A breaf overview of motor fuels from shale oil of kukersite.Non-petroleum fossil fuels and biomass are potential alternative transport fuel sources. Technologies and industrial-scale production of transportation fuels from carbon feedstocks (other than conventional oil) have existed since before World War II. While long-term full-scale applications had in most cases proved to be non-competitive with traditional oil industry due to world economy impacts, research into the development of alternate fuel production technologies has been continuing as depletion of crude oil reserves Oil reserves refer to portions of oil in place that are claimed to be recoverable under economic constraints. Oil in the ground is not a "reserve" unless it is claimed to be economically recoverable, since as the oil is extracted, the cost of recovery increases incrementally was expected. There have been two major technological directions for processing coal and biomass thermo-chemically into high-value oil products including transportation fuels: (1) liquefaction liquefaction, change of a substance from the solid or the gaseous state to the liquid state. Since the different states of matter correspond to different amounts of energy of the molecules making up the substance, energy in the form of heat must either be supplied to into refineable syncrude followed by upgrading of distillates; (2) converting coal or biomass based purified syngas
Syngas (from synthesis gas) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen generated by the gasification of a carbon containing fuel to a gaseous product with via Fischer-Tropsch or similar processes to hydrocarbon liquids. Although technological schemes exist, currently only a few conversion processes are applied in large-scale practice on a pilot-plant or commercial level due to economical, technological and environmental factors. Broadly speaking Adv. 1. broadly speaking - without regard to specific details or exceptions; "he interprets the law broadly" broadly, generally, loosely , thermo-chemical conversion technologies to produce alternative transport fuels are at the present time more expensive than conventional oil manufacturing, while biomass to liquid Biomass to liquid (BTL) is a (multi step) process to produce liquid biofuels from biomass: The process uses the whole plant to improve the CO2 balance and increase yield.
Due to large world oil shale reserves Oil shale reserves refer to oil shale resources that are recoverable under current economic constraints. Oil shale deposits range from small non-economic occurrences to large commercially exploitable reserves. , estimated to be equivalent to more than 2.9 trillion barrels of recoverable oil [1], there is a general expectation that oil shale oil shale Any fine-grained sedimentary rock that contains solid organic matter (kerogen) and yields significant quantities of oil when heated. This shale oil is a potentially valuable fossil fuel, but the present methods of mining and refining it are expensive, damage the should become a considerably significant source for high-value oil products. However, some experts are more critical than others regarding the widespread use of oil shale resources, emphasizing rather the potentials of other alternative resources such as coal, tar sand tar sand or bituminous sand Deposit of loose sand or partially consolidated sandstone that is saturated with highly viscous bitumen. Oil recovered from tar sands, commonly referred to as synthetic crude, is a potentially significant form of fossil fuel. , heavy oil or biomass. Upgrading oil shale into transport fuels requires expenses for adjusting hydrogen carbon ratios by adding hydrogen or removing carbon, and removing undesirable contaminants such as N, S, O or various inorganic materials and metals. Our literature review shows that during last eight decades, a number of studies from different countries (USA, Estonia, Russia, Israel, Australia, Japan) have been addressing the issue of converting oil shale to transport fuels or fuel additives. Investigations on processing of shale oil shale oil Synthetic crude oil that is extracted from oil shale by pyrolysis, or destructive distillation. The oil obtained from oil shale cannot be refined by the methods that have been developed for crude oil, however, because shale oil is low in hydrogen and contains large from Julia Creek oil shale [2] and shale oils from Paraho processes [3, 4] are examples of exhaustive studies following the mid-1970s Arab oil embargo. Next are some examples from the last decade: Landau et al. [5, 6, 7] upgraded Israeli shale oil, with high sulfur (6.5%) and nitrogen (0.92%) content, to petrol, jet fuel and diesel fuel with very low sulfur content, 0.011, 0.014 and 0.013 mass%, respectively by hydrogenation-desulfurization process [6, 7]; based on the Stuart Shale Oil Project it is clamed that clean gasoline and jet fuel can be manufactured from Australian oil shale [8]; Krichko presented a principal scheme for converting an enriched Baltic oil shale to gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel [9]; Luik et al. showed promising results in hydrogenating Estonian shale oil [10]; Raidma et al. demonstrated possibility of producing additives which improve the storage and combustion properties of liquid fuels from Estonian shale oil [11]; a patent application by Department of Chemical Engineering at Tallinn University of Technology Tallinn University of Technology (TUT) (Estonian: Tallinna Tehnikaülikool (TTÜ)) is the only university of technology in Estonia, and one of the three most important institutions of higher education in Estonia generally. describes the compositions of blended bio-diesel and Estonian shale oil diesel fuel fractions in order to improve the cetane number of the latter. Historically, Estonian oil shale based motor fuel manufacturing was established before the Second World War and abandoned during the 1950's due to poor economic viability and quality reasons. Prewar Estonian motor fuels were produced in four shale oil industrial enterprises: First Estonian oil Shale Industry Oil shale is used industrially in Brazil, China, Estonia and to some extent in Germany, Israel and Russia. Several other countries are currently researching their reserves and production methods to improve efficiency and recovery. at Kohtla-Jarve, Eesti-Kivioli at Kivioli, Eestimaa Olikonsortsium (Estonian Oil Consortium) at Sillamae and New Cosolidated Gold Fields Ltd. at Kohtla. 17.3% from the total manufactured shale oil was processed into motor fuels: 15.3% (more than 20 000 tons per year) was converted into petrol (gasoline) and 2% into diesel fuel. Shale oil motor fuels were refined with alkali solutions and sulfuric acid sulfuric acid, chemical compound, H2SO4, colorless, odorless, extremely corrosive, oily liquid. It is sometimes called oil of vitriol. Concentrated Sulfuric Acid . Rafination of petrol with sodium plumbite and sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite n. An unstable salt usually stored in solution and used as a fungicide and an oxidizing bleach. also was investigated, but unsuccessfully. Good results were obtained by the hydrogenation- desulfurization process; however, this method was not economically feasible. Kohtla-Jarve shale oil based petrol had octane number up to 68 and elemental composition of C 84.8-85.6%, H 13.4-13.8%, S 0.5-0.75% and O 0.4-0.9%. It contained roughly 35% alkanes (mainly normal), 56% unsaturated hydrocarbons (mainly 1-alkenes), 4% naftenes and 4% aromatics. Elemental analysis of diesel fuel was about C 84.1%, H 11.3%, O 3.6%, S 1%. Comparison to outer heating retorting methods in tunnel-oven (Kivioli and Sillamae) and Davidson retorts (Kohtla), the Kohtla-Jarve retorts with inner heating gave shale oil with relatively low yields of the petrol fraction. Therefore, at Kohtla-Jarve, a heavy oil cracking process was utilized to manufacture petrol with octane number up to 68 as opposed to straight-run-petrol with octane numbers between 50 and 55. [12-16] It is quite likely, that the statement that one can prepare European standard transportation fuels from Estonian oil shale in a laboratory scale, does not cause considerable debate. Rather, the issue lies in developing processes that when scaled-up can form the basis for competitive technology based on technical, economical and environmental factors. Rising prices and exhausting deposits of petroleum, together with advances in technology, can open the door for oil shale based transportation fuel manufacturing in Estonia. To convert presently commercially produced vertical retort or solid heat carrier oils to transportation fuels requires complementary experimental investigations and knowledge of up-to-date worldwide technological advances. In Estonia, the staff at the Department of Oil Shale and at the Department of Chemical Engineering at Tallinn University of Technology can use their experience to contribute to corresponding investigations when interest arises. Received January 03, 2006 REFERENCES [1.] Dyni, J. R. Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits // Oil Shale. 2003. Vol. 20, No. 3. P. 193-252. [2.] Sullivan, R. F., Stangeland, B. E., Rudy, C. E., Green, D. C., Frumkin, H. A. DEO DEO Deodorant DEO Diversification de l'Economie de l'Ouest Canada (Western Economic Diversification Canada) DEO Diversification de l'Économie de l'Ouest Canada (Western Economic Diversification Canada) Report FE-2315-25, US Dept of Energy. 1978. [3.] Stephenson, L., Muradian, A., Fookes, C. J. R., Atkins, A. R., Batts, B. D. Marketable transport fuels from Julia Creek shale oil // 18th Oil Shale Symposium Proceedings. 1985. P. 196-207. [4.] Lovell, P. F., Fryback, M. G., Relf, H. E., Schwedock, J. P. Maximize shale oil gasoline // Hydrocarbon Processing. 1981. Vol. 60, No. 2. P. 125-130. [5.] Landau, M. V., Herskowitz, M., Givoni, D., Laichter, S., Yitsaki, D. Medium severity hydrotreating of Israeli shale oil. 1. Novel catalytic system // Fuel. 1996. Vol. 75, No. 7. P. 858-866. [6.] Landau, M. V., Herskowitz, M., Givoni, D., Laichter, S., Yitsaki, D. Medium severity hydrotreating of Israeli shale oil. II. Testing of novel catalyst systems in a trickle bed reactor // Fuel. 1998. Vol. 77, No. 1/2. P. 3-13. [7.] Landau, M. V., Herskowitz, M., Givoni, D., Laichter, S., Yitsaki, D. Medium severity hydrotreating of Israeli shale oil. III. Hydrocracking of hydrotreated shale oil and its atmospheric residue for full conversion to motor fuels // Fuel. 1998. Vol. 77, No. 14. P. 1589-1597. [8.] Smidth, S. J. New directions for shale oil: path to a secure new oil supply well into this century // Oil Shale. 2003. Vol. 20, No. 3. P. 333-346. [9.] Krichko, A. Hydrogenation of oil shale and polymers // Oil Shale. 2000. Vol. 17, No. 3. P. 271-285. [10.] Luik, H., Lindaru, E., Vink, N., Maripuu, L. Upgrading of Estonian shale oil distillation fractions. 1. Hydrogenation of the diesel fraction // Oil Shale. 1999. Vol. 16, No. 2. P. 141-148. [11.] Raidma, E., Leetsman, L., Muoni, R., Soone, Y., Zhiryakov, Y. Shale-oil derived additives for fuel oils // Oil Shale. 2002. Vol. 19, No. 4. P. 419-424. [12.] Kogerman, P. N. On the chemistry of the Estonian Oil-Shale "Kukersite". Tartu, 1931. [13.] Kogerman, P. N., Kopvillem, J. Hydrogenation of Estonian oil-shale and shale-oil // J. Inst. Petr. Techn. 1932. P. 183-186. [14.] Kogerman, P. N. Desulphurisation of Estonian Shale Oil. Tartu, 1932. [15.] A/S Esimene Eesti Polevkivitoostus endine Riigi Polevkivitoostus (First Estonian Oil Shale Industry, previous State Oil Shale Industry) 1918-1938. Tallinn, 1938. [In Estonian]. [16.] Luts, K. Der Estlandische Brennschiefer-Kukersit, seine Chemie, Technologie und Analyse. Tartu, 1934. V. OJA * Institute of Chemical Engineering at Tallinn University of Technology 5 Ehitajate Rd., Tallinn 19086, Estonia * E-mail vahur@edu.ttu.ee |
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