2nd Annual School Spending Report: prepare for tough times ahead. (school spending)."Where's the best place to spend our money--Pre-K programs? Bonuses for teacher recruitment?" As of last spring, most state policy makers who consulted Mike Griffith Mike Grenville Griffith, born at Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire on 25 November, 1943, was a cricketer who played for and captained Sussex. A middle-order right-handed batsman, he also kept wicket occasionally. , a policy analyst at the Education Commission of the States The Education Commission of the States (ECS) was founded as a result of the creation of the Compact for Education, supported by all 50 states and approved by Congress in 1965. The original idea of establishing an interstate compact on education and creating an operational arm to follow up , had questions like these. Today, he senses urgency and despair in their voices as they ask, "What are alternative sources of revenue? How do we avoid layoffs? What can we do to get through this?" With districts relying on states for close to 50 percent of total education funding, these questions reflect a very real problem. "Oddly enough," says Griffith Griffith, town (1990 pop. 17,916), Lake co., extreme NW Ind.; inc. 1904. It is primarily a residential town in the Chicago metropolitan area. Manufactures include metal products, chemicals, and electronic equipment. , "the most difficult thing is [that] we've we've Contraction of we have. we've have had so many good years in a row. It's it's 1. Contraction of it is. 2. Contraction of it has. See Usage Note at its. it's it is or it has it's be ~have going to be hard now for school districts to adjust their budgets." Ah, the good ol' days. During the past five years, funding availability grew tremendously, and states and districts could get away with not balancing their budgets. Between 1996 and 2001, Griffith says, per-student spending increased by $1,741, or 30 percent (which is $773 per student over inflation). He also notes increases in categorical That which is unqualified or unconditional. A categorical imperative is a rule, command, or moral obligation that is absolutely and universally binding. Categorical is also used to describe programs limited to or designed for certain classes of people. spending--which includes teacher recruitment, special education, professional development and other program areas. Some of this was due to states that were ordered by the courts to increase spending in areas such as facilities. At the same time, education became a huge priority for governors and others in the public eye. "We're we're Contraction of we are. we're we are talking about this stuff in a way we've never talked about it before," says Donald Donald (Domnall, Domhnall, Dumhnuil, Dónall) is an anglicized version of a Scottish or Irish Gaelic personal name, containing the elements dumno "world" and val "rule", viz. "ruler of the world". Compare Dumnorix. Tetreault, an assistant professor in the College of Education at the University of South Carolina
• • , who teaches courses in school finance and policy analysis. "It has emerged on the policy radar." Funding issues at the forefront are: * Equity of funding systems a system or scheme of finance or revenue by which provision is made for paying the interest or principal of a public debt. See also: Funding . If states cut education funds, they're they're Contraction of they are. they're be careful to try to avoid touching the per-student spending, or formula, funds because they are skewed skewed curve of a usually unimodal distribution with one tail drawn out more than the other and the median will lie above or below the mean. skewed Epidemiology adjective Referring to an asymmetrical distribution of a population or of data to help low-income low-in·come adj. Of or relating to individuals or households supported by an income that is below average. districts, says Griffith. * Level of adequacy. While each state's definition varies, adequacy is usually related to testing--a certain level that a percentage of students in the state should achieve. When states do adequacy studies, Griffith says, they typically find that they're not providing enough funding to meet the goals. Tetreault adds that legislators who stress a need to fund education adequately are also working toward tax relief. "You can't have it both ways," he says. "Good schools cost money." * Relationship between funding and achievement levels. During the past 10 years, states have been working to define expectations for their students--and to link results to funding availability. ECONOMIC DOWNTURN Downturn The transition point between a rising, expanding economy to a falling, contracting one. downturn A decline in security prices or economic activity following a period of rising or stable prices or activity. Education is certainly a high priority today, but the fiscal outlook is bleak The bleak is a small pelagic fish of the Cyprinid family. Description The body of the bleak is elongated and flat. The head is pointed and the relatively small mouth is turned upwards. The anal fin is long and has 18 to 23 fin rays. The lateral line is complete. . In late October October: see month. , the National Conference of State Legislatures The abbreviation NCSL redirects here. For the British educational institution see National College for School Leadership. The National Conference of State Legislatures released a study that shows just how dramatically conditions have taken a downturn. Forty-four states reported that revenues for fiscal year 2002 were below forecasted levels. Nineteen states say that spending is currently exceeding budgeted levels. And at least 28 states have implemented or are considering budget cuts. As tough as it is to digest these numbers, the economic impacts of Sept. 11 aren't aren't Contraction of are not. See Usage Note at ain't. aren't are not aren't be even reflected in the study. Governors and legislators are expected to exempt certain programs from cuts when possible, and K-12 education is the area most likely to be spared, according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the study. Still, some states won't won't Contraction of will not. won't will not won't will be able to do that. In Michigan Michigan (mĭsh`ĭgən), upper midwestern state of the United States. It consists of two peninsulas thrusting into the Great Lakes and has borders with Ohio and Indiana (S), Wisconsin (W), and the Canadian province of Ontario (N,E). , for example, revenue declines from various tax sources could cause a 2.9 percent ($336 million) reduction in the school fund. Currently, lawmakers there are negotiating a plan to use the state's "rainy rain·y adj. rain·i·er, rain·i·est Characterized by, full of, or bringing rain. rain  i·ness n.Adj. day fund" to preserve the education budget. Other states are shelving shelv·ing n. 1. Shelves considered as a group. 2. Material for shelves. 3. An incline; a slope. shelving Noun 1. material for shelves 2. school reform programs for now. Iowa planned to give teacher bonuses this year as rewards for accreditation accreditation, n a process of formal recognition of a school or institution attesting to the required ability and performance in an area of education, training, or practice. and improved student results, for example, but Griffith says that programs like these are being delayed or abandoned altogether. EDUCATION BAILOUT bailout The financial rescue of a faltering business or other organization. Government guarantees for loans made to Chrysler Corporation constituted a bailout. Here's what experts say districts can do to stay afloat during a funding crunch (1) To process data. See number crunching. (2) To compress data. See data compression. 1. (jargon) crunch - To process, usually in a time-consuming or complicated way. : * Cut wisely. If decisions must be made about program cuts, think about what would make the least impact on your community. Griffith anticipates that maintenance will be cut first, and districts can implement a hiring freeze Noun 1. hiring freeze - a freeze on hiring freeze - fixing (of prices or wages etc) at a particular level; "a freeze on hiring" . "Schools will try to cut everything first before laying off teachers," he says. "But teacher salaries are by far the largest single line item." * Find alternate sources of funding. Maybe parent contributions can help with band expenses or you can charge a fee for certain extracurricular activities. Fundraising
In Germany, a state-maintained secondary school that prepares pupils for higher academic education. This type of nine-year school originated in Strasbourg in 1537. . * Find areas to split costs with another district. Examples are transportation, Advanced Placement courses, special education and vocational education vocational education, training designed to advance individuals' general proficiency, especially in relation to their present or future occupations. The term does not normally include training for the professions. . And if a current law doesn't does·n't Contraction of does not. allow your district to work with neighboring neigh·bor n. 1. One who lives near or next to another. 2. A person, place, or thing adjacent to or located near another. 3. A fellow human. 4. Used as a form of familiar address. v. ones, demonstrate how money could be saved and advocate for change. * Lobby for existing state funds. This can be done through teachers unions and professional organizations such as the American Association of School Administrators The American Association of School Administrators (AASA), founded in 1865, is the professional organization for more than 13,000 educational leaders across the United States. , the National Association for Elementary School Principals and the National (and state) School Boards Association. But don't don't 1. Contraction of do not. 2. Nonstandard Contraction of does not. n. A statement of what should not be done: a list of the dos and don'ts. count on getting what you need. "The handwriting HANDWRITING, evidence. Almost every person's handwriting has something whereby it may be distinguished from the writing of others, and this difference is sometimes intended by the term. 2. is on the wall," Tetreault says. "Even if schools make an argument that they need more money, they're probably not going to get more money." Meanwhile, Griffith says that some states are taking these actions: ** Increasing cigarette and alcohol taxes. "Consumption goes up during bad times and there's less of a public backlash," he says. ** Establishing lotteries United Kingdom
** Selling a special license plate declaring support for education. ** Looking at ways districts can work together to save costs. AFTERMATH AND BEYOND Just how bad will times get? "If we can come out of [this recession] pretty quickly, the public might not notice [education cuts]," says Griffith. But if it lasts beyond this year, he says, cuts may be significant and obvious. What's especially difficult is that some areas, such as technology, professional development and classroom supply expenses, never had enough funding to begin with, even pre-recession. Tetreault says that many districts are still realizing that technology purchases go beyond buying computers. "It's not just the computer or the hard drive but the training and support that costs a lot of money," he says. Tetreault also sees a broader problem. "School funding problems are political problems that are solved with political solutions," instead of research-based solutions, he says. There's no consensus on what the best solutions are. But at least people are talking. Sources: School Spending Report statistics compiled from Quality Education Data, Market Data Retrieval, the National Center for Education Statistics The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), as part of the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences (IES), collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on education and public school district finance information in the United States; conducts studies and the National School Supply and Equipment Association Teachers Empty Pockets for Classrooms "The Scrooge Scrooge “grasping old sinner” who learns that miserliness leads only to loneliness and pain. [Br. Lit.: “A Christmas Carol” in Benét, 196] See : Miserliness who controls [the supply closet Noun 1. supply closet - a closet for storing supplies closet, cupboard - a small room (or recess) or cabinet used for storage space ] always crosses out what we need and sends us less.... One year I ordered 24 pencils and and erasers, one for each student.... He actually crossed out 24 and wrote 12!! Did he really expect my students to share a pencil and eraser?" "Last year, I spent $2,000 out of my own pocket ... It frustrates me to no end. I am responsible for teaching my kids but do not always have what I need to do the job.... I would like to be given ... the same trust, respect and courtesy afforded any professional. " These quotes from a Teachers. Net survey on classroom supplies are anonymous (hence their honesty Honesty See also Righteousness, Virtuousness. Alethia ancient Greek personification of truth. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 18] Better Business Bureau nationwide system of organizations investigating dishonest business practices. [Am. ), but they could have come from teachers in Any District, U.S.A. According to a teacher study conducted for the National School Supply & Equipment Association, 75 percent of respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. reported spending some of their own money on school supplies. In 2000-2001, Pre-K and kindergarten kindergarten [Ger.,=garden of children], system of preschool education. Friedrich Froebel designed (1837) the kindergarten to provide an educational situation less formal than that of the elementary school but one in which children's creative play instincts would be teachers spent the most by grade level, $1,794 per year, and teachers in the Northeast spent the most by region, $1,686. The average teacher reported spending $589. Some states offer funding for out-of-pocket out-of-pock·et adj. 1. Calling for the spending of cash: out-of-pocket expenses. 2. Lacking funds: hungry, cold, and out-of-pocket travelers. Adj. classroom supply expenses. South Carolina's State Department of Education, for example, allots $200 to each teacher per year. Implementing such a plan, however, can be tricky Adrian Thaws (born January 27, 1968), better known as Tricky, is an English rapper and musician important in the trip hop and British music scene (despite loathing the "trip hop" tag). He is noted for a whispering lyrical style that is half-rapped, half-sung. . In 2000-2001, the first year South Carolina South Carolina, state of the SE United States. It is bordered by North Carolina (N), the Atlantic Ocean (SE), and Georgia (SW). Facts and Figures Area, 31,055 sq mi (80,432 sq km). Pop. (2000) 4,012,012, a 15. offered the reimbursement Reimbursement Payment made to someone for out-of-pocket expenses has incurred. , at least $63,000 in unused funds were returned to the state, according to Sue Brigman, a State Department of Education fiscal analyst. This was partly because not all districts informed teachers of the need to retain receipts, she says. Meanwhile, teacher expenses have gotten attention from Congress, as well. Both the House of Representatives and the Senate have introduced legislation for teacher tax credits for expenses not reimbursed by schools. While the Senate-passed $1,000 tax credit didn't did·n't Contraction of did not. didn't did not didn't do make it into the final tax relief bill passed by the House, the issue had a lot of support and won't likely be forgotten. Legislation aside, here are some other efforts helping to ease the burden on teachers' wallets: * Adopt-A-Classroom. This national nonprofit A corporation or an association that conducts business for the benefit of the general public without shareholders and without a profit motive. Nonprofits are also called not-for-profit corporations. Nonprofit corporations are created according to state law. foundation was founded by Jamie Jamie is a given name, derived as a pet form of James. However, it has been used as an independent given name in English speaking countries for several generations. Though Jamie was originally exclusively male, since the 1950s it has also been used as a female given name, Rosenberg Rosenberg (rō`zənbərg), city (1990 pop. 20,183), Fort Bend co., S Tex., on the Brazos River, in an oil and natural gas area; inc. 1902. Rosenberg and its sister city of Richmond are physically one community. , a Miami attorney whose idea evolved from the Adopt-A-Highway programs. "My vision is that one day every classroom in America America [for Amerigo Vespucci], the lands of the Western Hemisphere—North America, Central (or Middle) America, and South America. The world map published in 1507 by Martin Waldseemüller is the first known cartographic use of the name. will be adopted," he says. Corporate and individual donors can direct a $500 contribution to a specific classroom. * Free stores for teachers. At Schoolhouse Supplies in Portland, Ore., the merchandise is free. Teachers in 56 of the district's 98 schools can shop anytime, and those from less needy need·y adj. need·i·er, need·i·est 1. Being in need; impoverished. See Synonyms at poor. 2. Wanting or needing affection, attention, or reassurance, especially to an excessive degree. schools may stop by when surplus items are available. Local businesses donate books, paper and other classroom supplies, and volunteers help staff the store (teacher volunteers can earn a shopping trip). As of mid-November 2001, 2,220 shoppers had been through the store, "buying" products worth a total of $860,000. Director Gina Purcell says at least two other such stores exist, in Orlando, Fla., and Cincinnati, Ohio “Cincinnati” redirects here. For other uses, see Cincinnati (disambiguation). Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. . * Auctions for cheaper supplies. Teachersfleamarket.com offers an online auction that provides economical alternatives to store-bought classroom materials. It's also a way for teachers--especially those with overcrowded o·ver·crowd v. o·ver·crowd·ed, o·ver·crowd·ing, o·ver·crowds v.tr. To cause to be excessively crowded: a system of consolidation that only overcrowded the classrooms. classrooms and those who are retiring--to recycle re·cy·cle tr.v. re·cy·cled, re·cy·cling, re·cy·cles 1. To put or pass through a cycle again, as for further treatment. 2. To start a different cycle in. 3. a. supplies that might otherwise remain in a closet. * School supply company donations. One example is the online store ClassroomCash.com, which donates 15 percent of purchase prices to teachers. Each customer who orders educational software from the site is asked to select a "teacher of choice" from the list of registered teachers, and that teacher receives a rebate rebate, partial refund of the total price paid for goods or services. In the United States, rebates were historically given by railroads to favored shippers as a return on transportation charges. check. * Informal arrangements with local companies. One respondent In Equity practice, the party who answers a bill or other proceeding in equity. The party against whom an appeal or motion, an application for a court order, is instituted and who is required to answer in order to protect his or her interests. to the Teachers. Net survey asks her sister to bring home unused supplies from her employer. "It is amazing a·maze v. a·mazed, a·maz·ing, a·maz·es v.tr. 1. To affect with great wonder; astonish. See Synonyms at surprise. 2. Obsolete To bewilder; perplex. v.intr. what they throw away! They sent our school 500 reams of paper, because the company logo changed and they were going to toss [it]," she says.
Sources of School Supply Funding
Own money spent 74.6%
Purchase order 58.7
Other monies 29.3
Money allocated from PTA 24.3
Don't know/NA 1.1
Source: NSSEA
Public School Funding Sources 1998-1999
State ($172.4 million in funding) 49.4%
Local ($152.5 million in funding) 43.7%
Federal ($24.2 million in funding) 6.9%
State governments shoulder the greatest
burden for funding education. Although
local governments already fund a significant
part of education, they will be looking
at ways to boost revenue, cut costs
and use resources in different ways as
state budgets are slashed. Federal funds
are mainly earmarked for special education
and at-risk student programs.
Source: U.S. Census
Note: Table made from pie chart.
STATE BY STATE COMPARISON As in last year's report, New Jersey comes
out on top for per-student spending, although the amount was $9,963
in 2000-2001 compared to $10,153 from 1999-2000. In all, nine states
spent $8,000 and up per student. Utah, at $3,991, spent the least per
student both years. Maine, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wyoming have
the best classroom coverage, at approximately 10 students per teacher.
State Dirstricts Public Schools Teachers
Alabama 130 1,482 53,584
Alaska 55 513 9,049
Arizona 241 1,435 44,674
Arkansas 326 1,158 36,907
California 1,135 9,039 278,807
Colorado 223 1,521 49,769
Connecticut 192 1,029 45,319
Delaware 20 181 6,324
D.C. 7 173 2,884
Florida 193 2,926 141,714
Georgia 224 2,085 67,875
Hawaii 8 268 12,706
Idaho 119 619 16,505
Illinois 1,051 4,176 129,911
Indiana 369 1,901 71,874
Iowa 391 1,463 44,699
Kansas 354 1,468 43,369
Kentucky 184 1,429 46,378
Louisiana 71 1,516 53,586
Maine 267 719 22,774
Maryland 41 1,355 46,047
Massachusetts 363 1,914 63,921
Michigan 617 3,711 112,189
Minnesota 394 1,642 61,210
Mississippi 153 991 33,243
Missouri 531 2,202 74,017
Montana 421 696 13,009
Nebraska 626 1,240 29,280
Nevada 28 474 20,104
New Hampshire 246 444 17,102
New Jersey 626 2,391 97,346
New Mexico 111 718 22,762
New York 784 4,350 185,850
North Carolina 121 2,109 87,783
North Dakota 315 435 10,107
Ohio 852 3,894 130,267
Oklahoma 595 1,844 51,748
Oregon 228 1,238 36,066
Pennsylvania 616 3,263 99,489
Rhode Island 38 322 10,758
South Carolina 106 1,130 45,440
South Dakota 188 687 14,755
Tennessee 156 1,633 51,079
Texas 1,164 6,956 280,898
Utah 51 765 27,755
Vermont 287 345 8,671
Virginia 155 1,946 65,645
Washington 307 1,913 54,250
West Virginia 64 817 20,692
Wisconsin 447 2,019 77,127
Wyoming 73 390 9,143
TOTAL/AVG. 16,264 88,935 3,038,461
State Students Student/Teacher Total Education
Ratio (rounded) Expenditures (m)
Alabama 772,828 14:1 $3,659.3
Alaska 134,966 15:1 1,191.2
Arizona 886,040 20:1 4,147.7
Arkansas 461,524 13:1 2,077.0
California 6,593,141 24:1 35,285.9
Colorado 716,252 14:1 4,123.5
Connecticut 545,692 12:1 5,470.0
Delaware 119,705 19:1 871.1
D.C. 74,530 26:1 613.6
Florida 2,498,994 18:1 13,654.4
Georgia 1,435,195 21:1 8,301.1
Hawaii 211,033 17:1 1,146.0
Idaho 246,624 15:1 1,195.5
Illinois 1,965,455 15:1 12,365.7
Indiana 1,020,747 14:1 7,006.0
Iowa 508,234 11:1 3,235.0
Kansas 475,298 11:1 2,903.2
Kentucky 679,732 15:1 4,165.3
Louisiana 787,757 15:1 4,323.3
Maine 218,492 10:1 1,519.2
Maryland 850,518 18:1 6,178.3
Massachusetts 964,836 15:1 8,084.1
Michigan 1,773,332 16:1 12,447.2
Minnesota 871,084 14:1 6,500.8
Mississippi 512,227 15:1 2,410.4
Missouri 905,569 12:1 5,049.8
Montana 164,031 13:1 976.2
Nebraska 294,500 10:1 1,771.3
Nevada 319,729 16:1 1,828.1
New Hampshire 201,295 12:1 1,447.5
New Jersey 1,321,699 14:1 12,832.6
New Mexico 323,199 14:1 1,911.4
New York 2,936,448 16:1 26,376.6
North Carolina 1,253,442 14:1 6,821.9
North Dakota 117,573 12:1 664.5
Ohio 1,910,080 15:1 12,040.0
Oklahoma 657,811 13:1 3,504.7
Oregon 541,846 15:1 3,853.0
Pennsylvania 1,868,095 19:1 14,622.0
Rhode Island 158,179 15:1 1,301.0
South Carolina 685,765 15:1 3,940.5
South Dakota 143,794 10:1 708.8
Tennessee 915,240 18:1 4,800.0
Texas 4,022,039 14:1 23,633.3
Utah 495,448 18:1 1,907.0
Vermont 108,281 12:1 775.3
Virginia 1,177,526 18:1 7,839.7
Washington 983,498 18:1 6,527.0
West Virginia 304,555 15:1 2,360.8
Wisconsin 910,272 12:1 6,938.0
Wyoming 95,455 10:1 675.0
TOTAL/AVG. 46,139,605 16:1 $307,980.8
State Per-student Title 1 Textbook
Expenditures Allotment (m) Expenditures (m)
Alabama $5,010 $123.4 $42.2
Alaska 8,717 15.4 11.3
Arizona 4,754 106.4 39.1
Arkansas 4,564 77.5 26.0
California 5,832 922.1 354.0
Colorado 5,823 73.2 40.6
Connecticut 9,872 66.8 26.5
Delaware 7,666 20.4 9.1
D.C. 8,672 25.0 8.1
Florida 5,737 351.3 174.6
Georgia 5,835 204.3 107.4
Hawaii 6,193 37.9 8.1
Idaho 4,878 22.5 15.4
Illinois 6,075 319.5 112.6
Indiana 7,048 117.0 73.5
Iowa 6,485 51.4 17.6
Kansas 6,185 55.2 31.7
Kentucky 6,539 125.6 35.5
Louisiana 6,088 183.0 43.1
Maine 6,937 30.9 10.0
Maryland 7,297 100.1 31.6
Massachusetts 8,284 147.6 61.0
Michigan 7,269 321.3 81.5
Minnesota 7,585 83.2 34.4
Mississippi 4,827 122.9 19.8
Missouri 5,655 130.9 81.2
Montana 6,209 25.2 13.7
Nebraska 6,156 30.6 15.5
Nevada 5,597 22.4 16.8
New Hampshire 6,932 18.6 10.1
New Jersey 9,963 327.8 75.2
New Mexico 5,895 64.2 26.7
New York 9,146 709.4 212.0
North Carolina 5,431 140.3 47.0
North Dakota 5,949 18.8 6.4
Ohio 6,554 294.4 100.8
Oklahoma 5,533 93.5 35.4
Oregon 7,069 67.4 23.2
Pennsylvania 8,045 327.4 107.1
Rhode Island 8,315 23.9 6.3
South Carolina 6,092 194.5 36.4
South Dakota 5,417 18.8 7.9
Tennessee 5,282 130.6 50.0
Texas 5,870 617.9 191.1
Utah 3,991 34.7 19.4
Vermont 7,309 17.2 4.7
Virginia 6,913 112.9 69.5
Washington 6,514 106.9 70.4
West Virginia 8,114 72.2 42.8
Wisconsin 7,356 122.7 34.7
Wyoming 7,356 16.7 5.6
TOTAL/AVG. $6,408 $7,443.7 $2,724.5
State Other
Instractional
Expenditures (m)
Alabama $103.8
Alaska 26.3
Arizona 51.0
Arkansas 53.5
California 839.1
Colorado 109.9
Connecticut 68.0
Delaware 23.5
D.C. 14.9
Florida 150.0
Georgia 174.8
Hawaii 20.5
Idaho 36.0
Illinois 262.7
Indiana 83.5
Iowa 60.9
Kansas 62.8
Kentucky 89.0
Louisiana 92.6
Maine 26.5
Maryland 92.4
Massachusetts 198.0
Michigan 199.6
Minnesota 96.8
Mississippi 81.7
Missouri 100.8
Montana 30.5
Nebraska 36.3
Nevada 37.0
New Hampshire 26.1
New Jersey 257.2
New Mexico 19.2
New York 418.0
North Carolina 224.4
North Dakota 14.8
Ohio 273.1
Oklahoma 113.1
Oregon 68.8
Pennsylvania 201.7
Rhode Island 17.1
South Carolina 92.9
South Dakota 23.6
Tennessee 65.3
Texas 788.1
Utah 49.5
Vermont 13.3
Virginia 165.7
Washington 97.2
West Virginia 16.7
Wisconsin 146.7
Wyoming 18.6
TOTAL/AVG. $6,333.4
Note: All district and school counts reflect current school year.
All dollar figures are from 2000-2001 school year, except for
textbook expenditures and other instructional expenditures, which
reflect money spent in 1999-2000, the latest year available.
Sources: QED, NCES, MDR
PER STUDENT AND INSTRUCTIONAL SPENDING - 10 LARGEST SCHOOL
DISTRICTS 1997-1998
District Total Expenditures
Expenditures (m) Per Student
New York City Public Schools $8.7 $8,106
Los Angeles Unified SD 4.1 6,010
Puerto Rico Dept. of Education 2.0 3,210
City of Chicago SD 2.8 6,617
Dade County (Fl.) SD 2.1 5,952
Broward County (Fl.) SD 1.2 5,453
Philadelphia City SD 1.2 5,702
Houston Independent SD 1.1 5,340
Clark County (Nev.) SD 1.0 5,108
Hawaii Dept. of Education 1.1 5,859
District Instructional % Spent on
Expenditures * (m) Instruction
New York City Public Schools $6.3 72.2%
Los Angeles Unified SD 2.6 62.9
Puerto Rico Dept. of Education 1.4 69.9
City of Chicago SD 1.7 61.7
Dade County (Fl.) SD 1.2 59.2
Broward County (Fl.) SD .7 55.3
Philadelphia City SD .7 60.5
Houston Independent SD .7 58.5
Clark County (Nev.) SD .6 59.6
Hawaii Dept. of Education .7 64.0
Close to one-quarter of all public school students in the nation
attend one of the 100 largest school districts, and these districts
employed 21.2 percent of the nation's public school teachers. Within
the 10 largest districts is Puerto Rico, which spent the least amount
per student than any of the 100 largest (Boston, the 53rd largest,
spent the most per student, $10,293). California, Florida and
Texas--all represented in the top 10--account for almost 40 percent
of the total size of the 100 largest districts.
Source: NCES
* Includes teacher salaries, supplies and other teaching-related
expenditures
A Decade of District Technology Spending During the last 11 years, the Years, The the seven decades of Eleanor Pargiter’s life. [Br. Lit.: Benét, 1109] See : Time school technology market has shown steady increases. (The spending spikes spikes see peplomer. in the 1998-1999 school year are probably due to increased spending to prepare for Y2K See Y2K problem and Y2K compliant. Y2K - Year 2000 and the start of the Federal E-Rate program.) While spending appears to be relatively flat for the 2001-2002 school year, the figures don't take into consideration the innovative ways that districts are finding to fund technology purchases. For example, many are seeking extended-payment contracts with vendors and one-time grants from government agencies to improve technology infrastructure and student-to-computer ratios. Source: QED QED abbr. Latin quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be demonstrated) QED which was to be shown or proved [Latin quod erat demonstrandum] Noun 1.
District Technology Spending
District Spending E-Rate
91-92 $2.1
92-93 $2.5
93-94 $2.8
94-95 $3.6
95-96 $4.3
96-97 $4.8
97-98 $5.4
98-99 $8.89
99-00 $7.85
00-01 $7.1
01-02 *$6.2-7.9
* 2001-2001 Projected Spending
Note: Table made from bar graph.
International Comparison of Expenditures
per student (1997)
COUNTRY PRIMARY EDUCATION SECONDARY EDUCATION
Australia $3,633 $5,570
Austria 6,258 8,213
Denmark 6,596 7,198
France 3,621 6,564
Greece 2,351 2,581
Japan 5,202 5,917
Spain 3,180 4,274
Switzerland 6,237 9,045
United Kingdom 3,206 4,609
United States 5,718 7,230
U.S. education expenditures ranked high compared with
other countries. For secondary education, Austria and
Switzerland were the only countries in the 29-member
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
that spent more than the U.S. Those two countries, plus
Denmark and Norway, spent more than the U.S. for primary
education. Mexico spent the lowest of the OECD countries
for both primary and secondary education.
Source: NCES
Note: Figures are in equivalent U.S. dollars as a
percentage of gross domestic product per capita
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