A move toward recycling: recycling options are evolving in Latin America, although specific recycling statistics can be hard to determine. (2002 Latin-American Markets Supplement).Brazilian industry generates about 140,000 metric tons per day of solid waste, less than half of which, according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. estimates by environmental agencies, meets an environmentally adequate disposal or recycling end. Cities generate around 100,000 metric tons of solid waste per day, with from 60 to 70 percent going directly to open dumps DUMPS a lethal inherited disorder of Holstein cattle that causes infertility. The name is an acronym of Deficiency of Uridine MonoPhosphate S . Less than 1 percent is incinerated (with no emission controls The selective and controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic, or other emitters to optimize command and control capabilities while minimizing, for operations security: a. detection by enemy sensors; b. mutual interference among friendly systems; and/or c. ). An important aspect of urban waste is the high proportion of organic material present--on average 55 percent by weight. This directly influences the question of final disposal in landfills, as it makes its management more difficult, especially in the treatment of fatty substances--large quantifies of which are present in organic waste--and of the gases produced in the decomposition decomposition /de·com·po·si·tion/ (de-kom?pah-zish´un) the separation of compound bodies into their constituent principles. de·com·po·si·tion n. 1. process. Other countries in Latin America Latin America, the Spanish-speaking, Portuguese-speaking, and French-speaking countries (except Canada) of North America, South America, Central America, and the West Indies. show a similar situation, with numbers for urban and solid waste final disposal very close to those of Brazil. The high proportion of organic waste can be explained in part by the absence of adequate packaging in various products, principally in the distribution phase (for example, fruit and vegetables), as well as a culture of waste common to various Latin American countries List of American countries Nations:
The recycling sector in Brazil is worth around U.S. $850 million per year, but this could quickly be increased to U.S. $2 billion per year if alterations were made to certain regulations, such as the taxation system, which currently holds back growth in the recycling industry. RECYCLING COLLECTION Recycling collection has evolved more quickly in recent years in Brazil, even though in overall figures the amount is still only a tentative start. The involvement of local city authorities has tended to increase as local inhabitants
The game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. become more aware of the problem and demand a more responsible attitude from their representatives. In 1994, 81 city governments had recycling collection services on a significant scale. In 1999 this had jumped to 135 and by the end of 2002, expectations are that this will grow to more than 200. The most successful programs are those in which curbside curb·side n. 1. The side of a pavement or street that is bordered by a curb. 2. A sidewalk. adj. Located, operating, or occurring at or along the sidewalk or curb: collection, voluntary return, and street drop-off bins are combined. In Brazil, moreover, the social aspect of street scavengers is considerable. Of Brazil's 170 million people, it is estimated the number of people living off street waste collection is more than 500,000. Yet, the large size of the Brazilian nation also allows for a variety of regional cultures and behaviors based on educational, health and economic differences. This means that models of recycling collection cannot be simply imported from Western Europe Western Europe The countries of western Europe, especially those that are allied with the United States and Canada in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (established 1949 and usually known as NATO). or North America North America, third largest continent (1990 est. pop. 365,000,000), c.9,400,000 sq mi (24,346,000 sq km), the northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. . Methodology specific to Brazil has to be developed, which will vary significantly from region to region in the country. The introduction of reverse vending machines A reverse vending machine is a device that accepts used (empty) beverage containers and returns money to the user (the reverse of the typical vending cycle). The machines are popular in places that have mandatory recycling laws or container deposit legislation. in large supermarket chains is growing, although the returns from this system are still of little significance in the overall context. In countries such as Uruguay and Argentina, the organization of street waste picker A waste picker, or a scavenger, is a person who picks out recyclable elements from mixed waste wherever it may be temporarily accessible or disposed of [1]. cooperatives has begun as part of recyclables collection. These cooperatives are small in scale and restricted to isolated initiatives by industry, such as the beverage sector. In Uruguay, only one local government has a comprehensive recycling collection program. The same can be said of Venezuela, where the glass industry has the broadest program, involving schools, supermarkets, neighborhood associations A neighborhood association is a group of residents, sometimes organized as 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, who take on problems or organize activities within a neighborhood. An association may have elected leaders and voluntary or mandatory dues. and other groups. Around 150,000 metric tons of post-consumer glass packaging is collected per year in that nation. FINDING VALUE In Brazil, where around 5 percent of urban waste is recycled, some types of material, such as aluminum cans and cardboard, show much higher levels of 78 percent and 72 percent, respectively. Among post-consumer plastics, PET has the highest market value and is sold in compacted bundles or as flakes. Some has already been exported, especially flakes, to China, Taiwan and Europe. Around 15 percent of plastics, in general, are recycled in Brazil, amounting to around 200,000 metric tons per year. This work is carried out primarily by small and medium-sized companies. The largest concentration of them is in greater Sao Paulo, with 180 facilities. In ferrous ferrous (fĕr`əs), iron in the +2 valence state. Containing or having to do with iron. The difference between ferrous and ferric is the number of valence electrons they contain (ferrous contains two and ferric contains three), which metals, including packaging, Brazil has an established a network of scrap dealers scrap dealer n → chatarrero/a scrap dealer n → marchand m de ferraille scrap dealer scrap n → feeding domestic steel mills. The network directly employs some 240,000 people. Glass, despite some restrictions regarding transport, is also recycled in some parts of the country. A significant proportion of glass collected is returned to the glass manufacturers. Recycling of flat glass occurs, but on a reduced scale. Post consumer Tetrapak packaging is increasingly being recycled in recent years, thanks to the re-utilization of high quality pulp fiber by the paper and cardboard industries. In 2000, 6 billion of these packages were consumed in Brazil, with the recycling of around 22,000 metric tons of fiber. Composting
adj beginning, initial, commencing. incipient beginning to exist; coming into existence. , with less than 1.5 percent being recycled for fertilizer production. Interest in recycling tires has increased significantly over the last two years, with investments in the area of co-processing in cement kilns Cement kilns are used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of Portland and other types of hydraulic cement, in which calcium carbonate reacts with silica-bearing minerals to form a mixture of calcium silicates. and recycling the rubber for civil engineering and other applications. Post-consumption tires have also been frequently re-used in retaining walls and in engineering projects in sanitary landfills sanitary landfill: see solid waste. . In 2000, Brazil consumed 45.8 million tires. Batteries (excluding car batteries), despite being collected at sales outlets and in a few municipal programs, are still not being recycled on any significant scale in Brazil. Many are simply being stockpiled or even exported by the manufacturers to be recycled in Europe. All Latin American countries lack systematic public policies of economic incentives for recycling activities, whether in tax relief, access to loans, or financing. Progress in Brazil, which has not been inconsiderable in·con·sid·er·a·ble adj. Too small or unimportant to merit attention or consideration; trivial. in , has been based purely on market rules. This has contributed to the sustainability of the whole process, and in some ways has inhibited the creation of policies to "regulate" the market or impose restrictive conditions on productive activity in general. ON THE BOOKS There have been debates in the Brazilian Congress over a national policy for solid waste management. More than 100 bills at the federal, state and local government levels have so far managed to create confusion in the various sectors linked to the matter, within both government and productive spheres. To compile all the proposals into one document, a special committee of federal deputies has been set up in Congress. The committee has been carrying out various hearings at the public level, aimed at getting input from all sectors of society. Countries such as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, among others, are facing a recessive recessive /re·ces·sive/ (re-ses´iv) 1. tending to recede; in genetics, incapable of expression unless the responsible allele is carried by both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes. 2. economic situation, and environmental matters have been put on the back burner Noun 1. back burner - reduced priority; "dozens of cases were put on the back burner" precedence, precedency, priority - status established in order of importance or urgency; "... in many cases. Public policy proposals or laws relating to relating to relate prep → concernant relating to relate prep → bezüglich +gen, mit Bezug auf +acc the question of solid waste have been focused on the final disposal stage, with the aim of replacing open dumps with sanitary landfills. The participation of local city governments is emphasized in most of the proposals. However, some draft legislation proposes the creation of systems of return based on compulsory deposits or even obligatory obligatory /ob·lig·a·to·ry/ (ob-lig´ah-tor?e) obligate. obligatory unavoidable; something that is bound to occur. replacement of disposable with returnable packaging, almost always without any technical and/or economic criteria. In Argentina, there are 21 draft bills of this nature. Uruguay, Chile, Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (pwār`tō rē`kō), island (2005 est. pop. 3,917,000), 3,508 sq mi (9,086 sq km), West Indies, c.1,000 mi (1,610 km) SE of Miami, Fla. , Peru and Mexico also have similar cases. Venezuela's national congress has been preparing, since last year, a national policy for solid waste, including the question of separated waste collection and recycling. In 2001, the Environment Ministry sponsored the preparation of solid waste management plans in five of Venezuela's 23 states. Responsibility for carrying out the plans, though, has been given to private consultants, with no participation from the local authorities or the community, thereby reducing the possibilities of success. Chile has detailed legislation for the management of industrial solid waste. In general, perceptions have increased that "returnability" should be related to the re-introduction of post-consumer products into a new productive cycle and not necessarily to the banishment banishment: see exile. Banishment Acadians America’s lost tribe; suffered expulsion under British. [Am. Hist.: Jameson, 2; Am. Lit. of disposable products Disposable products are items that are not intended by the manufacturer to be reused more than once or a few times as compared to more permanent serviceable and reusable items. Some products that have disposable versions are:
THE FUTURE For integrated solid waste management programs to be successful, they should not be fragmented into too many types of waste, especially those found in municipal solid waste “Municipal waste” redirects here. For other uses, see Municipal waste (disambiguation). Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a stream. For the three Rs (Reduce, Re-use and Recycle) the creation of a rigid hierarchy that must be adhered to should be avoided. The way to efficiency in the management of solid urban waste is in shared responsibility between public authorities (collection, separation and sorting), the industrial sector (re-introduction in the production cycle, reduction of generation during production, eco-efficiency, etc.) and principally the public, which should be made aware of its need to take part in the process. Only public authorities, even if in conjunction with private initiative, are able to ensure collection from various sources of generation. CEMPRE supports the formulation of national public policies for solid waste that allow local government to create solid waste programs that are in tune with local or regional peculiarities, avoiding the copying of models from countries with very different economic, social and cultural characteristics. CEMPRE is a non-profit association founded in 1992. Its mission is to encourage viable alternatives from several viewpoints for the integrated management of solid waste in Brazil. CEMPRE has formed a federation with organizations with similar goals in other nations, including ADAN-Venezuela, CEMPRE-Argentina, CEMPRE-Uruguay, SUSTENTA-Mexico and ICPRO-Puerto Rico. BRAZlL'S SOLID WASTE STREAM Organics 52% Paper 25% Plastics 3% Metals 2% Glass 2% Other 16% Note: Table made from bar graph. EVOLUTION OF RECYCLING IN BRAZIL (% OF WEIGHT) MATERIALS 1999 2000 2001 Paper 16.6 22 N/A Cardboard 71 72 N/A Plastics 15 15 N/A PET 21 26 33 Aluminum Cans 73 78 81 Steel Cans 35 40 N/A Glass 40 42 N/A Tires 10 20 30 Tetra Pak 10 15 17 Oil 16 18 N/A Composting 1.5 1.5 N/A [Editor's Note Editor's Note (foaled in 1993 in Kentucky) is an American thoroughbred Stallion racehorse. He was sired by 1992 U.S. Champion 2 YO Colt Forty Niner, who in turn was a son of Champion sire Mr. Prospector and out of the mare, Beware Of The Cat. Trained by D. : When President Bush obtained fast-track trade authority from Congress, he made it clear that establishing greater trade ties with Latin America would be the highest priority. Portuguese-speaking Brazil has the single largest economy in South America South America, fourth largest continent (1991 est. pop. 299,150,000), c.6,880,000 sq mi (17,819,000 sq km), the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. . Trade in recyclable commodities could represent a significant opportunity for companies in the U.S. and in the Spanish-speaking nations surrounding Brazil if a Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere Part of Earth comprising North and South America and the surrounding waters. Longitudes 20° W and 160° E are often considered its boundaries. trading bloc is established as a result of the U.S. president's initiative.] The author is executive director of CEMPRE Brazil, and can be contacted at cempre@cempre.org.br. The text is an abridged version of a presentation given by Vilhena at the Take It Back! Conference, presented by Raymond Communications Inc., www.raymond.com. En Busqueda De Un Mayor Reciclaje En America Latina las opciones de reciclaje se encuentran en evolucion. POR POR problem-oriented record. POR abbr. problem-oriented record POR Problem-Oriented Record. ANDRE VILHENA La industria brasilena genera genera, in taxonomy: see classification. alrededor de 140,000 toneladas metricas de desechos solidos al dia. Sin embargo embargo (ĕmbär`gō), prohibition by a country of the departure of ships or certain types of goods from its ports. Instances of confining all domestic ships to port are rare, and the Embargo Act of 1807 is the sole example of this in , menos de la mitad de dichos desechos se recicla o se le da una disposicion final que no dane al medio ambiente. Esto segun los calculos de agencias medioambientales. Las ciudades generan alrededor de 100,000 toneladas metricas de desecho solido al dia, de las cuales 60 a 70 por ciento van directamente a vertederos al aire libre. Unicamente menos del uno por ciento se incinera (y esto se hace sin controles de emisiones). Un aspecto importante del desecho urbano es Track listing
En otros paises latinoamericanos existe una situacion similar y por ende, las cifras relacionadas con la disposicion final de desecho solido y urbano son muy parecidas a las de Brasil. En parte, esta proporcion tan alta de desechos organicos puede explicarse por la ausencia de envases adecuados para los diversos productos, principalmente en la fase de distribucion (por ejemplo, las frutas y verduras), asi como por la cultura de desecho comun a los diversos paises latinoamericanos. En Blasil, el sector del reciclaje asciende a alrededor de US$850 millones al ano, pero esto podria aumentar facilmente a US$2 mil An Internet address domain name for a military agency. See Internet address. (networking) mil - The top-level domain for entities affiliated with US armed forces. millones al ano si se alteraran ciertos reglamentos, como el sistema fiscal, que actualmente frenan el crecimiento de esta industria. ACOPIO DE MATERIAL PARA RECICLAJE En Brasil, el acopio de materiales para su reciclaje ha evolucionado mas rapidamente en anos recientes, a pesar de que en cifras generales, los volumenes todavia representan un inicio tentativo. La participacion de las autoridades municipales locales ha tendido a aumentar a medida que los habitantes cobran mayor conciencia del problema y exigen que sus representantes tomen actitudes mas responsables. En 1904, 81 gobiernos municipales contaban con servicios de acopio para el reciclaje en una escala significativa. En 1999, esta cifra habia aumentado a 135 y, para finales del 2002, se espera que crezca a mas de 200. Los programas de mayor exito son los que combinan la recoleccion en las aceras, el retorno El Retorno is a town and municipality in the Guaviare Department, Colombia. voluntario y contenedores en vias publicas para depositar los materiales para su reciclaje. Por otra parte, en Brasil el aspecto social de los catadores y triadores es considerable. Se calcula que de los 170 millones de habitantes de Brasil, mas de 500,000 viven de recoger los residuos de la via publica. Mas sin embargo, el gran tamano del pais tambien da cabida a una variedad de conductas y culturas regionales basadas un diferencias educativas, de salud y economicas. Esto significa que, simplemente, no se puede importar de Europa occidental oc·ci·den·tal or Oc·ci·den·tal adj. Of or relating to the countries of the Occident or their peoples or cultures; western. n. A native or inhabitant of an Occidental country; a westerner. Noun 1. o Norteamerica los modelos de recoleccion para el reciclaje. Es necesario crear una metodologia especifica para Brasil, misma que variara en forma forma, adj/n minor elements between the members of a botanical species. considerable segun la region del pais. En las grandes cadenas de autoservicio esta aumentado la instalacion de sistemas automatizados de recoleccion de latas de aluminio, cuya tecnologia en ingles This article is about an American supermarket chain. For a town in Gran Canaria, see Playa del Inglés. Ingles (NYSE: IMKTA) is a regional supermarket chain based in Asheville, North Carolina, where Robert "Bob" Ingle opened the first store in Asheville, NC in se denomina "reverse vending", aunque el retorno que arroja este sistema todavia es de poca importancia en el contexto general. En paises como Uruguay y Argentina, la organizacion de cooperativas de cirujas y pepenadores de residuos de la via publica tuvo sus inicios como parte de la recoleccion de material para el reciclaje, aunque en pequena escala y restringida a iniciativas aisladas segun la industria, como la del sector de las bebidas. En Uruguay, solo un gobierno local cuenta con un programa integral de recoleccion para el reciclaje. Ylo mismo puede decirse de Venezuela, en donde el programa mas amplio es el de la industria del vidrio, en el que participan escuelas, tiendas de autoservicio, asociaciones de colonos y otros grupos. En ese pais, cada ano se recogen alrededor de 150,000 toneladas metricas de envases de vidrio recuperados despues del consumo. EL MATERIAL DE VALOR valor a rodenticide no longer marketed because of toxicity in horses causing dehydration, abdominal pain, hindlimb weakness, inappetence, fishy smell in urine. Called also N-3-pyridyl methyl N1-p-nitrophenyl urea. En Brasil, donde aproximadamente solo el 5 por ciento del desecho urbano se recicla, los niveles de reciclaje de algunos tipos de materiales, como las latas de aluminio y el carton, son mucho mas elevados: 78 y 72 por ciento, respectivamente. Entre los plasticos que se recuperan despues del consumo, el PET tiene el mayor valor en el mercado For the hispanic surname "Mercado", please see de Mercado. Mercado first originated in Spain. In English it means 'market'. Is the last name of the 'Great' Fifa Soccer player Eswold. y se vende en fardos compactados o como escamas. Cierta parte ya se exporta, especialmente las escamas, a China, Taiwan y Europa. En Brasil, alrededor del 15% de los plasticos en general se reciclan, lo cual representa alrededor de 200,000 toneladas metricas al ano. Este trabajo lo desempenan principalmente empresas pequenas y medianas. La mayor concentracion de estas se encuentra en la zona metropolitana de Sao Paulo, donde hay 180 instalaciones. En lo relativo a los metales ferreos, incluidos los productos para empacar, Brasil establecio una red de distribuidores de chatarra que alimentan a las fabricas siderurgicas del pais. Esta red emplea en forma directa a 240,000 personas aproximadamente. El vidrio tambien se recicla en algunas partes del pais a pesar de ciertas restricciones relacionadas con su transporte. Una proporcion considerable de lo que se recoge se regresa a los fabricantes de productos de vidrio. Y tambien existe el reciclaje de hojas de vidrio, pero en menos escala. Gracias a la reutilizacion que las industrias del papel y carton dan a la fibra de pulpa de alta calidad, en anos recientes se viene reciclando cada vez mas los envases Tetrapak que se recuperan despues del consumo. En el ano 2000, en Brasil se usaron 6 mil millones de estos envases y se reciclaron alrededor de 22,000 toneladas metricas de fibra. En Brasil el compostaje todavia es algo incipiente y menos del 1.5 por ciento se recicla para fertilizante. En los ultimos dos anos, el interes en el reciclaje de llantas/neumaticos ha aumentado considerablemente y se han realizado inversiones en el area de coprocesamiento en hornos de cemento y de reciclaje de hule para usos en obras de ingenieria civil, entre otros. Asimismo, las llantas/los neumaticos recuperados despues del consumo se han reusado frecuentemente en muros de contencion y en obras de ingenieria para rellenos sanitarios. En el 2000, en el pais se usaron 45.8 millones de llantas/neumaticos. En Brasil, las baterias (excluyendo las automotrices) todavia no se reciclan en escala significante a pesar de que se recolectan en los puntos de venta y en unos cuantos programas municipales. Gran cantidad de baterias simplemente se almacenan o los fabricantes hasta las exportan para su reciclaje en Europa. Ningun pais latinoamericano cuenta con politicas publicas sistematicas de incentivos economicos para las actividades de reciclaje, ya sea en la forma de asistencia fiscal, acceso a prestamos o financiamiento. El progreso The municipality of El Progreso is located in the Honduran department of Yoro. East of the city, is located: Ramon Villeda Morales international airport of San Pedro Sula. To the west of the city is found the mountain range of Mico Quemado (Burned Monkey). en Brasil--nada desdenable--se ha basado puramente en las reglas del mercado. Esto ha contribuido a que el proceso completo se haya sostenido y, de alguna forma, se haya inhibido la creacion de politicas que "regulen" el mercado o impongan condiciones restrictivas a la actividad productiva en general. CEMPRE es una asociacion sin fines de lucro fundada en 1992. Su mision es fomentar alternativas viables desde el punto de vista tecnico, economico y social para el manejo integrado de los desechos solidos en Brasil. CORRIENTE DE DESECHOS SOLIDOS DE BRASIL Organicos 52% Papel 25% Plasticos 3% Metales 2% Vidrio 2% Otros 16% Note: Table made from bar graph. EVOLUCION DEL RECLAJE EN BRASEL (% DEL PESO) MATERIALES 1999 2000 2001 Papel 16.6 22 NC Carton 71 72 NC Plasticos 15 15 NC PET 21 26 33 Latas De Aluminio 73 78 81 Latas De Acero 35 40 NC Vidrio 40 42 NC Llantas/Neumat Ico 10 20 30 Tetra Pak 10 15 17 Aceite 16 18 NC Compostaje 1.5 1.5 NC [Nota del Redactor re·dact tr.v. re·dact·ed, re·dact·ing, re·dacts 1. To draw up or frame (a proclamation, for example). 2. To make ready for publication; edit or revise. : Cuando el Congreso estadounidense le concedio la autoridad de la via rapida o fast track al Presidente Bush, este puso de manifiesto que se le daria la mas alta prioridad a entablar lazos mas estrechos con Latinoamerica. Brasil, en donde se habla portugues es la economia mas grande de America del Sur. El comercio El Comercio is the name of several newspapers:
El autor es Director Ejecutivo de CEMPRE Brazil. Su direccion de correo electronico es cempre@cempre.org.br. El texto es una version abreviada de una ponencia presentada por Vilhena en la Conferencia Take It Back!, presentada por Raymond Communications Inc., www.raymond.com. |
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