2009 resin pricing outlook: still looking for a bottom.With demand for all commodity resins resins, n.pl complex, insoluble, sticky substances secreted by plants. Used as astringents, antimicrobials, and antiinflammatories, and are burned as incense. Can cause oral ulcers and epidermal irritations. exceedingly ex·ceed·ing·ly adv. To an advanced or unusual degree; extremely. exceedingly Adverb very; extremely Adv. 1. weak, and feedstock feed·stock n. Raw material required for an industrial process. Noun 1. feedstock - the raw material that is required for some industrial process raw material, staple - material suitable for manufacture or use or finishing prices fallen through the floor, there appears to be nothing to stop resin resin, any of a class of amorphous solids or semisolids. Resins are found in nature and are chiefly of vegetable origin. They are typically light yellow to dark brown in color; tasteless; odorless or faintly aromatic; translucent or transparent; brittle, fracturing tabs from shrinking further in 2009. That hasn't has·n't Contraction of has not. hasn't has not hasn't have stopped polyolefins producers from making an attempt to raise prices in the teeth of this "perfect storm." Putting it all in perspective, Bill Bowie Bowie (b  `ē), city (1990 pop. 37,589), Prince Georges co., W central Md.; inc. 1916. It is mainly a residential community. Points of interest include the Woodward Mansion (c. , president of resin
purchasing consultants Resin Technology, Inc. (RTI RTI - Return from interrupt ) in Fort Worth,
Texas Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas, 18th-largest city in the United States[1], and voted one of "America’s Most Livable Communities. , says, "Barring some major global event, we may see a more
stable resin pricing environment globally as economies start to rebuild
themselves. Our advice to plastics processors during this time is to
take a careful look at your business to find opportunities for change
that will allow you to weather this downturn DownturnThe transition point between a rising, expanding economy to a falling, contracting one. downturn A decline in security prices or economic activity following a period of rising or stable prices or activity. . This includes identifying opportunities to use lower-cost resins. I also think processors should broaden their opportunities by dealing with more suppliers." Bowie notes that there are some real questions about which resin suppliers will remain standing. By dealing with at least two to three suppliers, he says, you won't be left in the lurch lurch 1 intr.v. lurched, lurch·ing, lurch·es 1. To stagger. See Synonyms at blunder. 2. To roll or pitch suddenly or erratically: The ship lurched in the storm. if one of your suppliers quits quits adj. On even terms with by payment or requital: I am finally quits with the loan. [Middle English, probably alteration (influenced by Medieval Latin the market, through divesting a resin business or otherwise. For the future, he advises, "Always look out for the key indicators, like prices and availability of chemical feedstocks to get a better feel for where things are heading. I think an early glimmer of an upturn is very likely to come from China, when we see their GDP GDP (guanosine diphosphate): see guanine. rising and factories humming again." PE: TIME FOR A HIKE? Overall, polyethylene polyethylene (pŏl'ēĕth`əlēn), widely used plastic. It is a polymer of ethylene, CH2=CH2, having the formula (-CH2-CH2-)n prices are projected to be 25% lower in 2009 vs. 2008. Those prices, which climbed 18 cents/lb in 2008 (and a total of 42 cents since 2007), had declined 33 cents through November. Another drop of as much as 10 cents was possible by the end of December. Declaring that resin tabs had "bottomed out," PE suppliers dared to issue a price increase of 7 cents/lb for Jan. 1. That view was not supported by the direction of the London Metal Exchange London Metal Exchange (LME) A market for trading base metals, where traded options contracts are available against the underlying futures contract. (LME See London Metal Exchange. LME See London Metal Exchange (LME). ) short-term Short-term Any investments with a maturity of one year or less. short-term 1. Of or relating to a gain or loss on the value of an asset that has been held less than a specified period of time. North American North American named after North America. North American blastomycosis see North American blastomycosis. North American cattle tick see boophilusannulatus. futures contract Futures Contract An exchange traded agreement to buy or sell a particular type and grade of commodity for delivery at an agreed upon place and time in the future. Futures contracts are transferable between parties. in blown-film butene bu·tene n. Any of several forms of butylene. butene See butylene. Noun 1. butene - any of three isomeric hydrocarbons C4H8; all used in making synthetic rubbers LLDPE LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene . It hit 19.7 cents/lb for January, a steep drop from December's 58.7 cents. Contributing factors: Industry sources see potential for "relative stability" in prices during most of the first quarter, primarily because feedstock prices are projected to be stable as well. "Pay attention to what spot ethylene ethylene (ĕth`əlēn') or ethene (ĕth`ēn), H2C=CH2, a gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is the simplest alkene. and precursor precursor /pre·cur·sor/ (pre´kur-ser) something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature, substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. ethane ethane (ĕth`ān), CH3CH3, gaseous hydrocarbon. It is a continuous-chain alkane. As a constituent of natural gas, it is used for fuel. It can be prepared by cracking and fractional distillation of petroleum. prices are doing," advises Mike Burns
The consensus of industry analysts is that the new PE price initiative is not likely to take hold until later in the first quarter. "You can expect to see ethylene spot prices come up to about 20 cents/lb or more, at which point ethylene contract prices will move up some. PE resin suppliers may then be able to implement 3 cents to 5 cents of their 7 cents/lb increase," says RTI's Burns. Meanwhile, following a 4% to 6% drop in PE demand in 2007, PE demand in 2008 was down by the same amount for high-demand products like film resins, and as much as 15% lower for other types, such as injection molding injection molding n. A manufacturing process for forming objects, as of plastic or metal, by heating the molding material to a fluid state and injecting it into a mold. grades for containers. While no one is willing to cite a number for how demand will fare this year, there is an expectation of further declines. Resin suppliers are likely to implement more production cutbacks. Sums up RTI's Burns, "In 2008, 10 billion lb, or 25%, of North American PE production was exported. In 2009, the PE export market may not exist if there is no change in the global economy. Domestic suppliers would need to reduce production by 10 billion lb before cutbacks would impact resin pricing." PP PRICES PLUNGE Polypropylene polypropylene (pŏl'ēprō`pəlēn), plastic noted for its light weight, being less dense than water; it is a polymer of propylene. It resists moisture, oils, and solvents. prices were expected to end 2008 68 cents to 70 cents/lb below their high point for the year. From their peak in July-August, PP tabs declined by 57 cents through November, which left prices 32 cents below their level at the start of the year. At least 10 cents more was expected to come off in December. Claiming prices had hit bottom, suppliers announced hikes of 5 cents to 6 cents/lb for Jan. 1. However, the LME's North American short-term futures contract for January in g-p injection-grade homopolymer ho·mo·pol·y·mer n. A polymer composed of identical monomeric units. plunged to 29.8 cents/lb from December's 37 cents. Contributing factors: Domestic PP demand was down 7% by the end of the third quarter and was expected to be down 10% to 12% by the end of 2008. Scott Newell, RTI's director of client services for PP expects to see more shutdowns of PP capacity, some permanent and some temporary. Propylene propylene /pro·pyl·ene/ (pro´pi-len) a gaseous hydrocarbon, CH3CHdbondCH2. propylene glycol a colorless viscous liquid used as a humectant and solvent in pharmaceutical preparations. monomer monomer (mŏn`əmər): see polymer. monomer Molecule of any of a class of mostly organic compounds that can react with other molecules of the same or other compounds to form very large molecules (polymers). is in oversupply o·ver·sup·ply n. pl. o·ver·sup·plies A supply in excess of what is appropriate or required. tr.v. o·ver·sup·plied, o·ver·sup·ply·ing, o·ver·sup·plies due to slack 1. (operating system) slack - Internal fragmentation. Space allocated to a disk file but not actually used to store useful information. 2. (jargon) slack demand. By the end of 2008, monomer price was down 65 cents/lb from the peak in mid-summer. December contract prices were expected to come down at least another 10 cents to about 20 cents/lb. "The last time we saw propylene monomer and PP resin prices this low was in the summer of 2003," notes Newell. He expected that monomer and PP resin prices would hit bottom in December and would stabilize stabilize See peg. this month. As for the announced PP price hike, Newell says, "We expect to see at least a portion of that increase take hold in the first quarter. The big question is: where is the real demand? This is a tough call without knowing where our economy and global economics in general will go. What will happen to crude oil prices? Will they go down to $25/barrel or up to $65/barrel?" PVC PVC: see polyvinyl chloride. PVC in full polyvinyl chloride Synthetic resin, an organic polymer made by treating vinyl chloride monomers with a peroxide. IN '09: FLAT TO DOWN PVC prices were expected to fall 6 cents to 7 cents/ lb in December. Early last month, Formosa announced a 5 cents/lb increase for Jan. 1, but at mid-month the move wasn't supported by other producers. Contributing factors: Demand in December was extremely weak. Overall PVC demand for 2008 was expected to end 9% to 9.5% below the year before. Optimistic op·ti·mist n. 1. One who usually expects a favorable outcome. 2. A believer in philosophical optimism. op resin producers say PVC demand in 2009 will be flat or down at most 1% to 2%. Their "worst-case" scenario is a 5% to 6% drop in demand this year because of the downturn in construction. Housing starts are expected to stay weak--below 600,000 units, vs. over 1 million in a normal economy. And any recovery in the housing market will have to work through a large inventory of unsold homes before new construction will resume. Resin suppliers' operating rates Operating rate The percentage of total production capacity of a company, industry, or country that is being used. operating rate The portion of capacity at which a business operates. are believed to have been below 60% for the fourth quarter. In mid October, Shintech started up 650 million lb of its new 1.3-billion-lb plant in Iberville, La. At the same time, Shintech took an early scheduled maintenance shutdown shut·down n. A cessation of operations or activity, as at a factory. shutdown Noun the closing of a factory, shop, or other business Verb shut down at its 1.1-billion-lb plant in Addis, La., temporarily avoiding further excess resin capacity. Some older PVC plants are expected to close this year. PS KEEPS DROPPING Polystyrene polystyrene (pŏl'ēstī`rēn), widely used plastic; it is a polymer of styrene. Polystyrene is a colorless, transparent thermoplastic that softens slightly above 100°C; (212°F;) and becomes a viscous liquid at around 185°C; resin producers and analysts expected prices to fail 12.5 cents/lb in December after a plunge of 20 cents in November. PS prices are expected to be flat or lower in 2009, especially in the seasonally weak first and second quarters. Contributing factors: The price of benzene benzene (bĕn`zēn, bĕnzēn`), colorless, flammable, toxic liquid with a pleasant aromatic odor. It boils at 80.1°C; and solidifies at 5.5°C;. Benzene is a hydrocarbon, with formula C6H6. feedstock continued to fall in December. Contract benzene was $1.07/ gal, down from $1.60 in November. Spot prices dipped as low as 80 cents, which is below cost. Benzene is expected to stay long throughout 2009, as new environmental regulations gradually reduce the amount of aromatics that can be put into gasoline gasoline or petrol, light, volatile mixture of hydrocarbons for use in the internal-combustion engine and as an organic solvent, obtained primarily by fractional distillation and "cracking" of petroleum, but also obtained from natural gas, by , increasing the amount of toluene toluene (tōl`y ēn') or methylbenzene (mĕth'əlbĕn`zēn), C7H8 that will go into
benzene instead.
Demand for PS was severely weak in November and December, so total demand for 2008 could end up as much as 9% to 10% below 2007. Resin operating rates were believed to be in the 70% to 74% range last month. PET PRICES PLUMMET PET prices plunged at least 15 cents/lb between September and November, following a drop of 5 cents in August, and were expected to slip a bit lower last month. PET prices are expected to be flat this month, though a price increase could emerge late in this first quarter. Prices typically go up in the second quarter, when demand normally surges. Contributing factors: PET tabs have followed feedstock prices downward nearly penny for penny. Paraxylene and ethylene glycol ethylene glycol: see glycol. ethylene glycol Simplest member of the glycol family, also called 1,2-ethanediol (HOCH2CH2OH). It is a colourless, oily liquid with a mild odour and sweet taste. were both down 10 cents to 12 cents/lb through November and were expected to fall a bit lower in December--erasing any profit margin for PET suppliers. According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Michael Dewsbury, RTI's global business director for PET, demand for PET in 2008 was down from the previous year, but he is "relatively optimistic" that 2009 will be flat or better. "The key question is: when will the economy improve? In the past, we thought that the soda and water bottle markets were recession-proof. This does not seem to be the case now, as consumers are cutting back." Supply/demand balance signals a 10% improvement in resin capacity utilization rates Capacity utilization rate The percentage of the economy's total plant and equipment that is currently in production. Usually, a decrease in this percentage signals an economic slowdown, while an increase signals economic expansion. for 2009. Permanent shutdowns of PET resin capacity by Invista and Wellman already equal the 800 to 900 million lb of new capacity that will be brought on stream by Indorama's Alpha-Pet subsidiary in Decatur, Ala ALA aminolevulinic acid. Ala alanine. ala (a´lah) pl. a´lae [L.] a winglike process. ., at the end of this year. This new capacity, added to the 500 million lb at StarPet's existing site in North Carolina North Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and Figures Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. , would make Indorama the leading PET supplier in North America North America, third largest continent (1990 est. pop. 365,000,000), c.9,400,000 sq mi (24,346,000 sq km), the northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. . Acrylic acrylic, artificial fiber made from a special group of vinyl compounds, primarily acrylonitrile. Acrylic fibers are thermoplastic (i.e., soften when heated, reharden upon cooling), have low moisture regain, are low in density, and can be made into bulky fabrics. has joined the growing ranks of plastics being made from renewable sources. New Altugtas Rnew from Altuglas International in France (U.S. office in Philadelphia), is a PMMA PMMA polymethyl methacrylate. grade containing 20% of carbon derived directly from biomass. It has properties comparable to conventional PMMA grades produced entirely from "fossil" carbon. (800) 523-1532 * www.altuglas.com By Lilli Manolis Sherman and Jan H. Schut, Senior Editors
MARKET PRICES EFFECTIVE MID-DECEMBER (a)
Resin Grade (b) cents/Lb. cents/
Cu.In. (c)
ABS
MED IMPACT 95-115 359-434
HI IMPACT 100-135 378-510
X-HI IMPACT 110-150 415-567
HI HEAT 95-130 359-491
PIPE 95-105 359-396
SHEET 99-115 374-434
TRANSPARENT 134-205 506-774
FITTINGS 94-115 355-434
PLATING 165 623
FLAME RET 129-145 487-548
STRUCT FM 92-102 347-385
10% GLASS 134-145 506-548
30% GLASS 129-141 487
ABS/PC ALLOY 154-185 532-699
ABS/PVC
ALLOY 139-144 525-544
ABS/NYLON
ALLOY 199-355 752-1341
ACETAL
HOMOPOL 151-172 7.7-8.7
20% GLASS 171-235 8.7-11.9
COPOLYMER 144-160 7.3-8.1
25% GLASS 171-245 8.7-12.4
ACRYLIC
G-P 117 5.0
IMPACT 192 8.2
ACRYLONI-TRILE
COPOL
EXTRUSION 78-110 3.3-4.7
INJECTION 130-191 5.4-7.9
ALKYD 65-74 4.9-5.5
CELLULOSICS
ACETATE 187 8.60
CAB 189 8.20
CAP 189 8.20
DAP (G-P) 251-497 16.3-34.7
EPOXY
NA (d)
G-P RESIN 116-126
COMPOUNDS
C/B/T (e) 123-166 9.4-12-9
R/C/D (f) 208-271 15.3-20.1
SEMI-
CONDUCTOR
NOVOLAC 193-228 13.1-15.9
ANHYDRIDE 188-268 13.9-19.2
EVA
INJECTION 69-71 2.3-2.4
FILM
EXTRUSION 67-69 2.3
EVOH 330 15
FLUOROPOLYMER
CTFE 5000-6000 385-462
ECTFE 1200-1680 90.7-120
ETFE 1205-1730 80.7-115.8
FEP 971-1470 74.8-113.2
PFA 1550-2520 120-195
PTFE 500-950 33.5-63.6
PVDF 730-1100 47-70
IONOMER
PACKAGING 127-166 4.3-6.0
INDUSTRIAL 150-244 5.0-8.3
LIQUID-CRYSTAL
POLYMERS
INJECTION
MIN FILLED 790-1135 48.3-69.4
GLASS FILLED 795-995 48.6-60.8
CARBON
FILLED 1800-2100 110.1-128.5
UNFILLED 1100-1300 67.3-79.6
EXTRUSION
UNFILLED 1300-2300 79.5-140.7
MELAMINE
COMPOUND 90-94 5.5-5.6
MELAMINE/
PHENOLIC
COMPOUND 75-83 4.5-5.0
NYLON
TYPE 6 155-175 6.3-7.1
MIN FILLED 135-165 5.5-6.7
30% GLASS 140-165 5.7-6.7
TYPE 66 160-190 6.5-7.7
MIN FILLED 145-155 5.9-6.3
30% GLASS 150-192 6.1-7.8
TYPE 69 250-276 9.7-10.7
TYPE 6/10 286-313 12.4-13.6
TYPE 612 400 15.3
30% GLASS 309-311 14.7
40% GLASS 309 14.7
TYPE 46 350 17.6
TYPE-11 650-750 24.3-28
30% GLASS NA (d) NA (d)
40% GLASS NA (d) NA (d)
TYPE 12 318-341 12.1-13.0
30% GLASS 327-350 14.7-15.8
50% GLASS 299-340 15.6-17.8
TRANSPARENT
AMORPHOUS 247-360 10.3-15.0
PHENOLIC MOLD
COMP 75 3.8
REINFORCED
GRADES 105-268 6.1-16
POLYAMIDEMIDE (g)
UNFILLED 2750 148.5
30% GLASS 2500 135
30% CARBON 3500 185
FIBER
POLYARYLATE 200-280 8.8-12.3
POLYARYLSULFONE 440 21.8
POLYBUTYLENE
G-P 94-96 3.1
FILM 88-91 2.9
PIPE
COLD WATER 116-120 3.9-4.0
HOT WATER 162-166 5.5-5.6
POLYCARBONATE
INJECTION 166-182 ([down arrow]) 7.9 ([down arrow])
20% GLASS 172-190 ([down arrow]) 8.2 ([down arrow])
30% GLASS 173-217 ([down arrow]) 9.3 ([down arrow])
EXTRUSION 140-180 ([down arrow]) 7.7 ([down arrow])
BLOW MOLD 145-185 ([down arrow]) 7.5 ([down arrow])
STRUCT FOAM 144-181 ([down arrow]) 7.8 ([down arrow])
20% GLASS 230-255 ([down arrow]) 11.0 ([down arrow])
FR 161-197 ([down arrow]) 8.5 ([down arrow])
CD 130-195 ([down arrow]) 8.4 ([down arrow])
POLYESTER (TP)
PST TYPE
UNFILLED 145-150 6.8-7.3
HI-IMP 165-175 7.8-8.3
30% GLASS, FR 195-215 9.2-10.1
STRUCT FOAM 159-165 NA (d)
PET
BOTTLE
(RAILCAR) 67-71 ([down arrow]) 3.4-3.6 ([down arrow])
MOD PET
30% GLASS 132-143 7.4
55% GLASS 148-155 9.8
30% GLASS,
FLAME RET 147-157 9.2
PETG COPOL 114-124 5.2-5.6
POLYESTER
TMERMOSET
G-P ORTHO 161-171 NA (d)
ISOPHTHALIC 185-200 ([down arrow]) NA (d)
BIS-A 220-240 ([down arrow]) NA (d)
POLYETMER
KETONE(PEEK) 4400 231
30% GLASS 3300 173
POLYETHERIMIDE 641-646 29.3-29.5
30% GLASS 526-531 24.0-24.2
POLYESTER-
KETONE(PEK) 2950 130.1
30% GLASS 2600 153
POLYETHER-
SULFONE 625-700 30-34
GLASS FILLED 725-790 35-38
POLYETHYLENE-
(RAILCAR) LOPE
G-P MOLDING
& EXTRU 53-55 1.8
INJECTION 55-57 1.8-1.9
LID RESIN 57-59 1.9
LINER 55-57 1.8
CLARITY 51-53 1.7-1 .8
EXTRU COATG 56-58 1.8-1 .9
BLOW MOLD 58-60 1.9
LLDPE,
BUTENE-BASED
G-P MOLDING 50-52 1.7
FILM 55-57 1.8-1.9
LME 30-DAY (j) 19.7 ([down arrow]) 0.6 ([down arrow])
ROTOMOLD 52-54 1.7-1.8
LLDPE,
HAO-BASED
G-P MOLDING 53-55 1.8
LID RESIN 63-65 20-2.1
LINER FILM 56-58 1.8-1.9
HOPE
G-P INJ MOLD 53-55 1.8-1.9
FILM 60-62 2.1
BLOW MOLD 61-63 2.1-2.2
HMW-HDPE
BLOW
MOLDING 57-59 1.9-2.0
FILM 58-60 2.0
PIPE 65-67 2.2-2.3
UHMW-PE 122-152 4.1-5.1
BASED RESIN
INJECTION 180 6.8
20% GLASS (h) 283 12.3
30% GLASS (h) 291 13.3
EXTRUSION (h) 242 9.2
STRUCT FM 231 NA (d)
PPS
40% GLASS 450-520 27.0-31.2
55% GLASS/
MINERAL 345-420 22.7-27.7
65% GLASS/
MINERAL 270-315 18.9-22.1
POLYPROPYLENE
(RAILCAR)
G-P HOMOPOL
INJECTION 48-50 1.6
LME
30-DAY (j) 29.8 ([down arrow]) 1.0 ([down arrow])
EXTRUSION
FIBER 46-48 1.5-1.6
PROFILES 54-56 1.7-1.8
RANDOM
COPOL
BLOW MOLDING 52-54 1.7
FILM 52-54 1.7
INJECTION 51-53 1.6-1.7
IMPACT COPOL
MED IMP 62-64 2.0-2.1
HI IMP 64-66 2.1
POLYSTYRENE
(RAILCAR)
G-P CRYSTAL 61-67 ([down arrow]) 2.3-2.5 ([down arrow])
HI HEAT 64-69 ([down arrow]) 2.4-2.6 ([down arrow])
HIPS 71-77 ([down arrow]) 2.7-2.9 ([down arrow])
SUPER HI IMP 77-82 ([down arrow]) 2.9-3.1 ([down arrow])
FR 84-89 ([down arrow]) 3.1-3.3 ([down arrow])
STRUCT FM
(FR) 72-76 ([down arrow]) 2.7-2.8 ([down arrow])
EPS
UNMODIFIED 85-88 NA (d)
MODIFIED 86-90 NA (d)
POLYSULFONE 650-750 29-33
10% GLASS 799-875 36-39
30% GLASS 699-775 31-35
POLYURE-
THANE (TP)
ESTER TYPE 185-255 8-11
ETHER TYPE 245-295 10.6-13
PU
ISOCYANATESI
POLYMERIC
MDI 125-145 NA (d)
80/20 TDI 135-145 NA (d)
PVC RESIN
(RAILCAR)
G-P HOMOPOL 42-441 NA (d)
PIPE 411 NA (d)
FILM 47-491 NA (d)
COPOLYMER
FLOORING 69-74 NA (d)
DISPERSION
HOMOPOLY 81-87 NA (d)
COPOLYMER 86-90 NA (d)
CPVC PIPE
COMPOUND 119 NA (d)
PVDC
EXTRUDABLE 162 NA (d)
SILICONES
MOLD. COMP. 581-640 38.1-39.3
SPECIALTY GR. 891-3148 NA (d)
SILICONE/
EPOXY 339-343 22.5-22.8
STYRENE-ACRYLIC 1O8-112 3.7-4.0
SAN (G-P) 80-88 3.0-3.3
STYRENE MALE-
ANHYDRIDE
G-P 110-115 4.2-4.3
HI IMP 130-140 4.2-4.5
FR 175-183 6.7-7.0
TP ELASTROMERS
OLEFINIC 70-76 2.4
POLYAMIDE 300-350 10.9-12.7
POLYESTER 200-310 8.8-13.6
STYRENIC 83-237 2.9-8.3
VINYL ESTER
COR RES 231-250 ([down arrow]) NA (d)
HEAT & COR
RES 256-263 ([down arrow]) NA (d)
KEY: Colored areas indicate pricing activity.
An arrow ([down arrow]) indicates direction of price change.
(a) Truckload, unless otherwise specified.
(b) Unfilled, natural color. unless otherwise specified.
(c) Based on typical or average density.
(d) Not applicable
(e) Novolac and anhydride grades for coils, bushings,
transformers.
(f) Novolac and anhydride grades for resistors,
capacitors, diodes.
(g) In quantities of 20,000 lb.
(h) 19,800-lb load.
(i) Prices include benzene surcharge.
(j) LME 30-day futures contract for lots of 54,564 lb.
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