A review of the literature on prevention professionals in higher education revealed a dearth of information on prevention professional preparation, their credentials CREDENTIALS, international law. The instruments which authorize and establish a public minister in his character with the state or prince to whom they are addressed. If the state or prince receive the minister, he can be received only in the quality attributed to him in his credentials. , and their job functions. Prevention in higher education encompasses a wide variety of tasks. It was the purpose of this research to shed some light on how these professionals are trained, their credentials, and what they do. The study was designed to collect information on their work settings, their roles and functions on their campuses, their training and experience, and their credentials. The second part of this study was designed to determine if there was a relationship between training, experience and credentials and one measure of prevention effectiveness: comprehensiveness of programming. Because there are few measures that could be used to determine prevention program effectiveness, the measure of comprehensiveness of programming was chosen. METHOD Data Collection Procedures The population for this study was prevention professionals in higher education. A national sample was randomly drawn from member institutions of the Higher Education Center's Network for Colleges and Universities on the Elimination of Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (Higher Education Center, 2001). At the time of this study there were 1,460 registered institutions in the 48 contiguous Adjacent or touching. Contrast with fragmentation. See contiguous file. United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. . The Network represents voluntary membership and an accessible population concerned about prevention efforts in higher education. 305 institutions were randomly selected from the list of 1460 on the list. After an institution was selected, an exploratory email was sent to the institution in an attempt to identify or verify (1) To prove the correctness of data. (2) In data entry operations, to compare the keystrokes of a second operator with the data entered by the first operator to ensure that the data were typed in accurately. See validate. the prevention staff. The identified substance abuse prevention professionals were in turn asked to participate in the study by completing the surveys. Survey Respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. were asked to complete the Task Force Planner Survey (TFPS TFPS Transportable Flight Proficiency Simulator (US Army) TFPS Terry Fox Public School TFPS Texas Fastpitch Softball (magazine) TFPS The Fellowcraft Paranormal Society ) and a survey comprised of personal and professional characteristics. The TFPS was designed to measure the comprehensiveness of prevention services. It was adapted from the Promising Practices: Campus Alcohol Strategies Task Force Planner (Anderson and Milgram, 1998) which is a grid of recommended alcohol prevention tasks in higher education. The grid also includes recommended sponsors, one of whom is the coordinator or substance abuse prevention professional. There are few published lists of alcohol or other drug prevention programming for higher education with as many suggested components for as many sponsors and campus groups as the Promising Practices: Campus Alcohol Strategies Task Force Planner. It suggests depth and breadth of programming and it suggests comprehensive, best practices for substance abuse prevention professionals. In order to create the TFPS, the 38 recommended tasks for the Coordinator section of the grid were converted into questions that asked respondents to indicate on a Five point Likert scale Likert scale A subjective scoring system that allows a person being surveyed to quantify likes and preferences on a 5-point scale, with 1 being the least important, relevant, interesting, most ho-hum, or other, and 5 being most excellent, yeehah important, etc the frequency with which he/ she performed each prevention task. Comprehensiveness of programming was computed by summing the item scores. See Appendix A for the TFPS. The personal and professional characteristics survey gathered descriptive information on the respondents' formal or pre-service education, informal or post-service education via workshops and conferences, professional networks, number of certifications, the number of memberships in professional organizations, and breadth of professional responsibilities. Sample Description The sample of 305 institutions included: 174 universities, 86 colleges, 33 community colleges and 12 military or technical institutions from 45 states plus the District of Columbia District of Columbia, federal district (2000 pop. 572,059, a 5.7% decrease in population since the 1990 census), 69 sq mi (179 sq km), on the east bank of the Potomac River, coextensive with the city of Washington, D.C. (the capital of the United States). . A total of 97 respondents completed and returned the instruments for a 31% response rate. The respondents served in the following institutions: 57 in universities, 29 in colleges, eight in community colleges, and three in either military of technical institutions. Of the respondents, 23 were men and 74 were women. Their ages ranged from 23 to 60 with a mean age of 41 years and a standard deviation In statistics, the average amount a number varies from the average number in a series of numbers. (statistics) standard deviation - (SD) A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. of 10.31. The respondents listed a range of less than one year to 21 years of experience in the field of substance abuse prevention in a higher education setting with a mean of 6.39 years and a standard deviation of 5.59. The years of experience in the field of substance abuse prevention in another setting ranged from less than one year to 42 years with a mean of 3.09 years and a standard deviation of 6.42. RESULTS Descriptive statistics descriptive statistics see statistics. were used to develop a profile of the respondents and their work. The educational backgrounds of substance abuse prevention professionals who responded were diverse. Ten percent had undergraduate degrees “First degree” redirects here. For the BBC television series, see First Degree. An undergraduate degree (sometimes called a first degree or simply a degree only, 61% had graduate degrees, 16% had postgraduate postgraduate after first degree graduation, the registerable degree in veterinary science. postgraduate degree may be a research degree, e.g. PhD, or a course-work masterate with a vocational bias, or any combination of these. degrees, and 13% had doctorates. In addition, 23.5% are enrolled in an educational program. To access informal education, the respondents were asked about the number of substance abuse prevention and substance abuse conferences and workshops they had attended. Table 2 describes the substance abuse prevention (SAP) and substance abuse (SA) conferences and workshops of the respondents using descriptive statistics. The respondents varied on the types and number of trainer qualifications they listed. An open-ended question A closed-ended question is a form of question, which normally can be answered with a simple "yes/no" dichotomous question, a specific simple piece of information, or a selection from multiple choices (multiple-choice question), if one excludes such non-answer responses as dodging a was used to ascertain breadth of trainer qualifications for substance abuse prevention professionals. The five most frequently listed trainer qualifications were Boosting Alcohol Consciousness Concerning the Health of University Students (BACCHUS), Training Intervention A procedure used in a lawsuit by which the court allows a third person who was not originally a party to the suit to become a party, by joining with either the plaintiff or the defendant. Procedures for Servers of Alcohol (TIPS), On Campus Talking About Alcohol (OCTAA), counseling credentials, and prevention certification. Table 3 lists the descriptive statistics for the most frequently cited trainer qualifications. Respondents showed great variability in their job responsibilities. An open-ended question was used to ascertain breadth of job responsibilities for the substance abuse prevention professionals. Initially, the respondents' cumulative list of job responsibilities from the survey was sorted. This qualitative sorting process clustered job responsibility by similarities, job titles, pre-service training requirements, and typical departments in higher education. These areas included student life services, prevention services, wellness services, counseling services, teaching and committee facilitation Facilitation The process of providing a market for a security. Normally, this refers to bids and offers made for large blocks of securities, such as those traded by institutions. . The two most frequently cited job responsibilities in the area of student life services were grant writing and the supervision of interns  This article or section is written like an .Please help [ rewrite this article] from a neutral point of view. Mark blatant advertising for , using . . Health education and wellness education were the two most frequently cited job responsibilities in the area of wellness services. The two most frequently cited job responsibilities in the area of counseling services were counseling and director or assistant director of counseling services. Curriculum infusion and instructional faculty were the two most frequently cited job responsibilities in the area of teaching. The three job responsibilities cited in the area of committee facilitation were chair of the alcohol task force, involvement in a community-university prevention coalition, and involvement in a school-university task force. There were numerous job responsibilities listed in the area of prevention services. These job responsibilities in the area of prevention services, in order from most frequently cited to least frequently cited, included: alcohol and other drug education; training and supervision of student leaders (like resident assistants and peers); social norms marketing campaigns; sanctioned education; educator for dorm programs; awareness events; advisor for BACCHUS; data/ survey collection; referral services; community outreach Outreach is an effort by an organization or group to connect its ideas or practices to the efforts of other organizations, groups, specific audiences or the general public. ; orientation programs; and smoking cessation smoking cessation Public health Temporary or permanent halting of habitual cigarette smoking; withdrawal therapies–eg, hypnosis, psychotherapy, group counseling, exposing smokers to Pts with terminal lung CA and nicotine chewing gum are often ineffective. programs. These five most frequently cited job responsibilities in the area of prevention services were used to measure comprehensiveness by totaling the number listed by each respondent In Equity practice, the party who answers a bill or other proceeding in equity. The party against whom an appeal or motion, an application for a court order, is instituted and who is required to answer in order to protect his or her interests. . These five job responsibilities appeared to be normally distributed; for example, 10% of the respondents did not list any of these top five job responsibilities, 30% listed only one of these responsibilities, 31% listed two of these responsibilities, 18% listed three responsibilities, 10% listed four of these responsibilities and only 1% of the respondents cited each of the top five job responsibilities. Table 4 lists the five most frequently cited job responsibilities in the prevention services area from the survey. A further measure of comprehensiveness of prevention programming for the substance abuse prevention professional was the TFPS. An item analysis of the 38 questions on the TFPS revealed a range in means from 1.52 to 4.31. The two most frequently cited tasks were question 10 on the TFPS, "supporting events that encourage awareness, healthy choices, and alcohol-free alcohol-free Adjective 1. (of beer or wine) containing only a trace of alcohol 2. (of a period of time) during which no alcohol is taken: an alcohol-free evening activities" and question 11 on the TFPS, "distribution of materials and resources to targeted audiences." The two least frequently cited tasks were question 33 on the TFPS, "provided training opportunities for community leaders" and question 37 on the TFPS, "organized a cooperative effort linking students, faculty, administrators, alumni, community agencies and other allies." The 38 responses on the TFPS were tallied to give a total score with a possible range of 0 to 190. The mean of the respondents' total score was 109.13 and the standard deviation was 30.86. Participants were also asked about substance abuse prevention or related certifications and memberships. Of the respondents, 34% had one or more substance abuse prevention certifications and 70% had one or more memberships in substance abuse prevention or related organizations. Respondents were also asked about the number of on- and off-campus professionals with whom they worked. The mean for on campus faculty, staff, and professionals with whom they worked was 54 and the range was 2-1000. The mean for on-campus on-campus adjective Referring to an on-site site of a medical complex with multiple buildings. Cf 'Off campus.'. substance abuse prevention professionals with whom they worked was 1.6 and the range was 1-20. The mean for off-campus professionals with whom they worked was 20 and the range was 0-300. Multiple regression was used to determine if there was a relationship between training and certification and comprehensiveness of programming. Comprehensiveness of prevention programming was measured by the TFPS. The substance abuse prevention professionals' total number of substance abuse prevention classes, conferences, and workshops plus certifications and memberships in professional organizations were used as independent variables. The results of the multiple regression can be found in Table 5. Table 6 illustrates the coefficients for this finding. DISCUSSION There were two main groups of results from this study. The first group includes the demographic, training, and job analysis data and the second group includes variables that were related to comprehensiveness of programming. This study was the first of its kind in developing a profile of substance abuse professionals on college campuses. This profile revealed a diverse group of professionals, both in training and in job function. The education ranged from those with undergraduate degrees to those with doctorates, with about a fourth of the group still in educational programs. The educational mode for this group appeared to be the master's degree master's degree n. An academic degree conferred by a college or university upon those who complete at least one year of prescribed study beyond the bachelor's degree. Noun 1. . Overall, this appears to be a somewhat highly educated group, but one with a high level of variance The discrepancy between what a party to a lawsuit alleges will be proved in pleadings and what the party actually proves at trial. In Zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality . This variance makes them difficult to classify clas·si·fy tr.v. clas·si·fied, clas·si·fy·ing, clas·si·fies 1. To arrange or organize according to class or category. 2. To designate (a document, for example) as confidential, secret, or top secret. and may be a reflection of the lack of accepted standards in the prevention field. Although there is a high level of variance among the degrees of professionals, it appears that prevention professionals have a strong tendency to obtain training beyond their degrees. The mean number of SAP conferences and workshops attended demonstrated that these professionals value continuing education continuing education: see adult education. continuing education or adult education Any form of learning provided for adults. In the U.S. the University of Wisconsin was the first academic institution to offer such programs (1904). and training albeit with varying frequencies. The mean number of SAP conferences and workshops was high, but the standard deviation was even higher and the ranges of the amount of training show vast differences. Diversity and different approaches appear to be the key descriptors of prevention professionals in higher education. An examination of the trainer credentials reveals a somewhat higher level of consistency. BACCHUS appears to be the training credential credential verb To determine or verify titles, qualifications, documents, completion of required training, and continuing education, in those persons who function in a professional or official capacity–eg, ER physician, neurosurgeon, etc. Cf Credentials. of choice, held by about a third of the group, followed by TIPS and OCTAA, each held by about a fourth of the sample. About one of eight held some type of counseling credential, but only about six percent held a prevention credential. These data indicate that the prevention professionals appear to value credentialing Credentialing is the administrative process for validating the qualifications of licensed professionals, organizational members or organizations, and assessing their background and legitimacy. and that a significant portion of them do value the training-specific credentials of BACCHUS, TIPS, and OCTA, which appear to be the dominant training packages for higher education prevention professionals. More general certification appears to be less attractive and perhaps reflects the diversity in the types of professionals working in higher education prevention. Prevention certification is not yet affecting large numbers of higher education prevention professionals, but it must be noted that this is a relatively new certification. This study, conducted in 2001, can provide a baseline The horizontal line to which the bottoms of lowercase characters (without descenders) are aligned. See typeface. baseline - released version to measure whether there is an increase in professionals obtaining this credential in the future. These data indicate a profession that is drawing from other professional groups and is therefore still in a maturing phase. Other than the field of counseling, there does not appear to be a clear professional identity. The numbers of prevention professionals credentialed cre·den·tial n. 1. That which entitles one to confidence, credit, or authority. 2. credentials Evidence or testimonials concerning one's right to credit, confidence, or authority: in prevention is only half that credentialed as counselors. With the lack of professional identity, conferences and workshops appear to be a primary method of obtaining training in substance abuse prevention-specific approaches. It is interesting that there is some consensus as to which prevention program training is useful. BACCHUS, TIPS, OCTAA were all strongly represented in this sample. Perhaps these program packages are an indication of where the core information for the prevention profession lies. The background and training of prevention professionals indicates more of a focus on counseling and program-specific training than any other area. This focus, however, does not seem consistent with the existing literature on the skills needed for the job. For example, Pransky (1991), Komines (1888), Anderson, et al. (1998), and Miller (2001) cite the need for leadership abilities in prevention professionals. This inconsistency in·con·sis·ten·cy n. pl. in·con·sis·ten·cies 1. The state or quality of being inconsistent. 2. Something inconsistent: many inconsistencies in your proposal. between the literature and prevention practice would seem to point the way for further discussion and research on needed knowledge, training, and skill development and the adequacy of existing prevention credentials for higher education prevention positions. There are several issues regarding these prevention credentials which need to be addressed. Of initial interest is the relationship between the dearth of prevention credentialed professions in higher education and the relative newness of the credentials. A second interest is the discrepancy DISCREPANCY. A difference between one thing and another, between one writing and another; a variance. (q.v.) 2. Discrepancies are material and immaterial. between the credential requirements and the actual work of the higher education prevention professional. If this discrepancy is the problem, then more work on job analysis may be needed and this study would provide a beginning to that task. A third interest is the need for a prevention credential, as there may be no perceived need for such a credential to work in higher education settings. The inconsistency found in this study regarding training and qualifications would, however, argue for the need of a required prevention credential. This study provided a beginning step toward analyzing the work of higher education prevention professionals. The breakdown of the most frequently cited job responsibilities is a starting place to more clearly understand what prevention professionals actually do. Not unexpectedly, "Alcohol and other drug prevention and education" was at the top of the list. This is a broad title for a job analysis, but it entailed the actual presentation of information and experiences intended to reduce illicit Not permitted or allowed; prohibited; unlawful; as an illicit trade; illicit intercourse. ILLICIT. What is unlawful what is forbidden by the law. Vide Unlawful. 2. and abusive Tending to deceive; practicing abuse; prone to ill-treat by coarse, insulting words or harmful acts. Using ill treatment; injurious, improper, hurtful, offensive, reproachful. alcohol and other drug consumption. Although it was the highest activist on the list, it is notable that only 59% of the prevention specialists were involved in this activity. The other 40%, however, may have worked in more administrative positions and may have delegated this task to others. The other four tasks in the top five were somewhat more specific. The items, "Training and supervision of student leaders," "Social norms marketing campaigns," "Sanctioned education," and "Dorm programs" provide us with a somewhat clearer picture of what these prevention professionals are doing. It is recommended that other researchers use this preliminary data to begin to more clearly define a standard or credential that will be meaningful to prevention professionals in higher education. The second part of this study examined the variables that were related to comprehensiveness of program as measured by the TFPS. It was assumed, based on research by Wechsler Wechsler is a German word meaning "exchanger" (from '', "(ex)change"). Wechsler (or Wexler) may refer to:
adj. Mentioned previously. n. The one or ones mentioned previously. aforementioned Adjective mentioned before Adj. 1. variables used institutional size as a control measure and total TFPS score as the dependent variable. The results of this multiple regression revealed that there was a significant relationship between the number of conferences attended and the number of certifications held and the comprehensiveness of programming. CONCLUSION This study offers limited information about substance abuse prevention professionals and acknowledges the gaps in knowledge about these professionals. For example, in acquiring the sample of 305 substance abuse prevention professional for this study, approximately 500 institutions were contacted via a randomized ran·dom·ize tr.v. ran·dom·ized, ran·dom·iz·ing, ran·dom·iz·es To make random in arrangement, especially in order to control the variables in an experiment. search. Thus, approximately 200 of the institutions contacted either: did not have a designated, full- or part-time part-time adj. For or during less than the customary or standard time: a part-time job. part substance abuse prevention professional; were without funding for this designated position; underreported substance abuse issues; had more pressing student life issues which drained staff and resources; or this researcher could not find the substance abuse prevention professional on the campus. Wechsler, Kelly Kel·ly , Ellsworth Born 1923. American abstract painter and sculptor whose works are characterized by flat color areas with sharply defined edges. Kelly, Emmett 1898-1979. , Weitzman Weitzman is a surname which may refer to:
This page or section lists people with the surname Weitzman. , San Giovanni San Giovanni, the Italian form of "Saint John" (q.v.), a name that may refer to dozens of saints. At least 58 comuni in Italy are named San Giovanni, and at least 49 more are named San Giovanni... , and Seibring suggested yet another reason, "the institutional investment in prevention" (2000, p. 224-225). In this study, substance abuse prevention classes, conferences, workshops and certifications were significant variables. These variables are rarely discussed in the prevention literature. It was surprising to find such a large number of substance abuse prevention professionals in this study to have advanced degrees, although an equally large number were not exposed to formal, pre-service substance abuse prevention classes. Not only do these findings suggest more inquiry but they also suggest the need for more formal, pre-service education for future substance abuse prevention professionals and the promotion of certifications that are curriculum specific as well as state and national professional certifications. Future studies on the substance abuse prevention professional in higher education are limitless. If effective substance abuse prevention programming can be assessed then substance abuse prevention professionals can also be assessed in terms of their knowledge, skills, attitudes, personal development, adaptability a·dapt·a·ble adj. Capable of adapting or of being adapted. a·dapt  a·bil , retooling capabilities,
and effectiveness. Further research can also expand a sense of
credibility and identity for prevention professionals.
Appendix A
SURVEY FOR THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION PROFESSIONAL
This survey is adapted from the Task Force Planner (Anderson and
Milgram, 1998). Please indicate how often you have performed the tasks
(in the left column) during your current position as a Substance Abuse
Prevention Professional by circling the appropriate number (in the
right column) using the following key:
0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = regularly, 4 = often,
5 = very often.
1. How often have you created a task force 0 1 2 3 4 5
composed of a broad range of campus and
community leaders?
2. How often have you scheduled regular 0 1 2 3 4 5
task force meetings to review policy?
3. How often have you revised policies to 0 1 2 3 4 5
comply with emerging legislation, legal
liability issues, and government
initiatives?
4. How often have you taught a class for 0 1 2 3 4 5
peer educators?
5. How often have you provided an 0 1 2 3 4 5
educational program for alcohol
policy violators?
6. How often have you distributed 0 1 2 3 4 5
information to faculty for
incorporation into their courses?
7. How often have you encouraged inclusion 0 1 2 3 4 5
of practical and applied courses and
workshops?
8. How often have you developed faculty 0 1 2 3 4 5
networks for support and exchange of
prevention information?
9. How often have you provided up-to-date 0 1 2 3 4 5
information, relevant resources, and
quality awareness programs?
10. How often have you supported events that 0 1 2 3 4 5
encourage awareness, health choices,
and alcohol-free activities?
11. How often have you ensured distribution 0 1 2 3 4 5
of materials and resources to targeted
audiences?
12. How often have you initiated media 0 1 2 3 4 5
campaigns to promote timely messages
and to counteract misinformation?
13. How often have you coordinated special 0 1 2 3 4 5
events and campaigns with national,
state, and local efforts as well as
with campus groups?
14. How often have you worked with others 0 1 2 3 4 5
to distribute information regarding
policy and services?
15. How often have you assured the existence 0 1 2 3 4 5
of diverse self-help/support groups?
16. How often have you developed assessment, 0 1 2 3 4 5
screening and referral guidelines, and
services?
17. How often have you linked with the local 0 1 2 3 4 5
court, community services, treatment,
and aftercare resources?
18. How often have you provided assistance 0 1 2 3 4 5
to intermediaries such as roommates and
supports such as faculty, staff, peers,
parents, and coaches?
19. How often have you coordinated with 0 1 2 3 4 5
campus and local police on problems
related to high-risk groups and
enforcement strategies?
20. How often have you worked with campus 0 1 2 3 4 5
groups to organize a consistent process
for alcohol policy violations?
21. How often have you established programs 0 1 2 3 4 5
for campus- and court-referred alcohol
policy violators?
22. How often have you worked with campus 0 1 2 3 4 5
officers, especially judicial affairs,
to provide assessment and education
for referred individuals?
23. How often have you conducted educational 0 1 2 3 4 5
programs for segments (e.g., athletes)
of the general student body?
24. How often have you developed a system
for assessing the campus environment?
25. How often have you monitored policy 0 1 2 3 4 5
and program implementation and
effectiveness?
26. How often have you coordinated student 0 1 2 3 4 5
assessment, evaluation, data collection,
and biennial review?
27. How often have you collaborated with 0 1 2 3 4 5
colleagues on- and off-campus?
28. How often have you maintained records 0 1 2 3 4 5
on alcohol-related problems on campus?
29. How often have you resented data 0 1 2 3 4 5
summaries/findings findings to
university leadership in a timely
manner?
30. How often have you coordinated training 0 1 2 3 4 5
and in-service education for students,
faculty, and staff?
31. How often have you identified and 0 1 2 3 4 5
utilized professional development and
training opportunities on the local,
state, and national levels?
32. How often have you developed training 0 1 2 3 4 5
modules in relevant areas (e.g.,
intervention, sexual assault) for
target populations?
33. How often have you provided training 0 1 2 3 4 5
opportunities for community leaders?
34. How often have you created practicum, 0 1 2 3 4 5
internship, employment, and related
opportunities for students and
volunteers?
35. How often have you mentored and advised 0 1 2 3 4 5
student organizations?
36. How often have you prepared resource 0 1 2 3 4 5
information on intervention and
referral for faculty and staff?
37. How often have you organized a 0 1 2 3 4 5
cooperative effort linking students,
faculty, administrators, alumni,
community agencies and other allies?
38. How often have you established a 0 1 2 3 4 5
centralized resource library?
Appendix B DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY FOR THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION PROFESSIONAL It would be helpful to have some background information on you, your career, and your institution. Please complete this demographic survey as completely as possible. Assume SAP refers to Substance Abuse Prevention. Thank you. 1) What is your gender?--male--female 2) What is your age?-- 3) What is the highest educational degree you attained at·tain v. at·tained, at·tain·ing, at·tains v.tr. 1. To gain as an objective; achieve: attain a diploma by hard work. 2. ? Undergraduate Graduate Post Graduate Doctorate 4) If you are currently enrolled in an educational program, what degree are you working towards? Not currently enrolled Graduate Post Graduate Doctorate 5) List the number of specific SAP classes you had in each of the following programs: Undergraduate Program?-- Masters Program?-- Post Masters Program?-- Doctoral Program?-- 6) List the number of general Substance Abuse classes you had in each of the following programs: Undergraduate Program?-- Masters Program?-- Post Masters Program?-- Doctoral Program?-- 7) Approximately how many SAP specific conferences have you attended?-- 8) Approximately how many SAP specific workshops have you attended?-- 9) Approximately how many general Substance Abuse conferences have you attended?-- 10) Approximately how many general Substance Abuse workshops have you attended?-- 11) List the types/names of your Trainer Qualifications (ex. TIPS, BACCHUS or OCTAA, etc.):-- 12) List your current job responsibilities (ex. hall programs, social marketing campaign, etc.):-- 13) How many on-campus staff/faculty/professionals do you network with?-- 14) How many off-campus professionals do you network with?-- 15) How many SAP Professionals do you work with on campus?-- 16) How many students are enrolled at your institution? --undergraduates--graduates 17) How many cumulative years' experience do you have as a SAP Professional in higher education?-- 18) How many cumulative years' experience do you have as a SAP Professional in another setting?-- 19) How many SAP or related Certifications (ex. CSAP CSAP Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (formerly: Office for Substance Abuse Prevention) CSAP Colorado Student Assessment Program CSAP Colorado State Assessment Program CSAP Core Service Access Point , CPP cpp - C preprocessor. , etc.) do you have?-- 20) How many memberships in SAP or related organizations do you have?--
Table 1
Tasks of ICRC Domain 5--Professional
Growth and Responsibility
Task 1. Attain knowledge of current research-based prevention
trends, models, strategies, and ethical, legal, and professional
standards by taking advantage of appropriate
educational opportunities and reviewing current literature in
order to provide state-of-the-art prevention services.
Task 2. Model collaborative behavior with colleagues and
other professionals, individuals, and communities by networking
in order to establish mutual empowerment.
Task 3. Practice ethical behavior by understanding and
adhering to legal and professional standards in order to promote
the integrity of the profession and to protect the consumer.
Task 4. Recognize existing community norms by gaining
awareness of culture, lifestyle, and other factors in order to
be sensitive to the unique needs of the community.
Task 5. Practice personal wellness by continually assessing
life choices and circumstances with the willingness to change
behavior and seek assistance, if applicable, in order to model
a healthy lifestyle.
Table 2
Conferences and Workshops
Type M SD Range
SAP conferences 7.82 13.37 0-115
SAP workshops 14.63 17.94 0-100
SA conferences 7.61 10.98 0-50
SA workshops 17.74 31.51 0-200
Table 3
Trainer Qualifications
Trainer Qualifications Frequencies Percentages
BACCHUS 39 33.7
TIPS 23 23.5
OCTAA 23 23.5
Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Counselor 12 12.2
Certified Prevention Specialist 3 6.1
Table 4
Top Five Job Responsibilities in Prevention Services
Job Responsibility Frequency Percent
Alcohol and other drug prevention
and education 58 59.2
Training and supervision of
student leaders 41 41.8
Social norms marketing campaigns 32 32.7
Sanctioned education 30 30.6
Dorm programs 24 24.5
Table 5
Regression Model Summary for the Relationship
Between Education of the Substance Abuse Prevention
Professional in Higher Education and
Comprehensiveness of Programming
F for
[R.sup.2]
Model [R.sup.2] change Sig.
1 # of undergraduates .011 .919 .340
2 age and # of conferences .129 6.21 .003
3 age and # of conferences .203 7.05 .000
and # of certifications
Table 6
Regression Equation Coefficients for the Relationship
Between Education of the Substance Abuse
Prevention Professional in Higher Education and
Comprehensiveness of Programming
Coefficient [beta] Beta T Sig.
Constant 96.481 21.107 .000
Number of
Undergraduates .00036 .100 1.014 .313
Number of
Conferences .591 .226 2.611 .011
Number of
Certifications 10.491 .283 2.780 .077
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